Water pollution due to heavy metals can be hazardous to both the environment and human health. The aim of this research is to provide a low-cost alternative for lead remediation. Biochar was produced from the fast pyrolysis of Douglas fir (DBC). Magnetic biochar (MDBC) was synthesized by mixing aqueous biochar suspensions with an aqueous Fe3+/Fe2+ solution. In chapter I, an overview of lead as an emergent contaminant is given. Different biochar production techniques have been discussed along with different mechanism of adsorption of lead onto biochar. Chapter II is a study of adsorption of lead on DBC and MDBC under different experimental conditions. The main aim of this research is to study the effect of water hardness on adsorption capacity. Three levels of water hardness were employed. Sorption performances were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. DBC and MDBC were also successfully applied for lead removal from natural water samples. In chapter III, future projects focused on studying the effects of matrix chemicals found in natural waters on the heavy metal ion adsorption properties of biochar are discussed.

M.Tech. (Chemistry) / This study investigated the functionalization of coke particles and their utilization for the preparation of coke-polymer composite. Looking at the possibility of using it for the removal of lead and chromium ions from their aqueous solutions. Due to various inorganic materials in coke, it was treated with acid to demineralize the ash content. The demineralized coke was further oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to add functional groups on its surface as well as in the bulk of coke particles before coating of the polymers. The composite preparation entails modifying the surface properties of coke with hydrophilic polymers like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) followed by the crosslinking to improve the interfacial interaction between the polymer and coke to make the synthesized composite stable in water. The structural composition of coke and modified coke was examined by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman Spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. It was also observed that the modified coke samples have enhanced carbon reactivity which indicates that the non-carbon phases were removed by the treatment with acid. The adsorption studies for the removal of Pb (II) and Cr (III) ions from contaminated water was done in batch mode using variables such as pH, contact time and the initial concentration. The synthesized material was found to have better adsorption capacity as compared to raw coke. To understand the adsorption isotherm processes, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were applied. The monolayer adsorption capacity for the removal of lead ions was found to be 2.41 mg/g, 2.95 mg/g, 8.32 mg/g, 9.70 mg/g and 9.84 mg/g for raw coke, acid treated coke, PVA coated coke, PEG coated coke and PVP coated coke, respectively. The chromium monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 9.48 mg/g, 9.94 mg/g, 35.84 mg/g, 32.79 mg/g and 34.13 mg/g for the same order of adsorbents mentioned for lead. Studies were carried out at the optimum pH of 6.0 for both the metal ions. The adsorption kinetic studies showed that both the metal ions followed pseudo second order rate equation and the adsorption equilibrium was attained in 60 minutes and 120 minutes for Pb (II) and Cr (III) ions, respectively.

Heavy metal ions, such as cadmium and lead, should be removed from wastewaters to prevent bioaccumulation. Among many other separation processes, one of the alternatives is ion exchange involving a low cost packing material, clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite and contains exchangeable cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in its structure. Aim of this study is to determine binary and multicomponent ion exchange behaviors of sodium enriched form of G&ouml / rdes clinoptilolite for lead and cadmium ions. For this purpose, Pb+2 &ndash / Na+, Cd+2 &ndash / Na+ binary and Pb+2 &ndash / Cd+2 &ndash / Na+ ternary systems were investigated in column operations for concentrations between 0.005 to 0.02 N and flow rates between 5 to 20 mL/min at 25 &amp / #730 / C. For determination of optimum particle size, 5/6, 8/10, 14/18, 20/30, 35/60, and 70/140 ASTM E-11 standard mesh ranges were tested and the optimum particle size, under the experimental conditions was found as 35/60. Furthermore, although the clinoptilolite has a theoretical ion exchange capacity of 2.14 meq/g based on its aluminum content, under experimental conditions maximum exchange level was determined as 1.08 meq/g. For binary and ternary experiments, it is observed that the clinoptilolite has affinity for both Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions. However, clinoptilolite has greater affinity to Pb2+ than Cd2+ ion. Therefore, selectivity sequence was determined as Pb2+&gt / Cd2+&gt / Na+. Additionally, for column studies, flow rates less than 10 mL/min and influent concentrations up to 0.01 N, sodium enriched form of G&ouml / rdes clinoptilolite holds great potential to remove Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from wastewaters.

