A propriedade intelectual tem merecido destaque nas discussões atuais, trazendo à reflexão as considerações sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar propriedade intelectual e científica, pelo destacado valor que se dá ao texto como registro de idéias e de organização do pensamento, bem como meio de difusão dos saberes produzido. O que aqui se propõe é refletir, com base na legislação brasileira, sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar como resultado do esforço intelectual de um pesquisador ou produtor, na área da ciência, mais precisamente no âmbito da Odontologia e o que constitui dados do paciente. O prontuário odontológico tem o domínio pertencente ao paciente, como estabelece o Código de Ética Odontológica (2013). No entanto, por expressar o conhecimento do profissional, suas conclusões, e meio de prova em eventuais demandas judiciais, esse registro é fundamental para a construção de um diálogo entre os diversos produtores do conhecimento e seus destinatários. Por ter uma função social, como preconizado pela Constituição Federal do Brasil, é preciso que a Sociedade tenha acesso às descobertas científicas e à produção dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas, sem que suas idéias permaneçam trancadas em arquivos. Exige-se, na atualidade, que seja destacada a parte que compõe o registro de dados pessoais do paciente, e aquilo que é registro do profissional e construção intelectual deste, evitando-se assim que a criação e produção intelectiva do profissional estejam na propriedade de outrem e não do seu criador. / Intellectual property has been featured in the current discussions, bringing to reflection about what considerations effectively can be considered scientific and intellectual property, by the highlighted value that gives the text as a record of ideas and organization of thought as well as a means of disseminating the knowledge produced. What is proposed here is to reflect, on the basis of the Brazilian legislation, about what actually can be considered as a result of intellectual effort of a researcher or producer, in the area of science, more precisely in the context of dentistry and what constitutes patient data. However, by expressing the professional knowledge, their conclusions and evidence in any litigation, this record is fundamental to the construction of a dialogue between the various producers of knowledge and their recipients. To have a social function, as advocated by the Federal Constitution of Brazil, the society has access to scientific discoveries and the production of dentists, without which his ideas remain locked in archives. If required, at the present time, which highlighted the part that composes the personal data of the patient record, and that record of professional and intellectual construction of this to avoid that the creation and production of intellective property of others are professional and not its creator.

Legal knowledge engineering methodology for epistemologically sound, large scale legal expert systems is developed in this dissertation. A specific meta-epistemological method is posed for the transformation of legal domain epistemology to large scale legal expert systems; the method has five stages: 1. domain epistemology; 2. computational domain epistemology; 3. shell epistemology; 4. programming epistemology; and 5. application epistemology and ontology. The nature of legal epistemology is defined in terms of a deep model that divides the information of the ontology of legal possibilities into the three sorts of logic premises, namely, (1) rules of law for extended deduction, (2) material facts of cases for induction that establishes rule antecedents, and (3) reasons for rules, including justifications, explanations or criticisms of rules, for abduction. Extended deduction is distinguished for automation, and provides a map for locating, relatively, associated induction and abduction. Added to this is a communication system that involves issues of cognition and justice in the legal system. The Appendix sets out a sample of draft rule maps of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, known as the Vienna Convention, to illustrate that the substantive epistemology of the international law can be mapped to the generic epistemology of the shell. This thesis deflects the ontological solution back to the earlier rule-based, case-based and logic advances, with a definition of artificial legal intelligence that rests on legal epistemology; added to the definition is a transparent communication system of a user interface, including an interactive visualisation of rule maps, and the heuristics that process input and produce output to give effect to the legal intelligence of an application. The additions include an epistemological use of the ontology of legal possibilities to complete legal logic, for the purposes of processing specific legal applications. While the specific meta-epistemological methodology distinguishes domain epistemology from the epistemologies of artificial legal intelligence, namely computational domain epistemology, program design epistemology, programming epistemology and application epistemology, the prototypes illustrate the use of those distinctions, and the synthesis effected by that use. The thesis develops the Jurisprudence of Legal Knowledge Engineering by an artificial metaphysics. / Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)

