Osystematisk vägledning - om landmarks och meningsskapande i inomhusmiljöer är ett examensarbete i informationsdesign med inriktning mot rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med detta arbete är att studera hur ett navigationssystem med hjälp av landmarks kan underlätta wayfinding i en högskolemiljö, där studenter och andra besökare finner det problematiskt att hitta. Studien strävar mot att ta fram ett gestaltningsförslag med landmarks som underlättar för människor att orientera sig i högskolans lokaler. Genom undersökningar framkom det att besökare tenderar att stanna upp och orientera sig på nytt främst vid noder, planritningar och trapphus i byggnaden. Enkätundersökningar visade att det upplevdes som mest problematiskt att hitta till klassrum och grupprum i högskolans byggnader. Genom litteraturstudier med inriktning på strategier inom wayfinding, kognition och användandet av landmarks visade det sig att landmarks var en viktig del i skapandet av en mental karta, att landmarks bör kontrastera mot sin bakgrund, bör placeras vid noder och stärks av att vara flera i antal. Det framkom även att individuella landmarks kan skapas efter behov på en specifik plats för att stödja wayshowing. Utifrån teorier och empiri har ett gestaltningsförslag tagits fram. Gestaltningsförslaget består av landmarks i form av kulörta kontrasterande färger och former på väggar och tak, placerade vid noder i byggnaden. Dessa landmarks ska i sin tur stödja besökarens egna meningsskapande, då detta navigationssystem utgår från människans individuellt utvalda landmarks för att stödja deras egen mentala modell.

People in unfamiliar environments often need navigation guidance to reach a destination. Research has found that compared to outdoors, people tend to lose orientation much more easily within complex buildings, such as university buildings and hospitals. This paper proposes a category-based method to generate landmark-based route instructions to support people's wayfinding activities in unfamiliar indoor environments. Compared to other methods relying on detailed instance-level data about the visual, semantic, and structural characteristics of individual spatial objects, the proposed method relies on commonly available data about categories of spatial objects, which exist in most indoor spatial databases. With this, instructions like "Turn right after the second door, and use the elevator to go to the second floor" can be generated for indoor navigation. A case study with a university campus shows that the method is feasible in generating landmark-based route instructions for indoor navigation. More importantly, compared to metric-based instructions (i.e., the benchmark for indoor navigation), the generated landmark-based instructions can help users to unambiguously identify the correct decision point where a change of direction is needed, as well as offer information for the users to confirm that they are on the right way to the destination.

In a large scale environment humans rely on their mental representations cognitive maps to solve navigational problems. To approach the understanding of how humans acquire, process, and utilize information from the environment, three groups of participants in this study performed several experiments associated with finding their way in a previously unknown environment. Experimental tasks included route retracing, pointing to previously visited locations, and a questionnaire regarding wayfinding strategies and cognitive map development. Each of three groups of participants was in one of three unique conditions: 1. learning and retracing with navigational landmarks indicating right and left turns at decision points; 2. during route retracing only generic landmarks were present at decision points (landmarks indicating left and right were present during learning but replaced during retracing); and 3. no landmarks were present during route retracing (landmarks indicating left and right were present during learning but removed before retracing started). Results supported the hypothesis that during the initial stages of visiting an unknown environment we build metric knowledge together with non-metric knowledge associated with the broad categories of landmark and route knowledge. In addition, the environment plays an important role in wayfinding performance and that characteristics of the environment contribute differently to the development of our cognitive map. Last but not least, the strategies humans use to solve wayfinding problems in a novel environment are not based on an individual type of environmental knowledge; in fact, we switch between different types of environmental knowledge when necessary. Shifting between strategies appears to be from more familiar environmental knowledge to less familiar knowledge. In particular, participants from group 3 (no landmarks during the retracing period) were more likely to walk off-route during retracing but exhibited more accurate metric knowledge of the environment. Based on the results of this experiment, they combined route- and survey-based strategies in wayfinding and switched from the most familiar knowledge to a less familiar strategy.

In a large scale environment humans rely on their mental representations cognitive maps to solve navigational problems. To approach the understanding of how humans acquire, process, and utilize information from the environment, three groups of participants in this study performed several experiments associated with finding their way in a previously unknown environment. Experimental tasks included route retracing, pointing to previously visited locations, and a questionnaire regarding wayfinding strategies and cognitive map development. Each of three groups of participants was in one of three unique conditions: 1. learning and retracing with navigational landmarks indicating right and left turns at decision points; 2. during route retracing only generic landmarks were present at decision points (landmarks indicating left and right were present during learning but replaced during retracing); and 3. no landmarks were present during route retracing (landmarks indicating left and right were present during learning but removed before retracing started). Results supported the hypothesis that during the initial stages of visiting an unknown environment we build metric knowledge together with non-metric knowledge associated with the broad categories of landmark and route knowledge. In addition, the environment plays an important role in wayfinding performance and that characteristics of the environment contribute differently to the development of our cognitive map. Last but not least, the strategies humans use to solve wayfinding problems in a novel environment are not based on an individual type of environmental knowledge; in fact, we switch between different types of environmental knowledge when necessary. Shifting between strategies appears to be from more familiar environmental knowledge to less familiar knowledge. In particular, participants from group 3 (no landmarks during the retracing period) were more likely to walk off-route during retracing but exhibited more accurate metric knowledge of the environment. Based on the results of this experiment, they combined route- and survey-based strategies in wayfinding and switched from the most familiar knowledge to a less familiar strategy.

