This thesis titled "The influence of important local entrepreneurs on changes in landscape use: case study from municipalities Zbraslavice and Bohdaneč" is focused on the evaluation of changes in the use of the countryside after 1990. The search part briefly summarizes the data for the study and evaluation methods of land use changes values of natural capital and ecosystem services. Followed by the physical-geographical characteristics of interest area. In the practical part there are applied acquired theoretical knowledge and practices, evaluating the change of land use of the municipalities Bohdaneč and Zbraslavice in the period 1838-2013 and the change of the volume of natural capital and ecosystem services at the same territory between 1990 and 2013. On the basis of the results are formulated trends that are being discussed with local knowledge, national and global levels. It is also monitored and evaluated the effects of three local businesses to detected changes. It is concluded that the changes in land use area of interest after 1990 are positive and that due to the implementation of business plans, these changes take place much faster and stronger than reported national trends. The text is supplemented adds a number of charts, graphs and thematic maps and the annex. Key words: landscape...

The thesis raises questions concerning prehistoric conditions in a high mountain region in central Scandinavia; it focuses on the human use of stone and on hunting principally of reindeer. An analysis of how the stone material was utilized and an approach to how large mammals were hunted result in a synthesis describing one interpretation of how the vast landscape of a region in the central Scandinavian high mountains was used. With this major aim as a base questions were posed concerning the human use of stone resources and possible changes in this use. Preconditions for the occurrence of large mammals as game animals and for hunting are also highlighted. A general perspective is the long time period over which possible changes in the use of stone and hunting of big game, encompassing the Late Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and to a certain extent the Early Iron Age. Considering the manufacture of flaked stone tools, debitage in the form of flakes from a dwelling, constitute the base where procurement and technology are essential. The occupation of the dwelling covers a period from the Late Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. Possible changes in lithic use are discussed based on an analysis of debitage which includes testing variables reflecting various steps in the process of flaked stone tool manufacture. Also, the results are discussed from a methodological aspect; the classificatory aspect of analyzing large flake assemblages is implied. The result of the flake analysis indicates differences in the use of stone from the Late Mesolithic to the Bronze Age/Early Iron Age. These differences are interpreted in a three-part chronological division and as theoretically proceeding in a manufacturing process of five steps including acquisition, reduction through three steps and use of completed tools. A pattern, dividing the Bronze Age use of stone from that of the Neolithic and Late Mesolithic is discerned and discussed in terms of changes in procurement strategies and technology. Also, social organization is touched upon. When approaching the issue of hunting the character of data differ; archaeological and palaeo-environmental data together comprise the base for a discussion of possible changes. This is based on a theoretical model applied in a hypothetical research design. Archaeological categories of remains relevant in hunting contexts together with ethnographic and traditional hunting techniques are discussed. They constitute the base and illustrate possible variables in the testing of the hypothetical model. Changes in the Holocene climate are clear, just as changes in the archaeological record are observable. Together these circumstances indicate changes in the hunting process. The structural changes in economy and society that occur in central and north Scandinavia during stone-using periods are discernible in the region studied here. / digitalisering@umu

Migration of animals has been studied for decades and has included everything from large terrestrial and pelagic mammals traveling thousands of kilometers to many types of birds flying through several countries to insects going through multiple life cycles in a single migration. The migration of bats has been studied in broad terms to gather coarse information such as distance traveled, connecting summer and winter habitat, and a general understanding of timing. However, only recently have researchers begun to understand the specifics of bat migration including physiology and fine resolution behavior. Using nine years of spring migration data collected on VHF radio-tagged federally endangered female Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis), I predicted behavior based on previous migration studies for bats that used various methods such as band recovery data, stable hydrogen isotopes, and automated telemetry. My project used aerial telemetry to collect location points while tracking individual bats throughout the migration. I describe distances traveled, how much time bats spent in migration, traveling and foraging behavior during migration, and how weather affects bat behavior. In addition, this project resulted in the location of 17 previously unknown maternity colonies for the species including the southernmost colony known to date. Next, I used temperature data collected from individual bats along with ambient temperature to determine how air temperature affects specific bat behavior. I calculated air temperature thresholds for use of torpor in Indiana bats and described how air temperature affects transition states between torpor and normothermy. Finally, I determined landscape preferences for migrating bats during travel and foraging. Indiana bats tend to migrate in a direct path from hibernaculum to summer grounds and use the habitat in the proportion that it is available. Although bats used forested cover when possible, they did travel in open areas (e.g., across agricultural fields) when necessary to continue along the intended trajectory. This data set is the first to track individual nocturnally migrating bats via aerial telemetry for the entirety of the spring migration journey. It provides specific information about how far Indiana bats travel and how long they are migrating across the landscape, illustrates a web of connections between summer and winter habitat, describes the effect of weather on bat behavior, and provides landscape use information that can be useful for land managers and developers.