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No description available.

The Compact Linear Collider (CUC) is a proposed electron-positron collider with a centre- of-mass energy of 0.5 to 5 TeV, optimised for a nominal centre-of-mass energy of 3 TeV, at high luminosities exceeding 1034 cm-2s-J. The high beam charges in the CUC beams make classical techniques for measuring the transverse beam size such as optical transition radiation (OTR) screens or wire scanners very difficult, which necessitates the use of non-invasive beam- size monitors. The laser-wire is a system that meets these requirements; it uses inverse Compton scattering to determine transverse beam-sizes by scanning a laser beam across the electron beam. This thesis describes how such a laser-wire system was installed and operated at PETRA-III at DESY, which uses an automated mirror to scan a Q-switched laser pulse across the electron beam and is developed from the system previously operated at PETRA-II. The measurements of key performance parameters are described and used in determining the emittance of the PETRA-III beam. The thesis includes a detailed investigation of the laser .' system as well as the collision measurements. Furthermore, simulations were carried out to design a similar system for the proposed transfer line of the CUC Drive-Beam and the necessary baseline characteristics of such a system are described.

The propagation of intense picosecond laser pulses in air in the presence of strong nonlinear self-action effects and air ionization is investigated experimentally and numerically. The model used for numerical analysis is based on the nonlinear propagator for the optical field coupled to the rate equations for the production of various ionic species and plasma temperature. Our results show that the phenomenon of plasma-driven intensity clamping, which has been paramount in femtosecond laser filamentation, holds for picosecond pulses. Furthermore, the temporal pulse distortions in the picosecond regime are limited and the pulse fluence is also clamped. In focused propagation geometry, a unique feature of picosecond filamentation is the production of a broad, fully ionized air channel, continuous both longitudinally and transversely, which may be instrumental for many applications including laser-guided electrical breakdown of air, channeling microwave beams and air lasing.

Solid-state lasers are capable of providing versatile output characteristics with greater flexibility compared to other popular laser systems. Lasing action has been achieved in many hundreds of solid-state media, but Nd-ion doped gain media are widely used to reach high power levels with short pulses. In this work, commercially available Nd:KGW crystal served as a gain medium to achieve pulsed operation at 1067 nm. This laser crystal offers large stimulated emission crosssection and gain bandwidth which facilitates generation of high peak power pulses in the picosecond regime. The KGW crystal is monoclinic and biaxial in structure, and anisotropic in its optical and thermal properties. Due to poor thermal conductivity, this crystal can be operated within a limited power range before crystal fracture takes place. To reduce the amount of heat deposited in the gain media, we introduced a new pumping wavelength of 910 nm which reduces the quantum defect by more than 45%. Continuous-wave laser operation was optimized to operate in mode-locked regime. In order to achieve short light pulses from the continuous-wave laser, one of the end mirrors was replaced by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) to generate 2.4 ps pulses at a repetition rate of 83.8 MHz. An average output power of 87 mW was obtained at lasing wavelength of 1067 nm and the beam was nearly diffraction limited with M^2 < 1.18. The peak power of the generated pulses was 427 W and energy of each pulse was >1 nJ. Pumping the crystal at longer wavelength (910 nm) reduced the thermal lensing of the crystal by half when compared to conventional pumping at shorter wavelength (808 nm). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time passive mode-locking of a Nd:KGW laser was explored using the pump wavelength at 910 nm. / February 2017

En chirurgie plastique, le succès des lambeaux libres et des replantations dépend largement de la qualité des microanastomoses vasculaires. Ce travail complète les bases scientifiques de la technique de microanastomoses assistées par laser diode 1950 nm par la mise au point d’une méthode standardisée et l’étude post-opératoire du débit sanguin sur des séries animales. Il pose les jalons des premières séries cliniques. Dans une première série animale (S1), 30 anastomoses terminoterminales carotidiennes et 30 anastomoses jugulaires sont effectuées par la technique laser diode 1950 nm chez des rats Wistar. Les paramètres lasers suivants sont utilisés: taille du spot 400 µm, temps 1s, puissance délivrée de 100 mW à 150 mW (carotides) et de 90 mW à 140 mW (veines jugulaires). Elles sont comparées à J0 puis après 1, 4 et 12 semaines postopératoires, à un groupe contrôle de 30 anastomoses artérielles et de 30 anastomoses veineuses dans les mêmes proportions réalisées à l’aide de la technique conventionnelle