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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between length of punishment and the two common groupings of types of punishment. Further, the influence of length of punishment on guilt responsivity will be examined.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier certaines propriétés locales de structures contenant des nanocristaux de Ge sur leur surface par utilisation de la technique nano-EBIC(courant induit par bombardement électronique et collecté par un nano-contact). La particularité de cette technique qui utilise le même principe que la technique EBIC classique est l’utilisation d’une pointe conductrice d’un AFM (microscope à force atomique) à la place d’une électrode standard. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la détermination de la longueur de diffusion effective (Leff) et l’étude de sa variation en fonction de paramètres tels que l’énergie primaire et la taille des nanocristaux. Leff augmente pour les faibles énergies primaires, passe par un maximum qui dépend de la taille des nanocristaux, puis diminue pour les énergies élevées. Ce comportement de l’évolution de Leff a été expliqué en chapitre 2. Cependant, ce résultat n’a jamais été observé auparavant. C’est pourquoi, nous avons complété ce travail par une étude basée sur la simulation Monte-Carlo, où l’effet de plusieurs paramètres a été analysé. Parmi les paramètres étudiés, on cite la taille et la forme du nano-contact (ou plus précisément la taille de la nano-zone de déplétion qui se forme sous le contact), la vitesse de recombinaison en surface et l’énergie primaire. La simulation donne le même comportement de variation de Leff que dans le cas expérimental. / The objective of this work is to study certain local properties of structures containing on their surface Ge nanocrystals by using the nano-EBIC (Electron beam induced current collected by a nano-contact). The peculiarity of this technique which uses the same principle as the classical EBIC technique is the use of a conductive AFM (atomic force microscope) tip instead of a standard electrode. We were interested in the determination of the effective diffusion length (Leff) and the study of its variation according to parameters such as the primary energy and the size of nanocrystals. Leff increases for weak energies, reaches a maximum which depends on the nanocrystal size, then decreases for high energies. This behavior of the evolution of Leff was explained in chapter 2. However, this result has never been reported previously. That is why we completed this work by a study based on the Monte-Carlo simulation, where the effect of several parameters was analyzed. Among the parameters studied, we quote the size and the shape of the nano-contact (or more exactly the size of the depletion nano-zone formed under the contact), the surface recombination velocity and the primary energy. The simulation gives the same behavior of Leff variation than the experimental case.

MPH, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Background: General public hospitals in South Africa are currently overloaded with psychiatric patients who cannot be transferred to specialised psychiatric hospitals because of lack of beds. Identification of factors influencing bed occupancy could be used to model ideal referral systems for psychiatric patients. There has been no known study conducted in the specialised psychiatric hospitals in South Africa to assess patient profiles since the implementation of the Mental Health Care Act of 2002. This study was planned to determine the length of stay in a psychiatric hospital in Gauteng Province and to identify factors that could influence the length of stay in that hospital. Aims: To determine the length of stay in specialty units and the influence of specific factors on length of stay at the Tara - the H Moross Centre, during a one-year period. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study which involved the analysis of retrospective data for a one-year period. This data is routinely collected by the Hospital. Variables included age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, medical aid utilisation, education level, hospital classification, unit of admission, access to hospital, source of referral, season, frequency of admissions, medico-legal status, and length of stay. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Permission was obtained from the Gauteng Department of Health and Social Development, and the University of the Witwatersrand Ethics and Postgraduate Committees. Results: The findings indicate that most patients stay in Tara for 49 (29-78) days, which is in keeping with the expectation of this hospital, which is an acute to medium term psychiatric hospital. Significant differences in gender, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, medical AID status and hospital classification among different wards was established. The clinical profile was predominantly biochemical related disorders from public tertiary and public secondary hospitals reflecting the under privileged groups in the population. Social demographic factors and clinical profiles were found to significantly influence the LOS. Gender, ethnicity, employment status, and source of referral were more influential. Conclusion: A follow up study could look at the readmission rates of these patients who stay in the hospital for this short period to determine if the rehabilitation programmes are indeed effective or the patients are being discharged prematurely only to be readmitted.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2016. / A alternância dos comprimentos de ligação (Bond Length Alternation, BLA) em cadeias moleculares conjugadas longas tem sido tópico de discussões por muitas décadas, tanto experimental quanto teoricamente. O BLA é um parâmetro estrutural que vem da diferença entre o comprimento de ligações duplas e simples ao longo da cadeia conjugada. Neste trabalho nós utilizamos um método estatístico muito utilizado em várias áreas do conhecimento, a Análise dos Componentes Principais (do inglês Principal Components Analysis - PCA), criado por Karl Pearson em 1901, para redefinir o parâmetro BLA. Com esta técnica calculamos um parâmetro estrutural, comparável ao BLA, de um grupo de 17 moléculas derivadas de tertiofeno e, a partir disto, fizemos comparações com a forma mais comum de calcular o BLA, o que nos forneceu uma forma alternativa de calcular este parâmetro. Com a PCA podemos ir mais além ao cálculo do parâmetro estrutural e, por exemplo, podemos identificar quais ligações têm maior relevância para o valor do BLA. Outro ponto desta análise que merece destaque, foi mostrar a evolução dos coeficientes gerados por esta técnica, chamados de PC1, assim como, a evolução dos valores do BLA com o aumento do número de moléculas presentes no grupo inicial para o cálculo e a diferença em relação a aromaticidade de tais moléculas, mostrando qual o número mínimo para que esta técnica possa ser aplicada. / The Bond Length Alternation (BLA) in long conjugated molecular chains have been the topic of discussion for many decades, both experimentally and theoretically. The BLA is a structural parameter that comes from the difference between the length of double and single bonds along the conjugated chain. In this work we have used a statistical method widely used in many fields of knowledge, the Principal Component Analysis, created by Karl Pearson in 1901, to redefine the parameter BLA. With this technique we calculated the BLA of a group of 17 molecules derived from terthiophene and made comparisons with the most common way to calculate the BLA, which provided us with an alternative way to calculate the parameter. With the PCA we can go further the BLA and we can also identify which bonds are more relevant to its value. Another point that is worth mentioning, was showing the evolution of the coefficients generated by this technique, as well as the evolution of BLA values, along with the increasing number of molecules present in the initial group for the calculation and the differences between the aromaticity of such molecules, resulting in the minimum number to apply this technique.

