Объектом исследования являются растворы, полученные после атмосферного сернокислотного выщелачивания окисленных никелевых руд. Цель работы заключается в исследовании сорбционного поведения ионов никеля (II) в сульфатных растворах на ионообменных смолах с разными функциональными группами Lewatit TP 207 и Lewatit TP 220. В работе проведены исследования сорбции никеля синтетическими ионообменными смолами. Показано, что иониты с бис–пиколиламиновыми и иминодиацетатными группами проявляют способность к сорбции ионов никеля (II) даже на фоне преобладающих концентраций ионов железа (III). Проверена возможность реализации процесса сорбционного выщелачивания. Установлено, что наиболее благоприятными условиями является рН раствора 3,5–4 и предварительное частичное осаждение железа в виде гидроксида. Рассмотрены варианты десорбции насыщенного ионита. В результате проведенных исследований предложена принципиальная технологическая схема гидрометаллургической переработки окисленных никелевых руд с ионообменным извлечением никеля. / The object of research is the solutions obtained after atmospheric sulfuric acid leaching of oxidized nickel ores. The aim of this work is to study the sorption behavior of nickel (II) ions in sulfate solutions on ion-exchange resins with different functional groups Lewatit TP 207 and Lewatit TP 220. Studies of nickel sorption by synthetic ion-exchange resins have been carried out. It has been shown that ion exchangers with bis-picolylamine and iminodiacetate groups exhibit the ability to adsorb nickel (II) ions even against the background of prevailing concentrations of iron (III) ions. The possibility of implementing the sorption leaching process has been tested. It was found that the most favorable conditions are solution pH 3,5–4 and preliminary partial precipitation of iron in the form of hydroxide. Variants of saturated ion exchanger desorption are considered. As a result of the research carried out, a basic technological scheme of hydrometallurgical processing of oxidized nickel ores with ion-exchange nickel extraction was proposed.

Zur selektiven Entfernung von Schwermetallen aus industriellen Abwässern und Prozesslösungen der metallverarbeitenden Industrie werden synthetische metallkomplexierende funktionelle Polymere – mit Iminodiessigsäure (IDE) als aktive Spezies – seit Jahren erfolgreich zur Eliminierung störender Kationen eingesetzt. Ständig steigende Anforderungen an die Qualität der aufzubereitenden Wässer verlangen nach leistungsfähigen Selektivaustauschern, die den Erhalt der Eigenschaften von Prozesslösungen (z. B. pH-Wert, Salzgehalt) ermöglichen. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, die strukturellen Matrixeinflüsse auf Beladung, Kapazität, Selektivität und Kinetik durch Variation der Matrix und der experimentellen Bedingungen näher zu untersuchen. Auf Basis einer monodispersen Erstsubstitution eines Styren-Divinylbenzen-Copolymerisates wurde durch gezielten Einbau funktioneller Gruppen – Synthese mit differenziertem Substitutionsgrad (TK/N 1-2) – versucht, systematisch den Einfluss des Substitutionsgrades der Matrix auf die Eigenschaften der Ionenaustauscher zu analysieren. Methodisch geordnet wurden zunächst die Versuche nach dem Batch- und anschließend nach dem Säulenverfahren durchgeführt und parallel dazu die Matrix charakterisiert. Das Verhalten der funktionellen Ankergruppen in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert der Lösung (pH-Bereich 2 - 5) wurde untersucht, der optimale Anreicherungs-pH-Wert, die maximale Beladung (Kapazität) und Selektivität der unterschiedlich substituierten Proben für die Schwermetall-Ionen Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb und Co ermittelt. Den statischen Versuchen folgten dynamische Untersuchungen im Säulenverfahren. Ziel war die Ermittlung des Durchbruchverhaltens und der Durchbruchkapazität bei optimalem pH-Wert in Abhängigkeit vom Substitutionsgrad gegenüber den Einzelmetallionen (Cu, Ni, Zn) und ausgewählten Paaren (Cu/Ni, Cu/Zn, Ni/Zn). Alle Ionenaustauscher wurden ausschließlich in der Ca-Form eingesetzt. / Selective ion exchange offers a good solution for cleaning many waste streams. The aim of this study was to develop selective ion exchange materials for effective and economical applications in waste water treatment. The investigation of chelate resins is based on iminodiacetate with different secondary substitution (degree of substitution TK/N 1 - 2, from aminoacetic acid to iminodiacetate as functional group). As comparison the weak acid resin Lewatit TP 207 was used. The research focused on the application of selective ion exchange resins for waste effluents to ascertain the feasibility of a selective ion exchange process employing chelating cation exchangers for heavy metal removal. The metals of interest were copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and the resins appointed in the Ca-form. The batch operation was conducted to determine the equilibrium data and the operating resin capacity, one of the most important properties. The main equilibrium parameter affecting the ion exchange was the pH value (array 2-5). The best accumulation pH value was obtained using pH 5 for all metals. The only exception was lead with pH 3. After determining the viability of the different resins with batch systems, this study has focused on the column mode experiments. They were generated for the selected resins in the continuous ion exchange process which are essentially reserved for industrial applications. A practical application of the breakthrough curves is the determination of the breakthrough time which helps to find the best operating conditions.

