The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5384.pdf: 3646799 bytes, checksum: cae5edc100d549896cd5997951a21e99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Lead (Pb) is an ubiquitous pollutant in the environmental ecosystem. Its distribution is mainly anthropogenic, coming from the burning of fossil fuels, mining and production of various industrial products. There is little knowledge of the effect of the Pb and its compounds on bone metabolism as well as potential therapies for frames contamination related to the lead. The aim of this study was to determine possible changes in the bones of adult rats contaminated with lead acetate correlated them to the effects of hydroxyapatite and the resveratrol in adult rats contaminated with lead acetate. The biomechanical, biometric, biophysical, microtomographic bone parameters, the radiographic density, the concentration of Pb and metalloproteinase activity in bone tissue were analyzed. The animals were distributed into 6 groups of 8 rats each: control, treated with saline 0.9% (0.1 ml/100g BM), hydroxyapatite, treat with hydroxyapatite (100 mg/kg BM), contaminated, treated with lead acetate (250 mg/kg BM), contaminated + hydroxyapatite, treated with lead acetate (250mg/kg BM) and hydroxyapatite (100mg/kg BM); the treatments were carry out once per week for 8 weeks by gastric gavage. The groups contaminated + resveratrol, treated with lead acetate (250 mg/kg BM) and resveratrol (0.7 mg/kg BM ) and DMSO, treated with dimethylsulfoxide (0.1 ml/100g BM), 5 times a week for 8 weeks by intraperitoneal injections. The contamination with lead acetate promoted incorporation of it in bone tissue leading to a reduction in bone strength of femurs and vertebrae, reduction of vertebral trabecular contingent, and increased activity of metalloproteins type 2. The treatment with hydroxyapatite (100 mg/kg MC) as well with resveratrol (0.7 mg/kg MC) prevented the deleterious effects of lead contamination at the proposed dose, including reducing the activity values of metalloproteins type 2 to levels similar to that of control group. Therefore, the results point to hydroxyapatite and resveratrol as potential treatment agents in lead contamination, preventing damage to the quality of bone tissue caused by this element. / Chumbo (Pb) é um poluente ubíquo no ecossistema cuja distribuição ambiental é principalmente antropogênica, oriunda da queima de combustíveis fósseis, mineração e fabricações industriais diversas. Há pouco conhecimento do envolvimento do Pb e seus compostos sobre o metabolismo ósseo bem como das potenciais terapias para quadros de contaminação relacionadas ao chumbo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações ósseas causadas pelo acetato de chumbo correlacionado-as aos efeitos da hidroxiapatita e do resveratrol em ratos adultos contaminados com acetato de chumbo. Foram analisados os parâmetros biomecânicos, biométricos, biofísicos, microtomográficos ósseos, a densidade radiográfica, a concentração de Pb e a atividade de metaloproteinases no tecido ósseo. Os animais foram distribuidos em 6 grupos com 8 ratos cada: controle, tratados com salina 0,9% (0,1 ml/100g MC), hidroxiapatita, tratados com hidroxiapatita (100 mg/kg MC), contaminado, tratados com acetato de chumbo (250 mg/kg MC) e contaminado + hidroxiapatita, tratados com acetato da chumbo (250 mg/kg MC) e hidroxiapatita (100 mg/kg MC), 1 vez por semana, por 8 semanas pelo método de gavagem gástrica. Grupo contaminado + resveratrol, tratados com acetato da chumbo (250 mg/kg MC) e resveratrol (0,7 mg/kg MC) e DMSO, tratado com dimetilsulfóxido (0,1 ml/100g MC), 5 vezes por semana, por 8 semanas por meio de injeções intraperitoneais. A contaminação com acetato de chumbo promoveu incorporação de chumbo no tecido ósseo provocando redução da resistência óssea de fêmures e vértebras e do contingente trabecular das vértebras analisadas, promovendo aumento da atividade de metaloproteinases tipo 2. Tanto o tratamento com 100 mg/kg MC de hidroxiapatita quanto o de 0,7 mg/kg MC de resveratrol preveniram os efeitos deletérios da contaminação com chumbo na dose proposta, inclusive reduzindo os valores de atividade de metaloproteinases tipo 2 para níveis semelhantes ao do grupo controle. Portanto, os resultados apontam a hidroxiapatita e o resveratrol como potenciais agentes de tratamento preventivo na contaminação com chumbo, evitando os prejuízos à qualidade do tecido ósseo provocadas por este elemento.

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