1) The carpopodite extensor muscle of Carcinus maenas and Homarus americanus demonstrated regional localization of at least three types of fibre: fast phasic, slow tonic and intermediate. A specific area of the extensor, area 1, was identifiable in extensors from different animals and comprised fast phasic fibres in Carcinus and intermediate fibres in Homarus. When the M-C joint of the leg was held at a 90° angle, the sarcomeres in area 1 fibres were at rest length. Measurements of sarcomere length taken in the middle peripheral region were indicative of sarcomere lengths in other regions of the intermoult fibre. 2) The mechanism of growth of the fibres was determined in intermoult animals of increasing size. Fibres increased in length by the addition of sarcomeres and increased in width by an increase in the number of myofybrils. Myofibrils increased in size by the addition of thick and thin filaments in the characteristic lattice arrangement. The number of myofibrils may increase by myofibrillar splitting as has been previously described for vertebrate muscle. Fibre number remained constant with growth of the animal. There was a decrease in mitochondrial density with increase in fibre area. 3) Over ecdysis, fibres lengthened by addition of short sarcomeres to the exoskeletal region of the fibre. During the 3-4 days postecdysial expansion of the exoskeleton, these short sarcomeres increased in length. hypothesis that these short sarcomeres are precursor sarcomeres being added during ecdysis was investigated. When intermoult muscle was held in a stretched position for 2 weeks, there was a regional increase in the length of the muscle similar to the increases found over ecdysis. In contrast, fibre area did not increase over ecdysis. Instead, fibre area increased during the late postmoult and intermoult. The frequency distribution of myofibril size altered over ecdsysis; large myofibrils were more commonly present during premoult than during the immediate postmoult. Lateral stretch on the muscle during ecdysial expansion of the exoskeleton may be the stimulus for myofibrillar splitting. Possible satellite cells were identified in the skeletal muscle fibres-. vitro and jLn vivo radiolabelling techniques were adapted for the carpopodite extensor muscle of Carcinus maenas. The levels of free phenylalanine, total bound protein and phenylalanine bound in the muscle protein increased with size of the muscle. The mean in vitro rate of synthesis or FSR in the intermoult animal was 0.3% per day and the in vivo rate of synthesis at 1.24% per day. The FSR remained constant with size of the extensor muscle in intermoult animals. Fixatives may have an effect on the specific activity in the bound fraction of the muscle which is attributable to binding artifacts of the free amino acids. 5) The levels of phenylalanine in the free pool fluctuated during the moult cycle. The protein/wet weight ratio of the muscle also varied with the moult cycle. Increases in protein during the early postmoult supported other evidence for growth of the muscle over ecdysis. Synthesis rates were raised during the premoult and immediate postmoult period and remained slightly elevated during the late postmoult. These increases in rate corresponded to periods of muscle growth. 6) Autoradiographic techniques combined with measurements of bound specific activity revealed an increase in activity in the exoskeletal or cuticular region of the fibre corresponding to the region of new muscle synthesis over ecdysis. No differences in grain density were found between fast phasic and slow tonic fibres or between the central and peripheral region of the myofibril in intermoult muscle. Regional localization of grains was found at the light microscope level in the Z, I and B bands but no further evidence of this differentiatial labelling was found at the electron microscope level.

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by Agnes Kam-Kwan Chow Gardner. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 136-144.

<p>Swedish studies have shown that more people than expected have problems with leg ulcers and that the yearly cost for treatment per patient is approximately 26 500kr. </p><p>Since the elderly population is on the rise, there is a need to highlight this growing problem, to make sure that proper assessment tools are used and to improve the standard of care given to patients with leg ulcers. The aim was to show what a difference the nurse can make to patients with leg ulcers. With all types of wounds it is imperative to establish if there is any underlying reasons since certain illnesses can cause more wounds or delay the healing process. The doctor is responsible for making the diagnosis and to prescribe the correct treatment whereas the nurse’s responsibility is for the nursing care and its documentation. The patient’s lifestyle, his next of kin and his environment all play an important part in this healing process. A holistic approach is therefore necessary to be able to give good standard of nursing care. The nurse can by being careful and precise when changing the dressing, using assessment tools and document, give encouragment for compliance, inform and educate patients, help a great deal in the patient’s healing process. Further research is needed to see how the nurses’ compliance can be improved, and how new knowledge can be implemented. </p><p>Nurse students need to learn more about wounds and wound treatments in their basic education, and evidencebased guidelines have to be used in the caring for leg ulcer patients.</p>

