Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis looks at the changing status of madness in French psychiatric and literary culture in the first half of the nineteenth century, considering the ways in which shifting interpretations of this phenomenon were inseparable from the specificities of this precise historical and ideological context. The work of Gérard de Nerval, in particular Les Illuminés (1852), is central to the thesis. The early decades of nineteenth-century France saw a revolutionary transformation in the understanding of the concept of madness, reflecting the broad ideological changes wrought by Enlightenment philosophy and the 1789 Revolution. Part One examines the appropriation of the study and treatment of madness by the newly emergent psychiatric profession, considering the way in which age-old religious and supernatural interpretations of madness were now replaced by the pathologising discourse of medical science. Whilst the study of mental abnormalities had previously been considered the prerogative of the Church, religion in this period became identified as both a cause and a symptom of madness, and this thesis studies the emergence of the controversial diagnostic category of religious madness. The early psychiatric concept of religious madness was two-fold: either excessive religious sentiment was perceived as the cause of mental alienation; or pathological religiosity was interpreted as a symptom of madness. On the one hand, the idea, central to early psychiatry, that imbalanced passions were the primary source of mental illness, implied that the emotive dimension of religious experience was a major cause of madness. At the same time, apparently visionary and mystical experience was increasingly interpreted as pathological hallucination and considered symptomatic of mental illness, leading to the highly controversial psychiatric practice of “retrospective medicine”, which involved reinterpreting the visions of influential historical and religious figures. This section of the thesis also looks at the identification of multiple forms of partial madness, in particular the distinctly nineteenth-century concepts of monomania and eccentricity, considering the way in which the latter concept, besides gaining a pathological dimension, became bound up, in both medical and Romantic writings, with enhanced creative and intellectual capacities. Part One closes with a consideration of these themes within the general writings of Gérard de Nerval, examining the way in which he evokes his own diagnosis with madness, especially the subcategories of religious madness, or monomania, theomania and demonomania, in his writings. It looks, in particular, at the theme of religious madness within his semi-autobiographical Aurélia (1855), and how the narrative of this text oscillates between medical and metaphysical discourse relating to religious madness, while never explicitly identifying with either ideological perspective. Part Two focuses specifically upon Nerval’s Les Illuminés, a collection of portraits of historical visionaries and madmen, associated, to varying degrees, with mystical and esoteric belief systems. The theme of religious madness is central to this work, which depicts ambiguous phenomena, such as hallucination, prophetical vision, and dream, which were increasingly analysed from a scientific perspective in psychiatric writings, but which continued to elicit religious and mystical interpretations. Nerval’s narrative simultaneously embraces and rejects contemporaneous psychiatric ideas in relation to these themes. In the preface to Les Illuminés, Nerval’s narrator twice describes his subjects as “excentriques”, and the present thesis considers how the six portraits contained within this text reflect contemporaneous popular and psychiatric ideas relating to this newly emergent nineteenth-century concept. Exploiting the inherent ambiguity of eccentricity, Nerval attaches both a positive and negative dimension to his subjects, fusing pathologising discourse with suggestions of privileged mystical vision, enhanced creativity, and even genius. In Les Illuminés, Nerval portrays various states of madness and eccentricity in a distinctly ambivalent manner, mediating between medical, Romantic, and mystical perspectives of madness, and depriving the reader of a stable authorial perspective. This thesis shows that, if the subjects of Les Illuminés cannot be described as illuminés in any conventional, historical sense of the term, in relation to the eighteenth-century Illuminist movement, they nevertheless adhere to a later definition to the term, which appeared in dictionaries from the middle of the nineteenth century, and which is concerned with the impassioned pursuit of irrational and illusory phenomena. This thesis offers a fresh reading of Nerval’s Les Illuminés in light of nineteenthcentury psychiatric writings regarding madness, monomania, and eccentricity, particularly in relation to deviant or excessive religious and mystical beliefs.

