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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Weakly Supervised Learning for Structured Output Prediction

Kumar, M. Pawan 12 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
We consider the problem of learning the parameters of a structured output prediction model, that is, learning to predict elements of a complex interdependent output space that correspond to a given input. Unlike many of the existing approaches, we focus on the weakly supervised setting, where most (or all) of the training samples have only been partially annotated. Given such a weakly supervised dataset, our goal is to estimate accurate parameters of the model by minimizing the regularized empirical risk, where the risk is measured by a user-specified loss function. This task has previously been addressed by the well-known latent support vector machine (latent SVM) framework. We argue that, while latent SVM offers a computational efficient solution to loss-based weakly supervised learning, it suffers from the following three drawbacks: (i) the optimization problem corresponding to latent SVM is a difference-of-convex program, which is non-convex, and hence susceptible to bad local minimum solutions; (ii) the prediction rule of latent SVM only relies on the most likely value of the latent variables, and not the uncertainty in the latent variable values; and (iii) the loss function used to measure the risk is restricted to be independent of true (unknown) value of the latent variables. We address the the aforementioned drawbacks using three novel contributions. First, inspired by human learning, we design an automatic self-paced learning algorithm for latent SVM, which builds on the intuition that the learner should be presented in the training samples in a meaningful order that facilitates learning: starting frome easy samples and gradually moving to harder samples. Our algorithm simultaneously selects the easy samples and updates the parameters at each iteration by solving a biconvex optimization problem. Second, we propose a new family of LVMs called max-margin min-entropy (M3E) models, which includes latent SVM as a special case. Given an input, an M3E model predicts the output with the smallest corresponding Renyi entropy of generalized distribution, which relies not only on the probability of the output but also the uncertainty of the latent variable values. Third, we propose a novel learning framework for learning with general loss functions that may depend on the latent variables. Specifically, our framework simultaneously estimates two distributions: (i) a conditional distribution to model the uncertainty of the latent variables for a given input-output pair; and (ii) a delta distribution to predict the output and the latent variables for a given input. During learning, we encourage agreement between the two distributions by minimizing a loss-based dissimilarity coefficient. We demonstrate the efficacy of our contributions on standard machine learning applications using publicly available datasets.
2

Modeling the variability of EEG/MEG data through statistical machine learning

Zaremba, Wojciech 06 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Brain neural activity generates electrical discharges, which manifest as electrical and magnetic potentials around the scalp. Those potentials can be registered with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) devices. Data acquired by M/EEG is extremely difficult to work with due to the inherent complexity of underlying brain processes and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Machine learning techniques have to be employed in order to reveal the underlying structure of the signal and to understand the brain state. This thesis explores a diverse range of machine learning techniques which model the structure of M/EEG data in order to decode the mental state. It focuses on measuring a subject's variability and on modeling intrasubject variability. We propose to measure subject variability with a spectral clustering setup. Further, we extend this approach to a unified classification framework based on Laplacian regularized support vector machine (SVM). We solve the issue of intrasubject variability by employing a model with latent variables (based on a latent SVM). Latent variables describe transformations that map samples into a comparable state. We focus mainly on intrasubject experiments to model temporal misalignment.
3

Apprentissage machine pour la détection des objets

Hussain, Sibt Ul 07 December 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Le but de cette thèse est de développer des méthodes pratiques plus performantes pour la détection d'instances de classes d'objets de la vie quotidienne dans les images. Nous présentons une famille de détecteurs qui incorporent trois types d'indices visuelles performantes - histogrammes de gradients orientés (Histograms of Oriented Gradients, HOG), motifs locaux binaires (Local Binary Patterns, LBP) et motifs locaux ternaires (Local Ternary Patterns, LTP) - dans des méthodes de discrimination efficaces de type machine à vecteur de support latent (Latent SVM), sous deux régimes de réduction de dimension - moindres carrées partielles (Partial Least Squares, PLS) et sélection de variables par élagage de poids SVM (SVM Weight Truncation). Sur plusieurs jeux de données importantes, notamment ceux du PASCAL VOC2006 et VOC2007, INRIA Person et ETH Zurich, nous démontrons que nos méthodes améliorent l'état de l'art du domaine. Nos contributions principales sont : Nous étudions l'indice visuelle LTP pour la détection d'objets. Nous démontrons que sa performance est globalement mieux que celle des indices bien établies HOG et LBP parce qu'elle permet d'encoder à la fois la texture locale de l'objet et sa forme globale, tout en étant résistante aux variations d'éclairage. Grâce à ces atouts, LTP fonctionne aussi bien pour les classes qui sont caractérisées principalement par leurs structures que pour celles qui sont caractérisées par leurs textures. En plus, nous démontrons que les indices HOG, LBP et LTP sont bien complémentaires, de sorte qu'un jeux d'indices étendu qui intègre tous les trois améliore encore la performance. Les jeux d'indices visuelles performantes étant de dimension assez élevée, nous proposons deux méthodes de réduction de dimension afin d'améliorer leur vitesse et réduire leur utilisation de mémoire. La première, basée sur la projection moindres carrés partielles, diminue significativement le temps de formation des détecteurs linéaires, sans réduction de précision ni perte de vitesse d'exécution. La seconde, fondée sur la sélection de variables par l'élagage des poids du SVM, nous permet de réduire le nombre d'indices actives par un ordre de grandeur avec une réduction minime, voire même une petite augmentation, de la précision du détecteur. Malgré sa simplicité, cette méthode de sélection de variables surpasse toutes les autres approches que nous avons mis à l'essai.

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