O descarte de monitores do tipo CRT aumenta a cada ano, gerando milhões de toneladas de resíduos contendo diversos tipos de materiais. O vidro presente nos tubos dos monitores CRT apresenta em torno de 20-25% de óxido de chumbo. Esse vidro pode ser lixiviado se disposto de forma incorreta ou diretamente na natureza podendo causar contaminação ambiental, especialmente com chumbo. Devido a esta possibilidade de lixiviação, este resíduo deve ser classificado como resíduo sólido Classe I, segundo as normas da ABNT. O objetivo desse trabalho é remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea, possibilitando a reciclagem do vidro. O tratamento térmico do vidro destes tubos CRT é visto como uma alternativa para a remoção do chumbo da matriz vítrea. Diversos parâmetros de reação como tempo, porcentagem de agente redutor, temperatura e atmosfera da reação foram estudados neste trabalho. Concluiu-se que é possível remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea através de processos térmicos. A remoção de 92% do chumbo do vidro de funil foi obtida com vácuo, com 5% de carbono como agente redutor e 18 horas de processamento térmico. O vidro, após o tratamento térmico, foi novamente caracterizado quanto a sua periculosidade, sendo classificado como resíduo não perigoso – classe II. / The disposal of CRT monitors increases each year, generating millions of tons of waste containing various types of materials. The glass present in CRT tubes contains about 20-25% of lead oxide. This glass can be leached if disposed improperly or directly in nature causing environmental contamination, especially with lead. Due to this possibility of leaching, this waste should be classified as Class I hazardous solid waste, according to the ABNT (Brazilian Standards). The aim of this work is to remove the lead from the glass matrix, enabling the glass recycling. The heat treatment of glass CRT tubes is seen as an alternative to removing lead from the glass matrix. Various reactions parameters such as reaction time, percentage of reducing agent, temperature and atmosphere of the reaction were studied in this work. It was concluded that it is possible to remove the lead from the glass matrix by thermal processes. The removal of 92% of lead from the funnel glass was obtained with vacuum, 5% of carbon as a reducing agent and 18 hours of thermal processing. The glass, after heat treatment, was again characterized in relation to dangerousness, being classified as non-hazardous waste.

O descarte de monitores do tipo CRT aumenta a cada ano, gerando milhões de toneladas de resíduos contendo diversos tipos de materiais. O vidro presente nos tubos dos monitores CRT apresenta em torno de 20-25% de óxido de chumbo. Esse vidro pode ser lixiviado se disposto de forma incorreta ou diretamente na natureza podendo causar contaminação ambiental, especialmente com chumbo. Devido a esta possibilidade de lixiviação, este resíduo deve ser classificado como resíduo sólido Classe I, segundo as normas da ABNT. O objetivo desse trabalho é remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea, possibilitando a reciclagem do vidro. O tratamento térmico do vidro destes tubos CRT é visto como uma alternativa para a remoção do chumbo da matriz vítrea. Diversos parâmetros de reação como tempo, porcentagem de agente redutor, temperatura e atmosfera da reação foram estudados neste trabalho. Concluiu-se que é possível remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea através de processos térmicos. A remoção de 92% do chumbo do vidro de funil foi obtida com vácuo, com 5% de carbono como agente redutor e 18 horas de processamento térmico. O vidro, após o tratamento térmico, foi novamente caracterizado quanto a sua periculosidade, sendo classificado como resíduo não perigoso – classe II. / The disposal of CRT monitors increases each year, generating millions of tons of waste containing various types of materials. The glass present in CRT tubes contains about 20-25% of lead oxide. This glass can be leached if disposed improperly or directly in nature causing environmental contamination, especially with lead. Due to this possibility of leaching, this waste should be classified as Class I hazardous solid waste, according to the ABNT (Brazilian Standards). The aim of this work is to remove the lead from the glass matrix, enabling the glass recycling. The heat treatment of glass CRT tubes is seen as an alternative to removing lead from the glass matrix. Various reactions parameters such as reaction time, percentage of reducing agent, temperature and atmosphere of the reaction were studied in this work. It was concluded that it is possible to remove the lead from the glass matrix by thermal processes. The removal of 92% of lead from the funnel glass was obtained with vacuum, 5% of carbon as a reducing agent and 18 hours of thermal processing. The glass, after heat treatment, was again characterized in relation to dangerousness, being classified as non-hazardous waste.