Les modèles d'ascendance convective utilisés actuellement dans les paramétrisations de la convection ne prennent pas en compte explicitement le terme de pression non-hydrostatique, bien que son rôle fondamental soit documenté et expliqué depuis les années 70. Pour palier cette limitation, un modèle anélastique pronostique à deux colonnes d'une ascendance convective,prenant en compte explicitement le terme de pression non-hydrostatique, a été développé avec une géométrie 2D et 3D. Des fonctions de forme sont introduites pour réduire l'impact de la basse résolution horizontale. Trois paramètres doivent être prescrits : la hauteur et le rapport d'aspect de l'ascendance ainsi que la taille totale de la cellule convective. Le modèle est évalué en utilisant des profils de flottabilité idéalisés et constants, puis en s'appuyant sur une simulation LES de développement diurne de la convection profonde. Le comportement du modèle est en accord avec notre connaissance de la pression non hydrostatique à l'intérieur des nuages et de son rôle.L'ascendance simulée atteint rapidement un état stationnaire (5 min) en réponse au champ de flottabilité. Ainsi une version diagnostique a été développée, confirmant les résultats de la version pronostique. Sous le cœur de l'ascendance, un gradient de pression dirigé vers le bas est simulé permettant à l'ascendance de franchir la barrière d'inhibition convective. La future implémentation de ce modèle dans un schéma de convection, pour remplacer les formulations des modèles d'ascendance actuelles, devrait permettre d'augmenter la durée des évènements convectifs.

De nos jours, les entreprises font souvent face à des problèmes de gestion, maintenance, évolution ou remplacement de leurs systèmes logiciel existants. La Rétro-Ingénierie est la phase requise d’obtention de diverses représentations de ces systèmes pour une meilleure compréhension de leurs buts / états.L’Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles (IDM) est un paradigme du Génie Logiciel reposant sur la création, manipulation et utilisation intensive de modèles dans les tâches de conception, développement, déploiement, intégration, maintenance et évolution. La Rétro-Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles (RIDM) a été proposée afin d’améliorer les approches de Rétro-Ingénierie traditionnelles. Elle vise à obtenir des modèles à partir d’un système existant, puis à les fédérer via des vues cohérentes pour une meilleure compréhension.Cependant, les solutions existantes sont limitées car étant souvent des intégrations spécifiques d’outils. Elles peuvent aussi être (très) hétérogènes, entravant ainsi leurs déploiements. Il manque donc de solutions pour que la RIDM puisse être combinée avec des capacités de vue / fédération de modèles.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux approches complémentaires, génériques et extensibles basées sur les modèles ainsi que leurs implémentations en open source basées sur Eclipse-EMF : (i) Pour faciliter l’élaboration de solutions de RIDM dans des contextes variés, en obtenant différents types de modèles à partir de systèmes existants (e.g. leurs codes source, données). (ii) Pour spécifier, construire et manipuler des vues fédérant différents modèles (e.g. résultant de la RIDM) selon des objectifs de compréhension (e.g. pour diverses parties prenantes). / Nowadays, companies face more and more the problem of managing, maintaining, evolving or replacing their existing software systems. Reverse Engineering is the required phase of obtaining various representations of these systems to provide a better comprehension of their purposes / states.Model Driven Engineering (MDE) is a Software Engineering paradigm relying on intensive model creation, manipulation and use within design, development, deployment, integration, maintenance and evolution tasks. Model Driven Reverse Engineering (MDRE) has been proposed to enhance traditional Reverse Engineering approaches via the application of MDE. It aims at obtaining models from an existing system according to various aspects, and then possibly federating them via coherent views for further comprehension.However, existing solutions are limited as they quite often rely on case-specific integrations of different tools. Moreover, they can sometimes be (very) heterogeneous which may hinder their practical deployments. Generic and extensible solutions are still missing for MDRE to be combined with model view / federation capabilities.In this thesis, we propose to rely on two complementary, generic and extensible model-based approaches and their Eclipse/EMF-based implementations in open source: (i) To facilitate the elaboration of MDRE solutions in many different contexts, by obtaining different kinds of models from existing systems (e.g. their source code, data). (ii) To specify, build and manipulate views federating different models (e.g. resulting from MDRE) according to comprehension objectives (e.g. for different stakeholders).

