The purpose of this study was to examine how male and female leaders view their own effectiveness as compared to their objective performance. This study also examined sex and gender differences in subordinate's views of male and female leaders. Forty-two mixed-sex groups led by appointed male and female leaders were observed to assess objective and perceived leader effectiveness. Gender role of participants was assessed using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). No sex or gender differences were found in objective leadership effectiveness. An unexpected finding was that male and female leaders perceived themselves accurately as leaders. Significant differences were found in the way male subordinates rated men and women leaders when taking into account gender role. Results indicated that the study of gender bias in leadership is complex and should be examined in conjunction with gender role. Social role theory helps to explain this bias.

Though increasing numbers of women are entering the workforce, a disproportionate number of women are placed into upper level management positions. Social role and role congruity theory both posit that women in leadership positions are likely to face more negative criticism than men in leadership positions. The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of gender roles on leader behaviors as well as leaders' self perceived effectiveness. The study also examined third party raters' views of female and male leaders. Videotapes of forty-seven mixed sex groups with randomly appointed male and female leaders were used to examine leader behaviors as well as raters' effectiveness ratings. Leaders' self perceived effectiveness ratings were also used. Gender roles of the leaders were assessed using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Results of a MANOVA indicated that leader gender roles did not lead to differences in leader behaviors exhibited among those in feminine, masculine, and androgynous groups. For female leaders, femininity was not related to feminine behaviors. Unexpectedly, for male leaders, masculinity was inversely related to masculine behaviors. With regard to raters' effectiveness ratings of the leaders, no differences were found in ratings based on leader gender. Further, for female leaders, degree of femininity and masculinity was not related to raters' effectiveness ratings. However, exploratory analyses indicated a significant positive relationship to exist between raters' effectiveness ratings of female leaders and total time female leaders spoke. A significant inverse relationship was found between raters' effectiveness ratings and frequency of speech initiations used among female leaders. Significant correlations between male and female leaders' self perceived effectiveness ratings and self perceived gender roles were found. Specifically, masculinity was positively related to female leaders self perceived effectiveness while femininity was negatively related to male leader self perceived effectiveness. Overall, the results of the current study were not consistent with social role theory and role congruity theory. Implications for organizations and women's career development are discussed. Limitations and suggestions for future directions in research are presented.

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Personality traits have been used extensively over the past forty years in assessing leadership potential, with varying degrees of success. A major limitation of this research has been the measures of personality. Another important limitation has been the availability of quantifiable measures of leader effectiveness. A third limitation is the lack of longitudinal studies. Because of these limitations, researchers have had difficulty determining the strength of personality traits as predictors of leadership effectiveness over time. Recent studies have used the Five Factor Model of personality to predict leadership effectiveness (e.g., Hogan, Curphy, & Hogan, 1994; Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002; McCormack & Mellor, 2002); and researchers in positive psychology (e.g., Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005; Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000) have suggested that character strength and virtues (i.e., courage, temperance, and transcendence) might also offer an approach useful in predicting leadership success. This research builds on these approaches and examined two trait-based instruments, the Big Five instrument (NEO-PI-R) and the Values in Action Inventory of Strength (VIA-IS) instrument as they relate to leader effectiveness. Using undergraduates at the United States Military Academy as participants, the research examines the relationship and efficacy of the NEO-PI-R and the VIA-IS in predicting leadership effectiveness over a two and a half year study. Regression analysis demonstrated that conscientiousness was the most significant predictor of leadership effectiveness. However, latent growth curve analysis suggests that there are three distinct patterns of leadership effectiveness. Using mixture modeling, these trajectories are best explained by the personality factors and virtue variables of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and temperance. The findings of this study have broad implications for emergent leader selection, leader development programs, and executive coaching in organizations. / Dissertation

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The purpose of the present study is to enrich academic knowledge, the understanding of management theory, and professional management practice for leaders in a South African Higher Education Institution (HEI) under volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) conditions. Due to increased globalisation and rapid changes in the technological, social, economic, and political spheres, the environment in which organisations function has become increasingly VUCA. These factors create a unique set of challenges for the leaders of these organisations. Traditionally tested and proven methods of leading organisations no longer guarantee high performance. The dynamic environment is challenging leaders to find new ways to be successful. To further complicate matters, the speed, frequency, and intensity with which the organisational environment is changing are ascending in nature. The field of Higher Education in South Africa demonstrates the challenges and opportunities VUCA imposes on organisational leadership.

