The thesis analyses reasons and possible solutions of the tax base unification in European Union. It also analyses the theoretic dates of common tax base implementation with help of questionnaire examination, finally the thesis gives the proposal of enterprise tax base unification.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda o tema do planejamento tributário, aplicado à constituição e gestão de sociedades. Analisa-se o papel exercido pelo parágrafo único do artigo 116 do CTN, que supre uma lacuna da legislação brasileira, introduzindo a doutrina do abuso de formas de direito privado, de origem germânica, e adequando a legislação brasileira ao Estado Democrático de Direito, em que os princípios da legalidade e da livre iniciativa convivem, pacificamente, com os princípios da capacidade contributiva e da igualdade. Verifica-se, ainda, que a Lei Complementar n. 104/2001 estabelece um regime que nada tem a ver com o previsto no artigo 149, VII, do CTN. Examina-se, em seguida, a questão específica do abuso de formas de direito privado, em conexão com a teoria da causa do negócio jurídico e a relação desta com os artigos 421 e 187 do Código Civil. No que se refere especificamente à constituição e gestão de sociedades, procura-se identificar qual é a causa ou a função social do contrato de sociedade, com o objetivo de evidenciar de que forma as escolhas do contribuinte no exercício de sua atividade empresarial vinculam o Fisco. / The present thesis deals with the theme of tax planning, applied to the constitution and management of companies. The role of the single paragraph of article 116 from the National Tax Code is also analyzed, due to the fact that it remedies the omission of Brazilian legislation by introducing the so-called legal form abuse of private law doctrine, whose original creation harks back to Germany; in addition, this theory also conforms the Brazilian legislation to the Legal Democratic State, in which the principles of lawfulness and free enterprise cohabit, pacifically, with the principles of ability to pay and equality. Moreover, it can also be noticed that Supplementary Law n. 104/2001 establishes a regime that has nothing to do with article 149, VII of the National Tax Code. After that, the specific question of legal form abuse of private law doctrine is handled, in connection with the juristic acts cause theory and its relation to articles 421 and 187 from the Civil Code. When it comes down to the constitution and management of companies, the scope is to verify what the cause or social duty of the companys by-laws is, with the main objective of clarifying how the taxpayers choices during the practice of his activity peg the Tax Administration.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda o tema do planejamento tributário, aplicado à constituição e gestão de sociedades. Analisa-se o papel exercido pelo parágrafo único do artigo 116 do CTN, que supre uma lacuna da legislação brasileira, introduzindo a doutrina do abuso de formas de direito privado, de origem germânica, e adequando a legislação brasileira ao Estado Democrático de Direito, em que os princípios da legalidade e da livre iniciativa convivem, pacificamente, com os princípios da capacidade contributiva e da igualdade. Verifica-se, ainda, que a Lei Complementar n. 104/2001 estabelece um regime que nada tem a ver com o previsto no artigo 149, VII, do CTN. Examina-se, em seguida, a questão específica do abuso de formas de direito privado, em conexão com a teoria da causa do negócio jurídico e a relação desta com os artigos 421 e 187 do Código Civil. No que se refere especificamente à constituição e gestão de sociedades, procura-se identificar qual é a causa ou a função social do contrato de sociedade, com o objetivo de evidenciar de que forma as escolhas do contribuinte no exercício de sua atividade empresarial vinculam o Fisco. / The present thesis deals with the theme of tax planning, applied to the constitution and management of companies. The role of the single paragraph of article 116 from the National Tax Code is also analyzed, due to the fact that it remedies the omission of Brazilian legislation by introducing the so-called legal form abuse of private law doctrine, whose original creation harks back to Germany; in addition, this theory also conforms the Brazilian legislation to the Legal Democratic State, in which the principles of lawfulness and free enterprise cohabit, pacifically, with the principles of ability to pay and equality. Moreover, it can also be noticed that Supplementary Law n. 104/2001 establishes a regime that has nothing to do with article 149, VII of the National Tax Code. After that, the specific question of legal form abuse of private law doctrine is handled, in connection with the juristic acts cause theory and its relation to articles 421 and 187 from the Civil Code. When it comes down to the constitution and management of companies, the scope is to verify what the cause or social duty of the companys by-laws is, with the main objective of clarifying how the taxpayers choices during the practice of his activity peg the Tax Administration.

The diploma thesis focuses on the design of the business plan, which will extend the existing company so that it will be started a new company, while three projects will be addressed in the construction field. The thesis is based on the basic theoretical knowledge, followed by an analysis of the market environment and competition. Finally, the entire procedure is developed for the extension of the legal forms of business, including an economic evaluation.

Thesis deals with accounting procedures in final accounts, general legal regulationes in Czech Republic and according to IFRS, evaluation of balance items in balancing day. Second part of thesis is dedicated to theme of transformation from limited company to joint-stock company.

The object of this work is the development of business regulation Skoda factory from 1859, representing the company's own foundation in 1946, when it was nationalized. In the context of this development work also deals with economic and social aspects that influenced the nature of this business. Research will focus on legal standards and their implementation in the Skoda factory. The analysis of most of the legislation under which developed the legal form of the company should show a benefit or adverse effect on the positive development of the company.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the possibilities of tax optimization in relation to the different legal forms of business. The thesis describes the various legal forms of business and tax system according to the valid legislation of the Czech Republic. The next step is analyze tax burden on individual forms, especially in terms of income tax. The methodology of thesis includes a procedure for determining of the tax burden, actually the tax obligations and available resources. A substantial part of the thesis are tax optimization options and their impact on tax obligation. The practical part of thesis deals with some forms of business and compares their tax burden and the available resources that are available after the payment of compulsory payments. The conclusion of thesis contains a summary and comparison of results from the practical part, the advantages and disadvantages of forms and recommendations. This recommendation should provide guidance to future businessmen when choosing a legal form of business if they are making a decisions on the basis of the above mentioned two aspects, namely the tax burden and the resources available after payment of compulsory payments.

The aim of this thesis is to carry out an analysis of economic results of Nemocnice Jindřichův Hradec, a. s. and Nemocnice Pelhřimov, p. o. For purposes of the analysis, a choice of value and bankruptcy models along with debt ratios for the period 2009 - 2013 is used. As a part of the analysis, suitable models and indicators are suggested to determine the effectiveness of the hospitals' management. Furthermore, differences of finding economic results of hospitals of different legal forms are evaluated. On this basis, a draft list of entries appearing in the profit and loss of a joint stock company and a contributory organization is compiled. The conclusion of the thesis contains an evaluation of the models, debt ratios, a choice of appropriate indicators, and suggestions for the applicability of the models in the hospital environment.

The thesis deals with comparing the tax burden of nonprofit organizations according to their chosen legal form. Based on the regulations of the Czech Republic the first part of the thesis describes the characteristics of nonprofit organizations and explains the main differences in the tax base and tax burden on the taxpayer. The second part compares the tax liability for income tax and value added tax. Calculations in this thesis are based on the data of the nonprofit entity whose main activity is equestrian sport. The third part compares the impact of the tax burden in model situations. In conclusion it is recommended what legal form would be the the most suitable for particular taxpayer, taking into account the scale and kind of realized income.

This diploma thesis is worked out as a proposal for a business plan for establishing a small company in the area of agriculture primary production. The worked out business plan is based on analysis of the environment for the new company and from primary research. Theoretical part of the thesis deals with basic concepts which are related to business activities in the current condition. The proposition part consists of a proposal itself for the new business plan and the perspectives of implementing the plan and also risk that come with it.