Le mauricien est un créole à base française avec un lexique d’origine française pour au moins 90%, sans statut officiel et de graphie récente (Hookoomsing 2004, Police-Michel et al 2011). À part l’étude générale de Baker (1972), les principales études syntaxiques portent sur le domaine nominal (Guillemin 2011, Alleesaib 2012) ou verbal (Henri 2010) ou sur les deux (Syea 2012). Cette thèse est consacrée aux adverbes qu’il convient de distinguer des autres catégories, dans une langue avec peu de morphologie flexionnelle et dont les autres catégories sont aussi invariables, à part les verbes qui peuvent avoir deux formes (forme longue (FL) et forme courte (FC))(Corne 1982, Henri & Abeillé 2008, Henri 2010) et certains noms qui peuvent agglutiner l’article (Bonami & Henri 2010). Nous montrons que les adverbes ont une syntaxe particulière qui se distingue de celle des adverbes du français: la plupart sont post verbales et certains se comportent syntaxiquement comme des compléments et non comme des ajouts, en déclenchant la FC du verbe. Du point de vue méthodologique, nous nous basons d’abord, sur le seul dictionnaire unilingue en mauricien, le DiksionerMorisien (Carpooran 2011) pour avoir une première base de données, puis sur les œuvres littéraires de Virahsawmy, sur le journal Lalit et sur les intuitions d’informateurs mauriciens pour tester nos hypothèses. Ensuite nous avons recours à des expériences de type psycholinguistique pour étudier les adverbes comparatifs en mauricien et en français. Dans un premier temps nous avons établi une liste de propriétés pour définir la catégorie Adverbe et pour la distinguer des autres catégories ; des prépositions (anba ‘sous’), des marqueurs TMA (ti [passé]), des pronoms (zordi ‘aujourd’hui’) et des adjectifs (agogo ‘en abondance’). Nous avons alors créé une autre base de données en ôtant de la première liste les mots que nous n’analysons pas comme adverbe et en ajoutant d’autres qui n’y figuraient pas. Ensuite, nous décrivons la formation lexicale des adverbes du mauricien qui sont majoritairement des hérités du français (vit ‘vite’). Il y a aussi des innovations du mauricien, créées par recatégorisation (mari qui vient du nom français ‘époux’ et qui est devenu l’adverbe ‘très’ en mauricien) ou par réduplication (anba-anba ‘sournoisement’). Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à une classification sémantique des adverbes; nous distinguons douze principales classes distinguables par des critères syntaxiques et sémantiques; les adverbes d’énonciations, modaux, connecteurs, évaluatifs, les adverbes d’habitude, aspectuels, temporels, les adverbes de domaine, locatifs, les adverbes de manière, les adverbes de degré et les adverbes sensibles au focus. Ensuite, nous faisons une étude syntaxique de ces classes. Nous montrons que les adverbes du mauricien peuvent avoir plusieurs fonctions: tête de phrase attributive, extrait, ajout à un verbe ou une autre catégorie et complément de verbe. En plus de la position des adverbes dans la phrase et de leur possibilité d’extraction dans les constructions clivées, l’alternance verbale en mauricien offre un critère supplémentaire pour déterminer la fonction des adverbes. Puis, nous consacrons les deux prochains chapitres à une étude approfondie de la classe des adverbes de degré (Kennedy & McNally 2005). Les adverbes de degré incluent aussi les adverbes comparatifs et nous avons réalisé une expérience avec des locuteurs natifs pour tester la distribution de pli et plis ‘plus’ en mauricien. Comme ces comparatifs de supériorité viennent du français plus prononcé /ply/ et /plys/ (sans compter la forme de liaison /plyz/), nous faisons aussi une étude expérimentale pour tester leur distribution en français. Nous concluons que la distribution de pli et plis en mauricien est en partie un héritage du français. Finalement, nous présentons la syntaxe des adverbes en mauricien dans le cadre HPSG qui est une théorie linguistique basée sur des contraintes (Sag et al. 2003). / Mauritian is a French-based creole with at least 90% of its lexicon inherited from French. It has no official status and a recent standardised written form (Hookoomsing 2004, Police-Michel, Carpooran & Florigny 2011). Apart form the general study of Baker (1972), most syntactic studies concern the nominal domain (Guillemin 2011, Allesaib 2012) or the verbal domain (Henri 2010) or both (Syea 2012).This dissertation is devoted to the study of adverbs, which is important to distinguish from other categories, especially in such a language with little morphology, and where the other categories are also invariable, apart from verbs that may have two forms (a long form and a short form) (Corne 1982, Henri & Abeillé 2008, Henri 2010) and nouns that may agglutinate the article (Bonami & Henri 2010). We also show that Mauritian adverbs have a particular syntax that differentiates them from French adverbs: most of the adverbs occur post-verbally and some are syntactic complements and not adjuncts, triggering the verb short form. On the methodological level, initially, we rely on the unique unilingual dictionary available in Mauritian, the Diksioner Morisien (Carpooran 2011) to obtain a first database of adverbs, and then on the literary works of the contemporary author Dev Virahsawmy, on articles from the online journal of the political party Lalit (www.lalitmauritius.org) and on the intuitions of Mauritian informants, to test our hypotheses. We also made use of more formal experimental methods to study and compare comparative adverbs in Mauritian and French.At first, we established a list of properties to define the category Adverb and to differentiate them from the other categories in Mauritian, namely prepositions (anba ‘under’), TMA markers (ti [past], pronouns (zordi ‘today’) and adjectives (agogo ‘in abundance’). Thereby, we created a new database of 428 adverbs after removing words that we do not analyse as adverbs, and adding others that were not in the list. Then, we described the lexical formation of Mauritian adverbs that are mostly French inheritances (vit ‘fast’). There are, however, some Mauritian innovations, created by recategorisation (for e.g. mari comes from the French noun mari ‘husband’ and has become a degree adverb ‘very’ in Mauritian) or by reduplication (anba-anba ‘sneakily’).The second chapter of the dissertation is devoted to a semantic classification of the adverbs; we distinguish twelve main semantic classes distinguishable by syntactic and semantic criteria; speech-act adverbs, modal adverbs, connectives, evaluatives, habitual adverbs, aspectual adverbs, domain adverbs, locatives, manner adverbs, degree adverbs and focus sensitive adverbs. Then, we studied these semantic classes of adverbs from a syntactic perspective. We show that Mauritian adverbs may function in several ways. They may be heads of copular sentences, fillers in sentence initial position, adjuncts to a verb or to another category or complements to a verb. In addition to the position of adverbs in a sentence and their possibility to be extracted in clefted constructions, the verbal alternation between a long form and a short form offers an additional criterion to determine the function of adverbs in Mauritian. The last two chapters are devoted to a detailed study of the class of degree adverbs (Kennedy & McNally 2005), including comparative adverbs (as…as, more, less). We developed experimental methods to test the distribution of pli and plis in Mauritian with native speakers. Then, since these superiority comparatives come from French plus pronounced /ply/ and /plys/ (apart from the liaison form /plyz/), we experimentally tested the distribution in French. We conclude that the distribution of Mauritian pli and plis is partly an inheritance of French. Finally, we sketch representations of the syntactic functions of Mauritian adverbs in HPSG, a formal constraint-based framework (Sag et al. 2003).

Predicting the evolution of turbulent gravity currents is of great interest in many areas of geophysics and engineering, in particular due to their impact on the environment. In most practical applications in river, coastal and ocean engineering, gravity currents propagate over loose surfaces containing large scale bedforms (e.g., dunes). In others, arrays of obstacles (e.g., ribs) are often used as protective measures on hilly terrains to stop or slow down gravity currents in the form of powder-snow avalanches. To predict the capacity of a turbulent gravity current propagating over a loose bed to entrain, carry, and deposit sediment requires a detailed understanding of its structure and the role played by the large-scale instabilities present in the flow. The present study uses high-resolution Large Eddy Simulation to study the physics of high Reynolds number compositional Boussinesq gravity currents with large and small volume of release in lock-exchange configurations and their dynamic effects on various obstacles (e.g., bedforms, flow retarding obstacles, submerged dams that are used to control sediment deposition in reservoirs). The study shows that gravity currents propagating over large-scale roughness elements reach a turbulent drag-dominated regime in which the front velocity decays proportional to t-1/2, similar to the case of gravity currents propagating within a porous medium. Though the establishment of a regime in which the flow evolution is mainly determined by the balance between the turbulent drag and the buoyancy force driving the flow was expected, the fact that the law of decay of the front velocity with time is identical for gravity currents propagating over roughness elements and in a porous medium of uniform porosity is not obvious. The simulations provide detailed information on the temporal evolutions of the front velocity, energy balance, sediment entrainment capacity and the flow instabilities, and of the distributions of the density, velocity, local dissipation rate and bed shear stresses at different stages of the propagation of the gravity current. The study investigates of the effect of the shape and relative size of the obstacles, with respect to the current height, on the structure of the current and on the differences with the simpler, but much more widely studied case of a gravity current propagating over a flat smooth surface. For example, the simulation results are used to explain why gravity currents propagating over dunes have a much larger capacity to entrain sediment than gravity currents propagating over ribs of the same height and with similar spacing. The accurate estimation of impact of gravity current on the structures over its path is very important from engineering point of view since many submerged cables over the ocean bottom or submerged dams in reservoirs are under the risk of such impacts. The simulations of gravity currents propagating past arrays of ribs or isolated dams are used to estimate the characteristic times and magnitudes of the hydrodynamic impact forces on these obstacles. This information is crucial for the proper design of these structures. The study shows the critical role played by flow disturbances (e.g., backward propagating hydraulic jumps) that form as a result of the interaction between the current and the large-scale obstacles. Finally, the study investigates scale effects between the Reynolds numbers at which most experimental investigations of gravity currents are conducted and Reynolds numbers at field scale.

