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Syfte Syftet har varit att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar lönen för idrottslärare i Stockholmsregions grundskolor. Våra frågeställningar var: • Hur efterlevs ÖLA 00 ute på de utvalda grundskolorna, enligt idrottslärare och rektorerna? • Vilka faktorer påverkar idrottslärarnas löner på de utvalda grundskolorna, enligt idrottslärarna och rektorerna? • Finns det skillnader mellan vilka faktorer som idrottslärare och rektorer anser påverkar idrottslärarnas löner på de utvalda grundskolorna? • Kan humankapitalteorin förklara vilka faktorer som påverkar idrottslärarnas löner? Metod Vi har använt oss av en enkätundersökning där majoriteten av frågorna var kvantitativa med fasta svarsalternativ men vi hade också några kvalitativa frågor för att få öppnare svar. Vårt urval bestod av idrottslärare och rektorer ifrån 55 utspridda kommunala grundskolor i 25 kommuner i Stockholmsregionen. Dessa samarbetade med Idrottshögskolan avseende den verksamhetsförlagda utbildningen under år 2004. Vi har totalt skickat ut 121 enkäter (67 idrottslärare, 54 rektorer) och har fått in 68 svar (56 %). Resultat En femte del (21 %) av idrottslärarna anser sig inte ha en individuell lönesättning. Mer än en fjärdedel (27 %) av idrottslärarna har inte en årlig löneöversyn eller ett årligt lönesamtal/utvecklingssamtal med sin rektor. Idrottslärarna upplever och rektorerna anser att de viktigaste faktorerna när lönen bestäms är pedagogisk förmåga, god samarbetsförmåga, att kunna engagera och social kompetens. Det finns signifikanta skillnader mellan vad idrottslärarna upplever och vad rektorerna anser bestämmer idrottslärarnas löner i faktorerna faktisk ämneskunskap, ekonomi (skola/kommunen), uppnådda mål i verksamheten och kön. Slutsats Av våra resultat kan vi dra slutsatsen att ÖLA 00 inte efterlevs på alla skolor i vår undersökning. Humankapitalteorin kan förklara vilka faktorer (se ovan) som bestämmer idrottslärarnas löner. Faktorer som åskådliggör individens egenskaper och färdigheter påverkar idrottslärarnas löner enligt vår undersökning. Vår undersökning kan skapa en medvetenhet över vad som påverkar idrottslärarnas löner och därigenom skapa förutsättningar till en individuell lön, den lön du är värd. / Aim The aim of this study is to examine which factors influence the wage for physical education teachers (PE-teacher) in comprehensive schools in the region of Stockholm. Our questions are • How is ÖLA 00 followed in the selected comprehensive schools, according to PE-teachers and headmasters? • What factors influence the PE-teachers wages in the selected comprehensive schools, according to PE-teachers and headmasters? • Are there differences between what factors the PE-teachers and the headmasters consider influence the PE-teachers wages in the selected comprehensive schools? • Could human-capital theory explain what factors influence the PE-teachers wages? Method We have used a survey where the majority of questions were quantitative with fixed answering alternatives, but we have also used some qualitative questions to receive more open answers. Our selection consisted of PE-teachers and headmasters from 55 comprehensive schools in 25 communities in the Stockholm region who have collaboration with Stockholm University collage of Physical Education and Sports. In total 121 surveys (67 PE-teachers, 54 headmasters) were sent out and 68 answers (56 %) were received. Results One fifth (21 %) of the PE-teachers consider themselves not to have an individual setting of wages. More than one fourth (27 %) of the PE-teachers have no annual wage review or any annual wage discussion/development discussion with their headmaster. The PE-teachers experiences and the headmasters consider that the most important factors when the wages level is pedagogic ability, good cooperation ability, the ability to engage and social competence. There are significant differences between what PE-teachers experience and headmasters consider in the factors real subjects competence, economy (school/communities), reached goals in the school and gender. Conclusions The conclusion of our result is that ÖLA 00 is not followed in all of the schools in our study. Human-capital theory can explain which factors that decide the PE-teachers wages. Factors, which show the individual quality and skills, influence the PE-teachers wages according to our study. Our study could create awareness for the need of influence of the wage setting for PE-teachers, and be this create conditions for an individual wage; a wage you are worth.

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The local labour market has gained increased importance in the UK in recent years, as a focus for policy formulation and implementation. However, the local labour market is often illdefined in spatial terms, with the defmition being implicit rather than explicit, or standard administrative areas are used without any reasoned justification. Alternatively, within the UK, standard pre-defined areas, most usually official travel-to-work-areas (TTWAs) , are adopted as suitable proxies for local labour market areas. Recent concerns have been raised in the UK regarding the validity of this approach in many cases, and this was a feature of the 1998 review of the TrW As within the UK. To counter these diverse approaches, with the consequent implications for the efficacy of spatially targeted labour market policies, a definition of idealised spatial labour market areas is constructed. Further to this, a large-scale empirical analysis of commuting information from the Scottish results of the 1991 Census of Population is undertaken, to test whether idealised spatial labour markets can be identified for distinct occupational groups, disaggregated by gender. The results of the analysis confirm the improbability of achieving idealised spatial labour market definitions using commuting data. However, it is suggested that introducing a common metric for the definition of spatial labour markets should have a beneficial effect in terms of transparency of analysis and consistency of approach. Such a metric would make explicit the suitability of an area for consideration as a spatial labour market, and would include notions both of self-containment and internal coherence. It is contended that such an approach would be more flexible than the current approach using standard areas. It also has the potential to incorporate separate analyses for different gender, occupational groups, ethnicity or other personal characteristics, whilst still retaining many of the key concepts and measures which underpinned the development of TTWAs.