O descarte de monitores do tipo CRT aumenta a cada ano, gerando milhões de toneladas de resíduos contendo diversos tipos de materiais. O vidro presente nos tubos dos monitores CRT apresenta em torno de 20-25% de óxido de chumbo. Esse vidro pode ser lixiviado se disposto de forma incorreta ou diretamente na natureza podendo causar contaminação ambiental, especialmente com chumbo. Devido a esta possibilidade de lixiviação, este resíduo deve ser classificado como resíduo sólido Classe I, segundo as normas da ABNT. O objetivo desse trabalho é remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea, possibilitando a reciclagem do vidro. O tratamento térmico do vidro destes tubos CRT é visto como uma alternativa para a remoção do chumbo da matriz vítrea. Diversos parâmetros de reação como tempo, porcentagem de agente redutor, temperatura e atmosfera da reação foram estudados neste trabalho. Concluiu-se que é possível remover o chumbo da matriz vítrea através de processos térmicos. A remoção de 92% do chumbo do vidro de funil foi obtida com vácuo, com 5% de carbono como agente redutor e 18 horas de processamento térmico. O vidro, após o tratamento térmico, foi novamente caracterizado quanto a sua periculosidade, sendo classificado como resíduo não perigoso – classe II. / The disposal of CRT monitors increases each year, generating millions of tons of waste containing various types of materials. The glass present in CRT tubes contains about 20-25% of lead oxide. This glass can be leached if disposed improperly or directly in nature causing environmental contamination, especially with lead. Due to this possibility of leaching, this waste should be classified as Class I hazardous solid waste, according to the ABNT (Brazilian Standards). The aim of this work is to remove the lead from the glass matrix, enabling the glass recycling. The heat treatment of glass CRT tubes is seen as an alternative to removing lead from the glass matrix. Various reactions parameters such as reaction time, percentage of reducing agent, temperature and atmosphere of the reaction were studied in this work. It was concluded that it is possible to remove the lead from the glass matrix by thermal processes. The removal of 92% of lead from the funnel glass was obtained with vacuum, 5% of carbon as a reducing agent and 18 hours of thermal processing. The glass, after heat treatment, was again characterized in relation to dangerousness, being classified as non-hazardous waste.

No description available.

The thesis is divided into several parts. At first, there are written information from the laws and decrees concerning the lead pipeline, drinking water, observance of lead concentrations in drinking water, etc. Then the water connection, the ownership relations to the connection and the materials used for the water connection are defined. The next chapter deals with lead, lead pipeline, lead in drinking water and the legislative requirements for lead content in drinking water. Other part is about the health risks of lead in drinking water. These theoretical parts follow the practical part, which focuses on drinking water quality testing, which was in contact with the lead pipeline. This section describes drinking water sampling principles for determining the concentration of lead, the locations where the samples were taken, the methods used to determine the concentration, the description, the results and the evaluation of the information. The last chapter shows the methods and materials that remove lead from water.

Water contaminated by heavy metals and plant nutrients pose a threat to human health and safety as well as the environment. The aim of this body of work is to develop, characterize, and understand the adsorption properties of green sorbents to mitigate these risks. Biochar, an adsorbent known to be both environmentally friendly and inexpensive was used. Advantages of biochar are its high surface area, easy modification, and native surface functionality. Biochars used in this study are of pecan shell or douglas fir origin, although biochar can be made from a host of waste organic materials. Pecan shell biochar was modified using a simple water soaking activation technique which is totally green and free of any harsh solvents, whereas the douglas fir biochar was modified to contain both aluminum and magnesium oxides via coprecipitation of Al and Mg sulfate salts and NaOH treatment. Chapter I provides an introduction of biochar production methods as well as a brief history of its utilization. Chapter II is a study of lead removal using biochars obtained from slow pyrolysis of dry and water soaked pecan shell biomass. In this study, water, a green and low cost reagent, was used to maximize the surface area of pecan shell biochar allowing it to adsorb more lead from aqueous solution. In this study, pecan shell biochar is analyzed using several methods including SEM, SEM-EDX, TEM, PZC, XRD, elemental analysis, and BET. Chapter III discusses the remediation of agricultural runoff water using slag and Al/ Mg modified biochar. This study characterizes both biochar and slag using various methods including SEM, SEM-EDX, TEM, PZC, XRD, elemental analysis, and BET. Chapter IV focuses phosphates in soils: An undergraduate exploration according to soil texture and amendment. The purpose of this study was to bring the cutting edge research regarding phosphate retention into the undergraduate laboratory setting.

No description available.