Berlioz based the libretto of his five—act Grand Opera Les Troyens on books II, the second half of I, and IV of the Aeneid of Virgil, and set it to music which illuminates his vision of Virgil’s epic poem. This thesis compares the story patterns, narrative techniques, themes and content of the two works. Because Virgil uses the technique of retrospective narrative in Book II of the Aeneid, and Berlioz unfolds his story in chronological order, I have used the sequence of Berlioz’s work as the basis for the comparison. The thesis analyses in detail Berlioz’s re—use of Virgil, the points where Berlioz’s treatment coincides with Virgil’s, the points where he diverges from Virgil, arid the main thrust of Berlioz’s argument. The two most important differences which emerge between the two works are the divergent ideas on the gods, and on the conflict between personal love and duty. Whereas pietas and filial duty are central to Virgil’s work, the importance of love between man and woman is central to that of Berlioz. And in Les Troyens the terrific tension between love and duty is illuminated in Act V, where Aeneas must leave Dido even though Berlioz has shown in Act I, with Cassandra and Coroebus, that, fate permitting, such a love can be duty as well. Virgil shows us the gods at work, and carefully attempts to explain their motivation. Berlioz however structures his music—drama so that the gods, only one of whom (Mercury) makes an appearance, are shown to be cruel by their complete indifference to those who invoke them. / PhD Doctorate

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2007.

<p>Les differents sens du faux.</p><p>André Gide était un homme de culture, relativement seul, quelle que fût l’importance de son entourage, à la fin de sa vie, de ses courtisans. L’écrivain préférait un petit nombre d’amateurs éclairés à une foule de lecteurs qui ne le comprendraient pas.</p><p>Les Faux-Monnayeurs représentent le somment de son œuvre, tant de vue de la maîtrise de l’art que de l’épanouissement de son auteur.</p><p>En 1893, André Gide définit la mise en abyme, c'est-à-dire, ce qui désigne la figuration en modèle réduit, à l’intérieur d’un texte, d’un constituant ou de la structure de ce texte.</p><p>La première mise en abyme apparaît avec l’explication de l’auteur. C’est le titre du livre que le lecteur est en train de lire, proposé par un des personnages, Édouard (autrement dit Gide).</p>

This thesis concerns the numerical simulation and the remote sensing of aircraft wake vortex flows. Due to its lift force, an aircraft releases large scale swirling flows (vortices) in its wake. As these vortices can impact significantly the trajectory of a following aircraft, their study is of great importance for practical applications concerning safety of air traffic management. The investigation carried here is twofold: it concerns, on one hand, the physics and the numerical simulation of aircraft wake vortices and, on the other hand, the technique to detect those vortices and measure their properties.The numerical simulation of aircraft wake vortices requires high order and energy conserving codes. Moreover, as aircraft wake vortex flows are turbulent, subgrid scale (SGS) models are required to perform Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of these flows. In the first part of this work, the numerical codes used (here spectral and high order finite differences) are presented and validated. Several SGS models are presented and their ability to perform LES of vortical flows, also in presence of a ground is assessed. In particular a new “multiscale” model with a natural wall damping behaviour has been developed and investigated: its performance is very good. In the second part, two flows relevant to the wake vortex problem are analyzed. The LES of a wake vortex system in a weakly turbulent atmosphere allowed highlighting the turbulent equilibrium state of such a flow. LES of wake vortices in ground effect, with and without wind, were also carried out. These simulations help to better understand the physics of wake vortices. In the last part, we simulate the remote sensing of aircraft wake vortices using a ground based LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) system. The aim of this LIDAR is to sense aircraft wake vortices and turbulent winds. As the LIDAR signals are simulated using realistic parameters and realistic turbulent flows, this work serves as support in the design of an airport based LIDAR system.