This thesis measures and evaluates the impact of the integration of Philippine labour into the international labour market, by studying three prototype structures of this integration, namely: the export processing zone, migration of contract workers and subcontracting of domestic outwork. The evaluation is on two levels: first, whether the integration since the early 70s has significantly improved the levels of employment, wages and skills, and second, whether there are prospects of further growth in these variables. This study also evaluates the impact on the trade union movement and on employment of women. Theoretically, for a labour-surplus economy, linkage with the international factor market should increase the levels of the above variables. However, there is evidence that this is not necessarily so and that such linkage may prove costly in the long run. In addition to aggregate data obtained from various agencies, three community-level surveys were undertaken for this study. Each of the three structures studied shows varying degrees of significance of effects on the levels of employment, wages and skills, and on trade unions and employment of women. On an Overall level however, there is a pattern. Employment generation, if measured in terms of the regional, sectoral and industrial objectives of the structures, has been significant. But on the aggregate level, this is still far short of effecting full employment. Consequently, real wage levels in general have remained on a downward trend, although for the individual workers the gains are substantial, especially for the migrant workers. Viewed as a process, the linkage means a series of access for capital to cheaper sources of labour, particularly of women and domestic outworkers. The level of skills acquisition has not been significant and no loss of skills is indicated. Prospects for further growth in employment, wages and skills appear limited with the possible decline in demand for Philippine labour in the face of developments in the world market and the competition from other labour-surplus Asian economies. Finally, there has been a weakening of the trade union movement in general and a progressive recourse by management to employment of women as alternative source of cheap labour. Although the findings show a mixture of benefits and costs arising from the integration into the international market, it is recommended that an evaluation of this strategy be made in the light of changing world market and ASEAN regional conditions.

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Following a review and evaluation of previous research in the field of international migration for employment, it is argued that the extent to which such migration is beneficial depends critically on how it is organized and by whom. The development of Jordan's traditional image as a regional labour supplier is traced from the early twentieth century and is explained largely in terms of a response to repeated economic and political crises. A case study of the Kuwait labour market is used to demonstrate the recent (post-1978) collapse in Jordanian labour migration and to establish the changing character of the international labour market. The central role assumed by international emigration for employment in the Jordanian economy and the problems; and policy constraints which that places on labour market management are illustrated. An attempt is made to identify scarce skills and to assess the development and utility of the government's policy response towards labour shortages. The scale and characteristics of labour inflows into the Jordanian labour market are established. This reveals the complex role of immigrant workers in an emigrant economy and demonstrates the need for a substantial revision of the 'replacement' labour migration model. The parallel themes of primary labour emigration and secondary labour immigration are explored in a detailed case study of local labour markets and agricultural development in the East Jordan Valley. A concluding chapter summarises the problems of manpower planning and of labour market information: gathering under conditions of heightened uncertainty.

The central concern in the thesis is the relationship between the 'concept of ideology' and the philosophies, motivations and lived experience of Youth Training Scheme (YTS) trainees and trainers. This incorporates both the application, effects and impact of official ideologies, expressed in youth policy initiatives and ideologies of the wider society. This in turn is related to the cultural and societal reproduction of young people as gendered and class specific workers in a segmented labour market. The empirical data were collected over a 20 month period at two off-the-job training establishments in the city of Surfton in the South West region of Britain and consisted of questionnaires participant observations and interviews. The first part of the thesis critically reviews the social science literature relating to the new vocationalism, the YTS, labour market segmentation and the concept of ideology. This establishes a series of theoretical concerns which are then tested against empirical data. The thesis demonstrates how formalised official ideologies are mediated through the YTS curriculum and affect the philosophies of both the trainers who implement this curriculum and the trainees who receive this curriculum. The thesis illustrates that YTS participants may support, reinterpret or subvert the official philosophies of the YTS by actually bringing meaning into their lived experiences via ideologies associated with their historical, positional, family class and gendered backgrounds. The thesis will show that the trainees learn not so much technical knowledge, but how to acquire the ideological and practical cultural meanings of a series of workers for a segmented labour market, with greater or lesser collusion from their trainers. The thesis contributes to existing knowledge both at the level of data generation and by illustrating a series of complex, refined and subtle ideological mechanisms which contribute further to our understanding of the microsociology of inequality.

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This thesis examines the way the state intervenes in the labour market for youth through an analysis of the implementation of the Youth Training Scheme. It adopts a dynamic model of policy formulation and delivery to explore the extent to which the state is able to compensate for the crises of contemporary capitalism. The first part of this thesis looks at the way in which theories of the state translate into theories of state intervention and the assumptions these make of the ability of the state to intervene. It argues that current theories do not adequately consider the way in which policy is continually renegotiated throughout its delivery. The failure to consider the institutional form of the state has lead to both normative and conspiratorial theories of state intervention. These have commonly considered the outputs of policy rather than its delivery. It is also maintained that policy analysis has not systematically related the evaluation of policy to a theory of the state. The second part analyses the implementation of the Youth Training Scheme as an example of an intervention by the state into the labour market. It shows, through an empirical analysis that policy objectives are renegotiated throughout the delivery of the programme. In particular the research looks at the way in which the Youth Training Scheme emerged in three constrasting labour markets. The research focusses on the recruitment to, and training within, schemes to illustrate the effects of labour market structure on the outcome of the programme. This analysis takes into account the structure into which policy is delivered as well as the institutional constraints on policy implementation. By using the dual focus of the state and the capital/labour relationship a framework for the analysis of policy in the sphere of production is developed.