Uppsatsen bygger på debatten om uppsägningstvister. Tillämpning vid en uppsägning eller avskedande under anställningsförhållande kan ifrågasättas kan avgöras i instanser. Med utgångspunkt i debatten har jag fokuserat på att diskutera balansen mellan arbetstagare och arbetsgivare. I undersökningen har jag tagit del av de remissyttrande som har inkommit från arbetstagar- och arbetsgivarorganisationer. I de olika klarläggandena går det att urskilja de stora skillnaderna mellan arbetstagar- och arbetsgivarorganisationerna.  Arbetsgivarna vill klart och tydligt begränsa möjligheten för arbetstagare att nyttja sina prövad om personen skilts från sin anställning utan saklig grund. Debatten handlar om att begränsa sig till tolv månaders tvisteperiod, därefter skulle anställningen inte fortlöpa under pågående tvist. Från arbetstagarorganisationernas sida ser man kritiskt på detta, och man vill inte på något sätt röra lagen om anställningsskydd. De ser en potentiell risk att skyddet från lagen skulle urholkas och makten förflyttas till arbetsgivaren. I denna uppsats har jag kommit med egna alternativa lösningar. Enligt min uppfattning finns det andra saker inom anställningsskydd som kan förändras och som inte har nämnts av någon part. Jag diskuterar förändring av provanställning samt vägran att rätta sig efter dom (39§ LAS) där jag vill införa straffansvar i brottsbalken.

This document is a degree project written at the University of Gavle. By station and track section in elevated position is meant that they lie on a plane above the ground surface. Previously, ground planes in the air with the help of 3D properties have never been implemented in Sweden. Today, relatively few 3D properties are formed in Sweden in comparison to how many properties there are in total. This study aims to investigate which property formation is most appropriate and what advantages there are with using 3D or traditional 2D properties for a station and track section in elevated position. In order to get answers to the questions, the thesis work was initiated with a literature review and then interviews and the collection of legal acts were applied. These collections were later compiled in a result of what advantages are available with 2D and 3D-properties, respectively, and what is most appropriate for a station and track section in elevated position. The authors examined a planned railway station and track section in elevated position in Norrkoping municipality in connection with the implementation of Ostlanken. Ostlanken is a railway project for double-track high-speed rail between Stockholm and Linkoping. The purpose of Ostlanken is to increase the capacity for rail traffic for both passenger and freight traffic and to expand a new strain path. It is an investment in environmentally friendly communications and faster trains that contribute to sustainable travel and transport. The property for the future railway station in Norrkoping has not yet been formed and this study will be the basis for decisions. The study was designed to apply generally to railway tracks in elevated position and can be applied to similar cases like that in Norrkoping municipality. The authors compared which property formation is most appropriate for a station and track section in elevated position. The conclusion is that 3D properties have more advantages and benefits compared to a traditional 2D property and associated easements, which means that 3D properties should be used for such an infrastructure project as a railway station in elevated position. / Detta dokument är ett examensarbete som skrivits på Högskolan i Gävle. Med station och spårsträcka i upphöjt läge menas att de ligger på ett plan ovanför markytan. Tidigare har markplan i luften med hjälp av 3D-fastigheter aldrig genomförts i Sverige. Idag bildas relativt få 3D-fastigheter i Sverige i förhållande till hur många fastigheter det finns idag. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilken fastighetsbildning som är mest ändamålsenlig samt vilka fördelar som finns med att använda 3D eller traditionella 2D-fastigheter för station och spårsträcka i upphöjt läge. För att få svar på frågeställningarna inleddes examensarbetet med en litteraturgenomgång och sedan tillämpades intervjuer och insamling av förrättningsakter. Dessa insamlingar sammanställdes senare i ett resultat av vilka fördelar som finns med 2D respektive 3D-fastigheter samt vad som är mest ändamålsenlig för station och spårsträcka i upphöjt läge.  författarna undersökte specifikt en planerad järnvägsstation och spårsträcka i upphöjt läge i Norrköpings kommun i samband med genomförande av Ostlänken. Ostlänken är ett järnvägsprojekt för dubbelspårig höghastighetsjärnväg mellan Stockholm och Linköping. Syftet med Ostlänken är att öka kapaciteten för järnvägstrafik för både passagerar- och godstrafik samt att bygga ut en ny stambana. Det är en satsning på miljövänliga kommunikationer och snabbare tåg som bidrar till hållbara resor och transporter. Fastigheten för den kommande järnvägsstationen i Norrköping har ännu inte bildats och denna studie ska ligga till underlag för beslut. Studien utformades för att gälla generellt för järnvägsspår i upphöjt läge och kan tillämpas på liknande fall som det i Norrköpings kommun. Författarna jämförde vilken fastighetsbildning som blir mest ändamålsenlig för station och spårstäcka i upphöjt läge. Slutsatsen är att 3D-fastigheter har fler fördelar och vinster jämfört med traditionella 2D-fastigheter med tillhörande servitut, vilket gör att 3D-fastigheter bör användas för ett sådant infrastrukturprojekt som järnvägsstation i upphöjt läge.