par fils. Deux autres séries animales S2 et S3 sont ensuite entreprises à l’aide des paramètres lasers mis en évidence dans l’étude S1. Une série S2 regroupant vingt microanastomoses terminoterminales carotidiennes de rats Wistar est réalisée par la technique laser (n=10, P=120mW, spot 400 &#956;m, durée du spot 1s, 5 spots par paroi, fluence 95 J/cm²) et la technique conventionnelle par fils 10/0 (groupe contrôle, n=10). Pour les deux groupes, la carotide controlatérale non opérée sert de référence pour le calcul du débit sanguin par IRM de flux : Une séquence de positionnement, une séquence anatomique, une séquence angiographique et une séquence de &#64258;ux sont réalisées un jour après l’opération puis après une, quatre et huit semaines. Une série S3 regroupant vingt microanastomoses terminoterminales jugulaires de rats Wistar est réalisée par la technique laser (n=10, P=110mW, spot 400 &#956;m, durée du spot 1s, 4 spots par paroi, fluence 90 J/cm²) et la technique conventionnelle (groupe contrôle, n=10). De même la jugulaire controlatérale sert de référence dans les diverses séquences IRM. Au total, 40 actes microchirurgicaux comprenant 38 lambeaux libres et 2 replantations digitales sont réalisés à l’aide du laser diode 1950 nm. Les microanastomoses artérielles sont terminoterminales dans 36 cas et terminolatérales pour 4 autres. Les microanastomoses veineuses sont toutes terminoterminales. Les microanastomoses sont réalisées par un laser diode 1,95 µm après mise en place de 2-5 points de rapprochement. Les paramètres suivants sont utilisés : taille du spot 400µm, puissance 125mW, 4 à 8 spots sur chaque face, temps d’application (0,7-2s) suivant le diamètre des vaisseaux : la fluence varie de 70 à 200 J/cm². Les études du débit sanguin par les nouvelles techniques d’IRM de flux avec les paramètres maintenant standardisés mettent en évidence l’excellente perméabilité des anastomoses laser sur un modèle animal. Le taux de succès de cette première grande série clinique apparait excellent lorsque comparé à celui des grandes séries de la littérature. Les innovations technologiques devraient conduire à une utilisation plus large de cet outil au bloc opératoire. / In the field of plastic surgery, the most important factor for successful free flap transfer and replantations is a well executed vascular microanastomosis. The aim of these studies is to complement the scientific basis of the 1950 nm diode laser assisted microanastomosis (LAMA) by standardising the technique and studying the postoperative blood flow in animal series. This work introduces the first clinical series. In the first animal series (S1), 30 end-to-end microanastomoses of the carotidis and 30 end-to-end microanastomoses of the external jugular were performed with a 1950 nm diode LAMA technique in Wistar rats. The following laser parameters were used: spot size=400µm, spot duration=1s, Power varying between 100 to 150 mW for arterial microanastomoses and between 90 to 140 mW for venous microanastomoses. They were compared at D0 and at 1, 4 and 12 weeks with 30 conventional arterial microanastomoses and 30 conventional venous microanastomoses.Two other animal series (S2 and S3) were performed using the standardised parameters of the initial studies. In the S2 series, LAMA was performed on a group of 10 carotidis on Wistar rats. Two 10/0 stay sutures and a standard laser tissue welding technique (P=120mW, spot size=400 &#956;m, t=1s, 5 spots for each wall, fluence=95 J/cm²) were used (LAMA group). They were compared with a group of 10 conventional arterial anastomosis (CSMA group). A MRI-positioning sequence (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), an anatomical sequence, an angiographic sequence and a &#64258;ow sequence were performed 1 day after operation and then after 1, 4 and 8 weeks. Similarly, the series S3 included 20 microanastomoses of the external jugular performed with LAMA (n=10, P=110mW, spot size=400 &#956;m, spot duration= 1s, 4 spots for each wall, fluence 90 J/cm²) or the conventional technique (n=10). For the two groups, contralateral non-operated external jugular were used as control.In total, 40 clinical procedures, including 38 free flaps and 2 finger replantations have been performed with the LAMA technique. End-to-end arterial microanastomoses were performed in 36 cases and end-to-side in 4 cases. All venous microanastomoses were performed end-to-end. LAMA was performed with a 1950 nm diode laser after placement of 2-5 stitches. The following laser parameters were used: spot size=400 &#956;m, spot duration=0.7-2s, 4-8 spots for each wall, power=125 mW, &#64258;uence=70-200 J/cm². The animal series S1 demonstrates excellent bloodless patency at &#64258;uences ranging from 90 to 100 J/cm² (Power between 110-130mW) for arterial LAMA, and between 80 and 95 J/cm² (Power between 100-120mW) for venous LAMA. The flow-MRI further demonstrates that 1950 nm diode laser-assisted microanastomoses performed with our standardised parameters is a consistent, reliable and reproducible technique. The success rate of the clinical series appears promising. Technical innovation will most likely lead to greater ease of use of the laser handpiece in the operating room.