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A caracterizaÃÃo geomorfolÃgica dos maciÃos cristalinos costeiros do municÃpio de Caucaia, integrante da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, CearÃ, bem como a apropriaÃÃo das paisagens naturais por variados segmentos sociais, representa o principal objetivo desta pesquisa. Dividido em quatro partes, este trabalho discute, no primeiro momento, a base metodolÃgica que contempla a evoluÃÃo geomorfolÃgica do setor de pesquisa, baseada no PrincÃpio do Atualismo. A discussÃo acerca da apropriaÃÃo dos aspectos geomorfolÃgicos foi realizada atravÃs da anÃlise ambiental, na tentativa de compreender a complexa relaÃÃo sociedade-natureza e variada formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo. Ao longo da dissertaÃÃo, o meio fÃsico e suas interconexÃes à abordado integrando dados geolÃgicos, geomorfolÃgicos, climÃticos, hidrolÃgicos, pedolÃgicos e fitogeogrÃficos, caracterizando um quadro ambiental marcado, sobretudo, pelas precipitaÃÃes pluviais concentradas no primeiro semestre e dÃficit hÃdrico no perÃodo que se estende de agosto a dezembro. Os maciÃos cristalinos, com altitudes mÃximas da ordem de 600m, possuem importÃncia Ãmpar na organizaÃÃo hidrogrÃfica do municÃpio de Caucaia, pois constituem interflÃvios de todas as sub-bacias existentes no municÃpio. Os solos e cobertura vegetal associados possuem variaÃÃes verificadas diante da mudanÃa das altitudes e grau de declividade das vertentes. Esses elevados relevos, situados à vanguarda da planÃcie costeira, representam o resultado da aÃÃo, por dezenas de milhÃes de anos, de processos naturais como os tectÃnicos (soerguimento no CretÃceo e flexura marginal, ao longo do TerciÃrio, sobretudo), climÃticos (aÃÃo externa e mudanÃas nos padrÃes climÃticos) e eustÃticos (com mudanÃas de nÃvel de base). A evoluÃÃo dos relevos à contextualizada na divisÃo do super-continente Gondwana, impulsionada pelos processos que culminaram com a geraÃÃo do Oceano AtlÃntico e formaÃÃo da margem continental passiva transformante do Nordeste brasileiro. Os dados obtidos possibilitaram identificar as unidades geomorfolÃgicas como os maciÃos costeiros modelados em estruturas dobradas, apresentando feiÃÃes como hog-backs e combe. Trata-se da primeira indicaÃÃo, descriÃÃo e anÃlise de relevo em estrutura dobrada no Estado do CearÃ. No contato com a estrutura dobrada dissecada, ocorrem ainda pÃes-de-aÃÃcar, relevos mamelonizados e inselbergs. AlÃm da evoluÃÃo dos relevos elevados, discute-se a relaÃÃo entre esses relevos e as superfÃcies de piso adjacentes, no caso a SuperfÃcie de Aplainamento Sertaneja (DepressÃo Sertaneja) e Tabuleiros Costeiros. Para finalizar, apresentamos os relevos como recurso natural, que constituiu a base para organizaÃÃo da sociedade local. A apropriaÃÃo dos aspectos geomorfolÃgicos iniciou antes da colonizaÃÃo do CearÃ, pela presenÃa de comunidades indÃgenas. A transformaÃÃo das paisagens vem sendo progressiva, atravÃs de urbanizaÃÃo complexa, expondo formas diversas de uso e ocupaÃÃo, como Ãreas agrÃcolas, zona residencial destinada ao veraneio ou à moradia fixa, exploraÃÃo do potencial ecoturÃstico, religioso e mineraÃÃo. A mercantilizaÃÃo da natureza à apresentada, sobretudo, diante da atuaÃÃo do mercado imobiliÃrio sobre a Ãrea de pesquisa. A ocupaÃÃo crescente de todos esses espaÃos naturais hoje resulta em degradaÃÃo ambiental, e em escassez de natureza para os menos favorecidos. / The geomorphological characterization of the 600m high crystalline coastal massifs of Caucaia City, that integrates the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, CearÃ, and the appropriation of the nature by various social sectors, are the main objective of this research. Divided into four parts, this research first discusses the methodological basis which contemplates the geomorphologic evolution of the sector of research, based on the âUniformitarianism Principleâ and the discussions about the appropriation of nature, through the environmental analysis, in an attempt to understand the complex society-nature relationship and varied forms of use and occupation. Throughout the dissertation, the physical environment and their interconnections is discussed integrating geological, geomorphologic, climatic, hydrological, pedological and biogeographical data, featuring an environmental framework, mainly marked by rain precipitation, which is concentrated in the first semester of the year, with a water deficit in the period extending from August to December. The crystalline mountains type geomorphology has great importance in the organization of the drainage system, as it is the water divisor for all the hydrological basins in the area. The soils and associated vegetation show physiological changes with altitude and slope declivity. As a result of the action on ten ten of millions of years of natural processes such as tectonic (uplift of basement in the Cretaceous time and marginal flexure especially along the Tertiary), climate action (external action and changes in weather patterns) and eustatic (with changes in the erosion base level). The evolution of the relief is contextualized in the division of the super-continent Gondwana, driven by processes that culminated in the generation of the Atlantic Ocean and formation of passive transform continental margin of Brazilian Northeast. The data obtained allowed to identify the geomorphological units that have been developed in a folded geological structure, presenting features such hog-backs and comb. This is the first time that folded controlled morphology is indicated, described and analyzed in Cearà territory. Other features as sugar-loafs, multi-convex relief type and inselbergs also occur in the vicinities of the hog-backs. The relationship between these high slopes with the adjacent planation surface (Sertaneja) and the coastal plain are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the ânature x societyâ relationship in the area. The appropriation of the geomorphologic features began before the colonization of Cearà State by Portuguese, with the presence of indigenous communities. The gradual transformation of the landscape was made through a complex urbanization process, exhibiting various forms of use and occupation as agricultural areas, residential areas, for vacations and living, as well as ecological and religious tourism activities, besides mining economical activity. The mercantilization of nature is mainly linked to real estate market, highly increasing in the area. The development and appropriation of nature today results in environmental degradation and lack of nature to less favored population.