A two-dimensional direction-length framework (G; p) consists of a multigraph G = (V ;D;L) whose edge set is formed of "direction" edges D and "length" edges L, and a realisation p of this graph in the plane. The edges of the framework represent geometric constraints: length edges x the distance between their endvertices, whereas direction edges specify the gradient of the line through both endvertices. In this thesis, we consider two problems for direction-length frameworks. Firstly, given a framework (G; p), is it possible to nd a di erent realisation of G which satis es the same direction and length constraints but cannot be obtained by translating (G; p) in the plane, and/or rotating (G; p) by 180 ? If no other such realisation exists, we say (G; p) is globally rigid. Our main result on this topic is a characterisation of the direction-length graphs G which are globally rigid for all "generic" realisations p (where p is generic if it is algebraically independent over Q). Secondly, we consider direction-length frameworks (G; p) which are symmetric in the plane, and ask whether we can move the framework whilst preserving both the edge constraints and the symmetry of the framework. If the only possible motions of the framework are translations, we say the framework is symmetry-forced rigid. Our main result here is for frameworks with single mirror symmetry: we characterise symmetry-forced in nitesimal rigidity for such frameworks which are as generic as possible. We also obtain partial results for frameworks with rotational or dihedral symmetry.

A deficiency of care coordination and delayed discharge planning has contributed to increased lengths of stay for telemetry patients and has pressed staff to discharge patients expeditiously, potentially leading to increased 30-day readmissions. Rushing the discharge process on the day of discharge has resulted in breakdowns in communication and lack of collaboration amongst the health care team of this study, contributing to extended lengths of stay, increased readmissions, and low Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAPHS) scores. This project highlighted a patient-centered care coordination team approach with 2 clinical registered nurses and a social worker who coordinated the discharge plan with the patients on admission. Discharge planning on admission and daily briefings involving care coordination and bedside staff reduced the length of stay, improved HCAPHS scores, and reduced 30-day readmissions by fostering better communication and collaboration. A 1-group pretest and posttest were utilized to compare data before care coordination and after care coordination. These findings yielded a length of stay reduction of 2.04 days, a 50% reduction in 30-day readmissions, and HCAPHS communication composite scores above the 50th percentile. The care coordination team exposed various programs and community resources that assisted with medications and durable medical equipment and suggested that companionship alleviated potential anxiety post discharge for those financially and socially burdened. The implications of a patient-centered team-based approach to discharge planning on admission eliminated barriers to discharge, improved patient knowledge of disease management, and provided a positive hospital experience.

This paper studies the interval estimation of three discrete distributions: thebinomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the negative-binomialdistribution. The problem is the chaotic behavior of the coverage probabilityfor the Wald interval. To solve this problem, alternative confidence intervals areintroduced. Coverage probability and expected length are chosen to be thecriteria evaluating the intervals.In this paper, I firstly tested the chaotic behavior of the coverageprobability for the Wald interval, and introduced the alternative confidenceintervals. Then I calculated the coverage probability and expected length forthose intervals, made comparisons and recommended confidence intervals forthe three cases. This paper also discussed the relationship among the threediscrete distributions, and in the end illustrated the applications on binomialand Poisson data with brief examples.

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Controlling crystal size distribution (CSD) is important to downstream processing and to product quality. It is well-recognized that selective removal functions can be used to influence CSD, for example by manufacturing a product with a larger dominant size or narrower distribution. Early work on the use of feedback control to manipulate the residence time distribution functions of fines in a continuous crystallizer demonstrated the utility of such an approach in handling process upsets and cycling that resulted from system instability. These efforts were extended to batch crystallization, although there remained significant difficulty associated with on-line analysis of the size distribution. The development of new technologies, such as Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM), provides a methodology for on-line monitoring of a representation of the crystal population in either batch or continuous crystallization systems. The FBRM technology is based on laser light scattering; properly installed, it allows on-line determination of the chord length distribution (CLD), which is statistically related to the CSD and depends on the geometry of the crystal. The purpose of the present study is to use the FBRM to monitor the evolution of CSD characteristics and to implement a feedback control scheme that provides the flexibility to move the CSD in a preferred direction. Cooling batch crystallizations of paracetamol has been chosen to investigate implementation of the control scheme. The work will show how fines removal and varying cooling rates provide reliable and practical control of crystal size distribution.