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In the Province of the Western Cape in South Africa, gangsterism continues to be associated with issues of violence, crime and localised conflicts, affecting residents on the Cape Flats in particular. Although the country's legal framework promotes human rights and despite ongoing interventions by law enforcement, the effectiveness of government responses is still debated by politicians as well as the general public. Using Carol Bacchi's ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be' (2009) approach to policy analysis, the aim of this dissertation is to deconstruct the Western Cape's political problematisation and representation of the ‘problem' by analysing the Western Cape Provincial Policy response to the National Anti-Gangsterism Strategy. From a social constructivist angle, this dissertation presumes policy as prescriptive guidelines that dictate action. Further, the aim is to discover how the problem is understood and represented and thus analyse which discourses and material responses are generated and which are not. The findings confirm that there is a discrepancy between what is articulated in policy and what actually happens on the ground, i.e. between discourse and practice. Moreover, it will be argued that sustained anti-gang intervention demand that structural obstacles and inequality in lieu of the spill over from the Apartheid era are addressed. Taking notice of these aspects, the minor dissertation concludes that it is critical to figure out how best to transform conflict conditions in areas with high levels of gang violence with the view to allowing both youth groups and individuals to exert agency and become empowered in pursuit of individual and community resilience.

Rape myths have several negative effects on society, and can affect those who come into contact with victims of sexual assault on a professional level. One group of professionals that assist victims are general medical practitioners and in a country like South Africa, that has a high rate of rape, it is not uncommon for general medical practitioners to find themselves assisting victims. Previous research has suggested that professionals who assist victims such as police officers and lawyers are susceptible to rape myth acceptance. In South Africa, research suggests that medical health professionals can have negative views of victims, depending on a number of factors such as the victim's behaviour and alcohol consumption. Presenting data collected using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS) from a sample of 44 general medical practitioners in South Africa, it was found that the participants had low levels of rape myth acceptance. The findings indicated that not only were rape myths not strong influences within the sample, myths that related to the concept of ‘real rape' were the least likely to be supported. Furthermore, additional questions in the survey revealed that general medical practitioners are not well-equipped to provide care to victims of sexual assault and more effort is needed with regards to service provision.

This dissertation explores how domestic workers within the Cape Town area access childcare. From this exploration, the argument that the state should provide childcare to mothers as a redress measure under s9(2) is developed. This argument is drawn from the proposition that universal access to childcare has the potential to reduce gender inequality by removing the care burden that women bear. By providing universal access to childcare, and thereby removing or reducing the care burden, women are better empowered to access income earning activity. This qualitative enquiry utilises a literature review and one-on-one interviews as modes of data collection. Eight interviews were conducted on the experiences of domestic workers. A feminist methodology was adopted in the collection and analysis of the data, which led to the finding that greater state intervention is needed into the lives of domestic workers so that they may realise substantive equality. This Constitutionally based legal analysis is used as a means of understanding social transformation through the experiences of the participant group.

This essay deals with complexities regarding indigenous peoples’ rights to land and natural resources in the context of mineral extraction. A large share of the world’s indigenous population lives in environmentally sensitive areas. These regions are often rich in mineral resources and hence attractive to extractive industries. The international indigenous rights regime particularly focuses on land rights. These rights are based on assumptions of an ethno-territorial relationship between indigenous groups’ cultural identity and social well being. Their traditional land and livelihoods are considered to reflect these values. Permitting mineral extraction in indigenous areas causes significant impact on the traditional livelihood, which in turn can jeopardize the development of indigenous groups. In recent years, Sweden has been internationally criticized for not respecting the international rights given to the Sami population as an indigenous people. The critique specifically draws attention to Swedish legislation regarding mineral extraction. Consequently, this essay aims to explore whether and to which extent the current international rights regimes considers the right for the Sami population to prevent mining establishments in their traditional territories. Furthermore, it aims to draw some primary lines of how the international indigenous rights regime may contribute to a more effective environmental protection in these areas. The main findings show that the international indigenous regime and universal human rights interpreted in an indigenous context contribute to a positive devolvement regarding the protection of indigenous land rights. The study finds evidence that the international right to property in the light of a material understanding of the right to not be discriminated could obstruct the possibilities to expropriate these lands. This could lead to a stronger protection of indigenous values and livelihood conditions, as well as a strengthening of environmental values in the territory. The study also emphasizes that the international law phrases requirements on states to ensure that indigenous groups are given the right to a free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) when their rights are being threatened by externally triggered activities in their territory, for instance mining ventures. However, this study finds that FPIC is not yet legally binding for Sweden. Still, this essay highlights that the principle of FPIC should be considered as a guideline for all states that aim at protecting indigenous rights in accordance with pertinent human rights. Moreover, the study finds that there is a link between indigenous rights and environmental law. This connection is expressed in how a consultation process that fulfills the requirements of FPIC shows potential to endorse both social and ecological aspects of a sustainable development. The study encourages further research in this field. Finally, the essay urges legislators to act to promote collective land rights in order to prevent irreparable damage on Sami culture and collective development.

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