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of leg muscle fatigue on balance and to determine the contributions of the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems to balance of apparently healthy males and females. Design: Forty-two subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups and then subdivided based on gender resulting in four groups (10 men/women in the experimental groups and 11 men/women in the control groups). Each subject was pre-tested on the Sensory Organization Test assessment of balance. Subjects in the experimental group then underwent a Wingate Anaerobic Test to induce leg fatigue. Following the Wingate Test subjects were post-tested on the Sensory Organization Test. Subjects in the control group rested quietly for a period of seven minutes prior to post-testing. Subjects: Forty-two volunteers without recent or chronic history of lower extremity injury, neurological deficits, or balance problems participated. Main outcome measures: Ratios for the use of the somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems and the Composite Score were calculated. A [2(Group) x 2(Gender) x 2(Test)] mixed design ANOVA was used to analyze each of the dependent variables. Results: Analysis of Composite Score demonstrated a significant Group x Test interaction (p<0.010). The breakdown of the interaction showed no significant Test effect (p-value 0.341) for the experimental group. However, there was a significant Test effect (p-value<0.010) for the control group. There were no significant effects of fatigue on somatosensory system ratio. The analysis of the visual system ratio revealed a significant main effect (p-value 0.022) for Group. Analysis of vestibular system ratio revealed a significant main effect for Test (p<0.010). Conclusions: As demonstrated by the results of the present experiment, leg muscular fatigue is associated with significantly decreased balance. In addition, fatigue does appear to have an effect on the utilization of visual and vestibular systems. / Graduation date: 2003

Swedish studies have shown that more people than expected have problems with leg ulcers and that the yearly cost for treatment per patient is approximately 26 500kr. Since the elderly population is on the rise, there is a need to highlight this growing problem, to make sure that proper assessment tools are used and to improve the standard of care given to patients with leg ulcers. The aim was to show what a difference the nurse can make to patients with leg ulcers. With all types of wounds it is imperative to establish if there is any underlying reasons since certain illnesses can cause more wounds or delay the healing process. The doctor is responsible for making the diagnosis and to prescribe the correct treatment whereas the nurse’s responsibility is for the nursing care and its documentation. The patient’s lifestyle, his next of kin and his environment all play an important part in this healing process. A holistic approach is therefore necessary to be able to give good standard of nursing care. The nurse can by being careful and precise when changing the dressing, using assessment tools and document, give encouragment for compliance, inform and educate patients, help a great deal in the patient’s healing process. Further research is needed to see how the nurses’ compliance can be improved, and how new knowledge can be implemented. Nurse students need to learn more about wounds and wound treatments in their basic education, and evidencebased guidelines have to be used in the caring for leg ulcer patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different velocities of eccentric work on delayed onset muscle soreness and associated factors in untrained college-aged males. Eight untrained males 21.6 (+1.7) yrs. were recruited for the study. Three subjects did not crossover design and assigned to either a 60 deg/sec or 150 deg/sec work velocity. One hundred maximal eccentric repetitions were completed separately for both legs. Exercise treatment on both legs was carried out on the Kinetic Communicator Device. Repetitions were divided into twoexercise trials. Following the exercise treatment, 10 sets of 10 repetitions with a 5 second pause between each repetition. A five week rest interval separated the range of motion (ROM) values (24, 48, 72, 122, 144 hrs.), serum creatine kinase (Ck), (pre, 24, 72, 144 hrs.), and and the results of 2 subjective soreness scales were recorded. The results of the study demonstrated no significant difference in the velocity * time interaction for Ck, ROM, and soreness perception values; however, significant findings were demonstrated for the main effect across days within each data collection except for Ck following the 150 deg/sec trial. No significant difference could be found between each leg or between both trials following each exercise treatment. The Ck'response at the faster velocity seemed to indicate that the 150 deg/sec work trial may have produced a greater amount of muscle trauma compared to the 60 deg/sec trial without significantly effecting the soreness response.

Head circumference and leg length are two important markers for disease outcomes in later life. It has been reported that head circumference values in childhood may be closely related to the brain development and future intellectual functioning. Short leg length in childhood is suggested to have association with an increasing risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Given the potential childhood length and adult disease linkage, it is important to identify the determinants of childhood head circumference and leg length. Breastfeeding is suggested to be a potential postnatal factor that affects head circumference and leg length. However, some studies examining impacts of breastfeeding on leg length and head circumference in childhood reported inconsistent or null findings, indicating that the association between breastfeeding, head circumference and leg length remains controversial. Here we reviewed several studies that investigated the relationship between breastfeeding, head circumference and leg length, and in some but not all studies there was controlling for the effects of other potential early life influences, including parental height, prenatal factors and other postnatal factors on head circumference and leg length. Collectively, the illustrations on these relationships would be useful in investigating the leg length/head circumferencelater disease outcomes associations. / text

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