No description available.

Scholarly research has documented that environmental stresses affect developmental growth, and the degree of growth retardation is related to the exposure to those stressors (Bennike et al. 2005, Geber 2014, Ivanovsky 1923, Johnson and Gunnar 2011, and Stewart et al. 2013). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects environmental stress has on craniofacial growth and development. It utilized a collection of skeletal remains from the Maagdenhuis Roman Catholic Girl’s Orphanage in Amsterdam, that dates to c 1850-1900AD. Craniometric landmarks from 427 crania were registered with a MicroScribe 3DX digitizer. The data collected was utilized to investigate whether growth retardation was present in the sample, along with an analysis correlating pathological features to growth and development. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to test for significance of growth patterns. The growth patterns were then compared to a dataset of normal growth patterns from the Michigan Craniofacial Growth Study (Riolo et al. 1974) in order to distinguish any differences in development. Further, a Chi-Square analysis and outliers test were used to examine the correlation between pathologies and age of the individuals in the collection. The intra-class correlation resulted in a low intra-observer error, with significant correlations ranging between .939 and .998. Additionally, the results of this study showed gradual positive slope growth curves for the inter-landmark distances tested, with similar shaped growth curves to the Michigan Craniofacial Growth Study (Riolo et al. 1974). Additionally, the multiple regression produced four age predictive models for this collection, with NLH, ZYB, MAL, UFHT, XCB, MAB, BPL and WFB being the most predictive inter-landmark distances. This study found a significant correlation between pathologies present and individuals’ age. Although there is a correlation between age and pathologies, given the data provided by the outlier analysis, having a score of minor porosity is not sufficient enough to influence or cause growth retardation, definitively. The qualitative analysis conducted for this study found that there was growth retardation present in this collection. A modern forensic application of this research can be applied to identify cases of child abuse and/or institutionalized care on skeletal remains in question, based on growth retardation.

Belarus is placed on historical, cultural, political and geographical crossroad. Geographically, the country is located in heart of Europe. It is being said it is the gateway to the West. This is a relatively young state, which has been created after 1st World War on 25th of March 1918, right after the February Revolution, in the form of Belarusian National Republic. A year after it became a part of the USSR. On 26th of December 1991, the Soviet Union fell apart into 15 independent republics and Belarus has become one of them. The aim of the thesis is to analyze in details the potential of belarussian tourism and make it closer to Czech tourist. The history of the Belarusian nation in the presented work is described in accordance with the theory of the Belarusian opposition journalist Dmitri Novický and ultimately refutes the official version. Author tries to separate Belarus as a tourist destination from politics and confirm the hypothesis that Belarus has a growing potential for domestic tourism and has significant natural, cultural and historical wealth.. Geographically, the landscape is located in the heart of Europe. He says it is the gateway to the West. It is a relatively young state, which was created after World War II 25th March 1918, just after the February Revolution, in the form of the Belarusian National Republic. The year then came to the USSR. 26th December 1991, the Soviet Union fell apart in 15 independent republics and one of them was Belarus. The present work aims to analyze in detail the conditions of Belarus for the development of tourism, to show them as a lucrative destination in the post-Soviet state closer to a Czech tourist. The history of the Belarusian nation in the presented work is described in accordance with the theory of the Belarusian opposition journalist Dmitri Novický and ultimately refutes the official version. The reason for the development work was to separate Belarus as a tourist destination from politics and confirm the hypothesis that Belarus has a growing potential for domestic tourism and has significant natural, cultural and historical wealth.

The thesis deals with sensor networks and their localization. First section describes sensor networks in general and explains problems of localization and routing. The second part deals with localization using anchors. The principal of the Dv-hop and DV-Distance are there described in detail. These algorithms are used for simulations in Matlab in the main part of this thesis. According to the simulations the most sufficient number of sensors for good localization is estimated.

The master thesis is dealing with Internet host localization methods, more exactly with determining geographical position of the unknown Internet host connected to the network using RTT delay measuring. The first part is dealing with description of RTT delays that may occur in the network and tools for their measurement. The next is part of thesis is devoted to description of two kinds of localization methods. Ones that are using existing data to determine the position of Internet host also called passive methods, and others that are using RTT delay measurement, also called active methods. The main part is focused on GeoWeight method which is based on geographical localization estimation of Internet host. It is based on RTT delay measurement using the principles of CBG method, enhanced by introduction of the theory of weights according to the probability of the target Internet host. The last part is describing the application that was made to determine the geographic localization of the target Internet host using GeoWeight method. The application was afterwards tested by measuring RTT delay in PlanetLab experimental network. At the end the final measured results were compared with other localization methods (CBG, Octant, SOI, GeoIP).

No description available.