A propriedade intelectual tem merecido destaque nas discussões atuais, trazendo à reflexão as considerações sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar propriedade intelectual e científica, pelo destacado valor que se dá ao texto como registro de idéias e de organização do pensamento, bem como meio de difusão dos saberes produzido. O que aqui se propõe é refletir, com base na legislação brasileira, sobre o que efetivamente pode-se considerar como resultado do esforço intelectual de um pesquisador ou produtor, na área da ciência, mais precisamente no âmbito da Odontologia e o que constitui dados do paciente. O prontuário odontológico tem o domínio pertencente ao paciente, como estabelece o Código de Ética Odontológica (2013). No entanto, por expressar o conhecimento do profissional, suas conclusões, e meio de prova em eventuais demandas judiciais, esse registro é fundamental para a construção de um diálogo entre os diversos produtores do conhecimento e seus destinatários. Por ter uma função social, como preconizado pela Constituição Federal do Brasil, é preciso que a Sociedade tenha acesso às descobertas científicas e à produção dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas, sem que suas idéias permaneçam trancadas em arquivos. Exige-se, na atualidade, que seja destacada a parte que compõe o registro de dados pessoais do paciente, e aquilo que é registro do profissional e construção intelectual deste, evitando-se assim que a criação e produção intelectiva do profissional estejam na propriedade de outrem e não do seu criador. / Intellectual property has been featured in the current discussions, bringing to reflection about what considerations effectively can be considered scientific and intellectual property, by the highlighted value that gives the text as a record of ideas and organization of thought as well as a means of disseminating the knowledge produced. What is proposed here is to reflect, on the basis of the Brazilian legislation, about what actually can be considered as a result of intellectual effort of a researcher or producer, in the area of science, more precisely in the context of dentistry and what constitutes patient data. However, by expressing the professional knowledge, their conclusions and evidence in any litigation, this record is fundamental to the construction of a dialogue between the various producers of knowledge and their recipients. To have a social function, as advocated by the Federal Constitution of Brazil, the society has access to scientific discoveries and the production of dentists, without which his ideas remain locked in archives. If required, at the present time, which highlighted the part that composes the personal data of the patient record, and that record of professional and intellectual construction of this to avoid that the creation and production of intellective property of others are professional and not its creator.

Le rôle que joue le tribunal arbitral dans l'établissement du contenu du droit applicable n'est pas déterminé dans la plupart des législations d'arbitrage. Cette défaillance du cadre légal conduit à l'interprétation du principe jura novit curia en matière d'arbitrage international. Certes, une transposition pure et simple dans cette matière dudit principe, tel qu'il est appliqué devant les tribunaux étatiques, n'est pas sans difficulté. Néanmoins, en vue de consolider la confiance des parties dans la justice arbitrale et améliorer sa qualité, le tribunal arbitral doit avoir un rôle prépondérant vis-à-vis du droit applicable. En outre, l'office de l'arbitre doit intégrer l'emprise croissante des principes procéduraux fondamentaux. L'administration de la preuve juridique durant l'instance arbitrale s'accomplit à travers différents outils et méthodes. Ces derniers sont, de nos jours, très harmonisés dans les différentes législations et ce grâce à l'effort considérable déployé par les différentes institutions d'arbitrage. Néanmoins, en dépit de leur utilisation fréquente, de leur évolution croissante et leurs avantages indéniables, certains inconvénients persistent et contredisent parfois les besoins d'efficacité et de célérité recherchés par les compromettants. D'autres méthodes, spécifiques pour la preuve juridique, devraient émerger pour une meilleure administration de la justice. Il ne faut toutefois pas privilégier simplement une solution rapide du litige. Il faut qu'elle soit également acceptable et juste aux yeux des parties. Un outil de contrôle de la phase post-arbitrale, qui vise à vérifier si le contenu «censé» établi du droit applicable est correctement appliqué par l'arbitre aux faits de l'espèce, doit pouvoir exister et être efficace. Une telle mesure doit cependant être respectueuse du principe de non révision au fond des sentences. / The role of the arbital tribunal in the establishment of the content of the applicable law on the merits is not envisaged in most of the arbitration statutes. This brings us to examine the principle ''jura novit curia" and the opportunity of its application to international arbitration. Applying this principle in the same way it is applied before state courts to international arbitration has led to several difficulties. However in order to encourage the parties to resort to arbitration and to increase their trust in this conflict resolution mechanism, the arbitrator must be actively involved in the establishment of the content of the applicable law. Moreover, the "ex officia" attributions of the arbitrator should always comply with the due process principles. The administration of the proof of the applicable law during an arbitration procedure is nowadays standardized in most of the different law systems, due to the continuous efforts of the arbitration institutions. However, and despite the numerous advantages of the current methods of establishment of the applicable law, many difficulties are still encountered, which is diminishing the efficiency and the celerity expected by the parties from the arbitration process. Therefore, news methods should be developed, without however compromising the quality of the justice rendered: a post arbitral control must be implemented in order to verify whether the arbitrator has correctly applied the law on the merits "as previously established" to the case at hand, while respecting the principle of non review of the award on the merits.