Les polaritons de cavité sont des quasi-particules, partiellement matière-t partiellement lumière, crées lors du couplage fort d'un exciton et d’un photon de cavité. A une certaine température et densité de particules, les polaritons de cavité peuvent subir une transition de phase de type quasi-Bose-Einstein et condenser dans l'état de plus basse énergie du système; dans ces conditions, la cavité émet de la lumière cohérente et le dispositif associé est appelé laser à polaritons. ZnO est l'un des matériaux les plus adaptés pour la fabrication des lasers à polaritons fonctionnant à température ambiante, en raison de ses excellentes propriétés excitoniques. Cependant, des difficultés techniques ont empêché la réalisation de microcavités à base de ZnO pendant longtemps. Dans cette thèse nous présentons la fabrication de microcavités à base de ZnO par deux approches différentes, ce qui a permis de surmonter les difficultés technologiques existantes et ont permis d'obtenir des figures de mérite avec des valeurs records (pour le facteur de qualité ainsi que pour l’éclatement de de Rabi). Des lasers à polaritons fonctionnant à température ambiante ont été démontré dans les deux cas. Dans la microcavité entièrement hybride, des condensats de polaritons ont été étudiés dans une gamme de désaccord exciton-photon sans précédents, et de basse température à température ambiante; ceci a permis d'obtenir, pour la première fois, un diagramme de phases complet. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à une polaritonique appliquée fonctionnant à température ambiante. / Cavity polaritons are quasi-particles, partially light partially matter, resulting from the strong-coupling of an exciton and a cavity photon. At a certain temperature and particle density, cavity polaritons can go through a quasi-Bose-Einstein phase transition and condense at the lowest energy state of the system; in this situation the cavity emits coherent light and the associated device is termed polariton laser. ZnO is one of the most adapted materials for fabricating room temperature polariton lasers, due to its excellent excitonic properties. However, technical difficulties have been preventing the achievement of ideal ZnO microcavities for a long time. In this thesis we report the fabrication of high quality ZnO microcavities with two different approaches, which overcome the existing technical challenges and allow to achieve a record cavity quality factor and large Rabi splittings. Room temperature polariton lasing has been demonstrated in both cases. In a fully-hybrid ZnO microcavity, polariton condensates were studied within an unprecedented range of exciton-photon detunings, and from low to room temperature. This tunability has enabled to obtain, for the first time, a complete condensation phase diagram for ZnO-based microcavities, wherein the exciton fraction of the polaritons has been tuned between 17% to 96%, corresponding to a modification of the exciton-polariton mass, its lifetime and its interaction constant by 1 order of magnitude. This thesis paves the way for implementing a polariton-based technology operating at room-temperature.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Shuting Lei / Lasers have been widely used as a manufacturing tool for material processing, such as drilling, cutting, welding and surface texturing. Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, laser-based material processing is high precision, can treat a wide range of materials, and has no tool wear. However, demanding manufacturing processes emerging from the needs of nano and 3D fabrication require the development of laser processing strategies that can address critical issues such as machining resolution, processing speed and product quality. This dissertation concerns the development of novel laser processing strategies based on spatial, temporal and spectral control of light-matter interaction. In the spatial domain, beam shaping is employed in ultrafast laser micro-processing. Zero-order Bessel beam, generated by an axicon, is used for selective removal of the back contact layer of thin film solar cells. Bessel beam’s propagation-invariance property gives rise to an extension of focal range by orders of magnitude compared to Gaussian beam, greatly increasing process tolerance to surface unevenness and positioning error. Together with the axicon, a spatial light modulator is subsequently used to modify the phase of laser beam and generate superpositions of high-order Bessel beam with high energy efficiency. With the superposed beam, processing speed can be increased significantly, and collateral damage resulting from the ring structures in the zero-order Bessel beam can be greatly suppressed. In the temporal domain, it is demonstrated that ionization in dielectric materials