Undergraduate honors paper--Mount Holyoke College, 2007. Program in Biochemistry. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-67).

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The properties of electrostatic quadrupole lenses are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A method for measuring the effective lens length is developed and used. Previously reported (6) focusing equations for the two lens system provide an implicit solution involving trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. A nomograph was designed as an aid in carrying out this solution numerically. The two lens system was evaluated for various combinations of object distance, lens separation and image distance. Measured values of focal strengths were compared to theoretical values. Finally, measurements were made on the effective focal strength as a function of radial displacement from the central axis. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

A detailed study of the aberrations of anamorphic optical systems is presented. This study has been developed with a theoretical structure similar to that of rotationally symmetric optical systems (RSOS) and can be considered a generalization.A general method of deriving the monochromatic primary aberration coefficient expressions for any anamorphic system types with double plane symmetry has been provided.The complete monochromatic primary aberration coefficient expressions for cylindrical anamorphic systems, toroidal anamorphic systems and general anamorphic systems with aspheric departure have been presented, in a form similar to the Seidel aberrations of RSOS.Some anamorphic image system design examples are provided that illustrate the use and value of the theory developed.

Bakalauro darbą „Įstrižojo astigmatizmo kompiuterinis modeliavimas sferiniuose ir asferiniuose lęšiuose“ sudaro įvadas, 5 dėstymo skyriai, išvados ir priedai. Darbe pateikiami 50 paveikslai ir 2 lentelės, cituojami 16 literatūros šaltinių. Darbo apimtis 66 lapai. Darbe apibendrinta literatūra apie lęšių aberacijas, jų įtaką regėjimo kokybei, bei minimalizavimą asferiniais lęšiais. Taip pat pateikiami matematiniai sferinių ir asferinių lęšių modeliai, bei įstrižojo astigmatizmo analizė šiuose lęšiuose. Įvade iškeliami darbo tikslai ir uždaviniai. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikta teorinė medžiaga apie lęšių aberacijas, antrajame – apie sferinius ir asferinius lęšius. Išanalizuoti galimi asferinių lęšių paviršiai ir jų pranašumas prieš sferinius paviršius. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikiamas matematinis spindulių eigos modelis sferiniame paviršiuje. Ketvirtajame – matematinis spindulių eigos modelis asferiniame paviršiuje. Penktajame skyriuje lyginami kompiuterinių modelių pagalba gauti įstrižojo astigmatizmo apibūdinti rezultatai, tangentinėmis paklaidomis. / The bachelor’s thesis „The computer modeling of oblique astigmatism in spherical and aspherical lenses” consists of introduction, 5 chapters, conclusions and attachments. The thesis introduces 50 figures, 2 tables and refers to 16 literary sources. The volume of the work is 66 pages. The work summarizes the literature which describes the lens aberrations, its influence to quality of vision and reduction by using aspheric lenses. There is also included mathematical models of spherical and aspheric lenses, and analysis of oblique astigmatism in them. The introduction sets the aims and the goals of the study. The first chapter contains theoretic material about lens aberrations, the second – about spherical and aspheric lenses, the analysis about available surfaces of aspheric lenses and advantages of them. The third chapter contains mathematical model of light rays pathway in spherical lenses. The fourth chapter contains mathematical model of light rays pathway in aspheric lenses. The fifth chapter contains comparison of oblique astigmatism described as tangential errors in those two models.

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Microwave lenses support low-phase error, wideband, wide-angle scanning, and true-time delay (TTD) beam forming. They provide ideal performance for applications such as satellites, remote-piloted vehicles, collision-avoidance radars and ultra-wideband communications systems. The emerging printed lenses in recent years have facilitated the advancement of designing high performance but low-profile, light-weight, and small-size beam-forming networks (BFNs). The microwave lens adopts a few beam ports to illuminate the prescribed receiving ports that feed energy into radiating antennas. Multi-beam patterns can be achieved by exciting multiple beam ports at a time. The design process starts with path-length equations from a limited number of beam-port foci assumptions. This constraint does not take into account the amplitude information; however, it allows an initial lens geometry to be solved. The resulted scanning angle of microwave lens is limited by the beam port contour, as such ± 90 degrees. In this dissertation, three contributions are made from the aspects of minimized phase errors, accurate and efficient simulation algorithms, and 360-degree scanning range extension. First, a minimum-phase-error, non-focal lens design method is proposed. It does not require a specific number of foci along the beam contour; however, minimum phase errors for all beam ports are able to be achieved. The proposed method takes into account flexible prescribed geometrical design parameters, and adopts numerical optimization algorithms to perform phase error minimization. Numerical results compared with the published tri-focal and quadru-focal lenses demonstrate the merits of the proposed method. Second, an accurate and fast simulation method for the microwave lens has been developed to predict the phase, amplitude, array factor, and power efficiency performance. The proposed method is compared to both full-wave simulation and measurement. Comparable results have been achieved. Third, a novel method for a 360-degree scanning microwave lens is proposed. This concept uses the beam ports and the receive ports in an interleaving sequence such that adjacent ports alternate beam and receive functions. The result is a lens that produces scanned beams on opposite sides of the structure resulting in a 360-degree scanning range. The structure can use multiple opposing facets or continuous circular-port and radiating-element contours. To prove the concept, a four-facet microstrip lens has been designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested. The comparison between full-wave simulation and measurement has demonstrated good agreement. / Ph. D.

The history, practice and aesthetic of the soft focus lens in photography is elucidated and developed from its earliest statements of need to the current time with a particular emphasis on its role in the development of the Pictorialist movement. Using William Crawford's concept of photographic 'syntax', the use of the soft focus lens is explored as an example of how technology shapes style. A detailed study of the soft focus lenses from the earliest forms to the present is presented, enumerating the core properties of pinhole, early experimental and commercial soft focus lenses. This was researched via published texts in period journals, advertising, private correspondence, interviews, and the lenses themselves. The author conducted a wide range of in-studio experiments with both period and contemporary soft focus lenses to evaluate their character and distinct features, as well as to validate source material. Nodal points of this history and development are explored in the critical debate between the diffuse and sharp photographic image, beginning with the competition between the calotype and daguerreotype. The role of George Davison's The Old Farmstead is presented as well as the invention of the first modern soft focus lens, the Dallmeyer-Bergheim, and its function in the development of the popular Pictorialist lens, the Pinkham & Smith Semi-Achromatic. The trajectory of the soft focus lens is plotted against the Pictorialist movement, noting the correlation betwixt them, and the modern renaissance of soft focus lenses and the diffuse aesthetic. This thesis presents a unique history of photography modeled around the determining character of technology and the interdependency of syntax, style and art.

The temperature distribution in the vicinity of the laser used in direct metal deposition (DMD) plays a critical role in determining the final microstructure and properties of the deposit and the heat-affected zone within the substrate. A system of deposition samples were studied consisting of AISI 1018 steel powder deposited onto an AISI 1018 steel substrate as a single pass or as overwritten multiple passes. The laser power and speed were varied to influence the heat input and the rate of cooling. The use of idealized one dimensional lines allowed for the solution of a quasi-steady state analytical temperature distribution. Numerical predictions were made using the commercial software SysWeld™ for single pass depositions. Peak temperatures and cooling rates were determined at selected locations experimentally using micro-hardness measurements which were supplemented by obtaining thermocouple data taken during deposition. The analytical model, numerical predictions, and experimental results are compared for single pass depositions to determine the extent to which existing commercial codes can accurately model the thermal environment for DMD. / text