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar la existencia de relaciones significativas entre la Teoría del Liderazgo Situacional y el Clima Organizacional, en un grupo de colaboradores pertenecientes a una empresa de electrificación, en el año 2018. Para ello, se realizó una investigación no experimental, con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo correlacional, utilizando métodos comparativos causales de corte transversal. Para recolectar la información se utilizaron dos instrumentos, uno para evaluar los estilos del Liderazgo Situacional y la efectividad de su adaptabilidad, aplicado a los jefes de mandos medios; y otro a los subordinados para determinar el nivel de influencia sobre el Clima Organizacional, con el fin de analizar y comparar relaciones entre ambas variables. El cuestionario de Liderazgo Situacional es el diseñado por Paul Hersey y Ken Blanchard, denominado LEAD (Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) que consta de 12 items, y el de Clima Organizacional es el que actualmente utiliza la empresa para medir la satisfacción, con una escala de Likert de cinco niveles y una adaptación de los ítems en base a la metodología Great Place to Work. La muestra está compuesta por 162 colaboradores en total: 28 jefes de mandos medios y 134 subordinados. Los resultados demuestran una correlación causal positiva moderada de 0,588 entre ambas variables, determinando una influencia moderada y aceptando de esta manera la hipótesis alternativa planteada. Es decir, cuando el estilo del liderazgo del jefe es más adaptable a la situación, mayor es la satisfacción en los colaboradores de esta entidad. / The objective of this study was to identify the existence of significant relationships between the theory of leadership and the organizational climate, in a group of employees who are in a private multinational institution of electrification, during the year 2018. This, investigation will be carried out non-experimental with correlation-type quantitative approach, using cross-sectional causal comparative methods. Two instruments were used to collect information, one to evaluate the styles of Situational Leadership and the effectiveness of their adaptability, applied to the middle managers, and another to the subordinates to determine the level of influence on the Organizational Climate, with the objective of analyze and compare relationships between both variables. The Situational Leadership questionnaire is designed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, called LEAD (Leader Effectiveness and Adaptability Description) which consists of 12 items and the Organizational Climate questionnaire is the one currently used by the company to measure satisfaction, with a scale of five-level Likert and an adaptation of the items based on The Great Place to Work methodology. The sample is composed of 162 employees in total, 28 middle managers and 134 subordinates belonging proportionally to the six company business units. The results show a positive moderate correlation of 0.588 between both variables, which determinate a significant influence and accept in this way the alternative hypothesis proposed. So, we can say that when the leadership manager style is more adaptable to the situation, the satisfaction of the employees increases as well in the company. / Tesis

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Research has shown that transformational leadership behavior impacts team performance in a traditional work environment; however, no research has evaluated the relationship between transformational leadership and team performance in a virtual setting. Building on the theoretical foundation of Bass' 1990 work, this study examined the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and 3 measures linked to team success: work effort, perceived leader effectiveness, and job satisfaction for virtual teams. The present research focused on the transformational leadership behaviors of 41 senior executives in an information technology (IT) organization and over 300 direct report employees. Employees used the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5x to rate their direct report supervisors' leadership characteristics. Regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between transformational leadership and the preceding indicators for successful performance. The findings supported the applicability of Bass' leadership model beyond the traditional workforce. The results of this study will positively impact social change by clarifying how executive leadership behavior directs virtual IT team success, enabling IT organizations to better identify future leaders, and allowing organizations to institute training opportunities to develop internal candidates to become better leaders.

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