can be controlled with a pair of ultraviolet and infrared pulses. With the assistance of the long-wavelength infrared pulse, nano-scale features are achieved using only a small fraction of threshold energy for the short-wavelength pulse. Computer simulation based on the rate equation model is conducted and found to be in good agreement with experimental results. This study paves the way for future adoption of short-wavelength laser sources, for example in the extreme ultraviolet range, for direct laser nano-fabrication with below-threshold pulse energy. In the spectral domain, a short-wavelength infrared laser is used to generate modification in the bulk of silicon wafers, in an attempt to develop 3D fabrication capabilities in semiconductors. Issues such as spherical aberration correction and examination procedure are addressed. Permanent modification is generated inside silicon by tightly focusing and continuously scanning the laser beam inside the samples, without introducing surface damage. The effect of laser pulse energy and polarization is also investigated. These results demonstrate the potential of controlling laser processing in multiple dimensions for manufacturing purposes, and point to a future when laser can be used as naturally and efficiently as mechanical tools used today, but is targeted at more challenging problems.

Le sujet de la thèse initié dans le cadre de l'ANR UV-Borate s'inclut dans le projet UV-Conversion labellisée par 2 pôles de compétitivité (Matériala - Lorraine - et Route des lasers - Aquitaine -) soumis à l'ANR en 2011. Les études se portent particulièrement sur les borates YxLaySc4-(x+y)(BO3)4 (LYSB) et YAl3(BO3)4 (YAB), cristaux Optiques Non Linéaires (ONL) possédant la même structure cristallographique (R32). La croissance de ces cristaux est effectuée par les collaborateurs industriels et universitaires de l'ANR. Ces deux matériaux présentent en effet des possibilités de conversion de fréquence jusqu'à des longueurs d'onde λ < 300 nm, de plus une non hygroscopicité procure une plus grande durée de vie des échantillons et par conséquent un net intérêt pour les applications industrielles. L'endommagement laser étant lié à l'absorption et ainsi, en partie, aux impuretés, une étude de la qualité cristalline et de l'homogénéité de nos cristaux a été effectuée. Les résultats ont permis de relier des défauts de structure (dislocations et etch pits) à la croissance de la maille rhomboédrique via des caractérisations par ombre portée (Photography Schlieren) et par attaque chimique suivi d'une observation par microscopie optique, MEB et MFA. Par ailleurs, des études théoriques et expérimentales d'accord de phase (détermination de Θ et φ) lors de conversions de type I principalement ont été réalisées sur les cristaux de YAB, LYSB ainsi que sur des cristaux de référence tel que ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO). L'aspect de l'endommagement laser dans les matériaux ONL a été abordé dans les locaux de l'Institut Fresnel de Marseille au sein de l'équipe Interaction Laser Matière (ILM) sur des échantillons de Li2B4O7 (LTB). L'équipe a effectivement développé un dispositif de mesure de la probabilité d'endommagement laser et de mesure de tenue du seuil d'endommagement laser des matériaux optiques. Par ailleurs, un effort a été mené dans la conception d'un dispositif de mesure de la transmission optique et absorption à température ambiante et aux basses températures afin de révéler des défauts absorbants. Des premiers résultats ont été obtenus et discutés sur des échantillons de ß-BBO et LYSB / The purpose of my thesis, performed within the program of the ANR UV-Borate, was integrated in the UV-Conversion project certified by 2 poles of competitiveness (Matériala - Lorraine - and Route des lasers - Aquitaine -). The project concerned the study of borates YxLaySc4-(x+y)(BO3)4 (LYSB) and YAl3(BO3)4 (YAB), Non-Linear Optical (NLO) crystals which have the same crystallographic structure (R32). The growth of the crystals was realized by industrials and academics collaborators of the ANR. Those two materials present possibilities of frequency conversion until wavelengths λ < 300 nm. Because they are not hygroscopic, they have a bigger time life compare to other materials which offer a most important interest for the industrial applications. We have studied the quality and the homogeneity of our crystals. Indeed, the use of strong optical beam can lead to damages on the crystal and degrade the properties of the materials which are related to the absorption and to impurities of the crystals. Our results allowed to related defaults in the structure (dislocations and etch pits) to the growth of the rhombohedral crystal system by using characterization techniques as the "Photography Schlieren" or optical microscopy (before which a "Chemical Etching" was performed) or by using SEM and AFM. In the fridge of the previous work, theoretical and experimental phase matching studies (determination of Θ and φ) during conversions of frequency of type I were realized on the YAB and LYSB crystals and on the reference crystals such as ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO). The aspect of optical damage was investigated at the Institut Fresnel of Marseille in the team Intéraction Laser Matière (ILM). The team has developed a device to measure the Laser Induced Damage (LID) probability and to measure of the Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of optical materials. Laser-Induced-Damages studies in NLO materials were also realized on Li2B4O7 (LTB) samples. A strong effort was performed in the design of a device for the measurement of the optical transmission and the absorption at room temperature and low temperatures to reveal absorbent defaults. First state-of-art results were obtained and discussed for ß-BBO and LYSB samples

Através da aplicação de microusinagem com laser de femtossegundos é possível fazer ablação de cavidades com precisão de poucos &mu;m. Se comparado com o processo de litografia, por exemplo, apresenta algumas vantagens como poder ser aplicada em praticamente qualquer tipo de substrato e utilizar tecnologia simples de usinagem assistida por computador para a geração de perfis de duas ou três dimensões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar estratégias e parâmetros com laser de femtossegundos para ablação dos polímeros poliestireno e polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS), de forma a afetar o mínimo possível as características das regiões adjacentes à usinagem. Como exemplos de aplicações, temos o primeiro material que tem sido texturizado para cultura controlada de células do coração e o segundo que faz parte da estrutura de certos circuitos microfluídicos. A fim de se fazer um levantamento dos limiares de ablação destes materiais, foram utilizadas as técnicas D-Scan e regressão de diâmetro. Diversos traços foram realizados variando-se as velocidades de deslocamento da amostra. Com isso, foram analisados os efeitos de incubação e a relação da sobreposição de pulsos com a largura dos traços criados. Por fim foram incluídos incrementos laterais entre os traços, obtendo-se uma área ablacionada. Procurou-se variar a frequência dos pulsos nos experimentos para investigar o aparecimento de um possível efeito térmico com diferentes intervalos de tempo entre pulsos consecutivos. Foram conseguidos parâmetros em que é possível realizar a ablação de pontos, traços e superfícies sem aparente fusão do material. Porém observou-se que o aspecto do perfil ablacionado não tem a tendência de ficar liso e uniforme. Os resultados demonstram a enorme variedade de combinações e parâmetros que podem ser obtidos com a técnica de microusinagem com laser de femtossegundos e favorecem o estudo do processamento destes polímeros. / Through the use of femtosecond laser micromachining, it is possible to ablate cavities with accuracy in the order of a few micrometers. Compared with lithography process, for example, it has some advantages such as being able to be applied to virtually any type of substrate and using simple computer assisted machining technology for the generation of two or three dimensional profiles. The objective of this work was to study strategies and parameters with femtosecond lasers for the ablation of polystyrene and PDMS polymers, in order to affect, as little as possible, the characteristics of these materials. As examples of applications, the first material has been textured for controlled culture of heart cells and the second is used in microfluidic circuits. In order to find out the ablation thresholds of these materials, the D-Scan technique and diameter regression were used. Several traces were performed by varying the sample displacement velocities. Thus, the effects of incubation and the relation of the overlapping of pulses with the width of the traces created were analyzed. Finally, lateral increments were included between the traces, obtaining an ablated area. It was attempted to vary the pulse frequency in the experiments to investigate the appearance of a possible thermal effect with different time intervals between consecutive pulses. Parameters were obtained in which it is possible to perform the ablation of points, traces and surfaces without apparent melting of the material. However, it has been observed that the aspect of the ablated profile does not tend to be smooth and uniform. The results demonstrate the enormous variety of combinations and parameters that can be obtained with the femtosecond laser micromachining technique and favor the study of the processing of these polymers.