Объектом исследования являются ионообменные смолы Lewatit TP 260 и КУ-2×8 в форме Al3+. Цель работы – насыщение катионитов ионами металла (Al3+) и изучение их сорбционной способности по отношению к ионам фтора. В работе проведены теоретические и лабораторные исследования по сорбции фтора на Lewatit TP 260 и КУ-2×8 в Al-форме. Рассмотрен механизм сорбции фтора на катионитах с разными функциональными группами. / The object of the study is Lewatit TP 260 and KU-2×8 ion-exchange resins in the form of Al3+. The purpose of this work is the saturation of cation exchangers with metal ions (Al3+) and the study of their sorption ability with respect to fluorine ions. In this paper, theoretical and laboratory studies on fluorine sorption on Lewatit TP 260 and KU-2×8 in Al-form were carried out. The mechanism of fluorine sorption on cationites with different functional groups is considered.

The aim of this thesis was to introduce and apply the possibilities of using waste glycerol from biodiesel production and partly waste low-stiffen coolant from cars that could be applied in industry. At the beginning of the thesis is summarized biodiesel production and its world production. There is more developed biodiesel production in the Czech Republic and in the European Union and some European legal regulations and standards for biodiesel. Also described herein is a composition of biodiesel and the description of the technology of its production. In the theoretical section summarizes the physical and chemical properties of glycerol and there is also summarized the traditional use of glycerol as food, explosives, etc. There are also new procedures that were performed in the experimental part of the thesis. There are described the ion exchange mechanism, ion exchange resin properties and the properties of the acids and salts generated by neutralization with NaOH contained in the waste glycerol. Also is described herein the wood protection and properties of ethylene glycol coolants and properties of boroglycerol and boroglycol as protection for wood and mechanism of their preparation. Next is described the mechanism of dehydration of glycerol to acrolein and options which can perform the synthesis. In the experimental part, the pH of waste glycerol was measured, then was measured the exact amount of NaOH in the glycerol. There is also desribed cleaning of waste glycerol from NaOH using acidic cation exchange resins on columns, or by neutralization with oleic acid, lactic acid and CO2. Further syntheses were performed glycerol borate and ethylene glycol borate. Water amount in ethylene glycol and methanol with water amount in glycerol were found by distillation. Then were prepared boroglycol and boroglycerol. By the amount resulting from the amount of reaction water were observed reaction conditions H3BO3, Na2B4O7•10 H2O and glycerol. At the end was carried out experimental dilution resulting boroglycerol and boroglycol by ethanol, methanol, TMB. Finally, the diluted boroglycerol was deposited on wood. Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein under the catalytic action of KHSO4 was performed. The results are given all the results and discussed the possibility of using the knowledge gained in this work in the industry. In conclusion, there are listed the economic comparison using waste glycerol and crude oil as a raw material and also charts the development of oil prices in 40 years since 1970, and graph of the price of waste glycerol.

At the beginning of the thesis is summarized biodiesel production and its world production. There is more developed biodiesel production in the Czech Republic and in the European Union and some European legal regulations and standards for biodiesel. Also described herein is a composition of biodiesel and the description of the technology of its production. In the theoretical section summarizes the physical and chemical properties of glycerol and there is also summarized the traditional use of glycerol as food, explosives, etc. There are also new procedures that were performed in the experimental part of the thesis. Then, here are the proposed new procedures for processing waste glycerol and glycol, which were conducted in the experimental part of the thesis. There are described the ion exchange properties of the cation exchangers and also properties of salts generated by neutralization of NaOH in the waste glycerol with organic acids and CO2. There is also described wood protection, properties of ethylene glycol as coolant and properties of boroglycerols and boroglycols as protection for wood and mechanism of their preparation. Then there is described a mechanism of dehydration of glycerol to acrolein and options which can perform the synthesis. In the experimental part, the pH of waste glycerol was measured and then was measured the amount of NaOH in the waste glycerol. There is also desribed cleaning of waste glycerol from NaOH using acidic cation exchange resins on columns, or by neutralization with oleic acid, lactic acid and CO2. Further syntheses were performed glycerol borate and ethylene glycol borate. Water amount in ethylene glycol and methanol with water amount in glycerol were found by distillation. Then were prepared boroglycol and boroglycerol. By the amount resulting from the amount of reaction water were observed reaction conditions H3BO3, Na2B4O7•10 H2O and glycerol. At the end was carried out experimental dilution resulting boroglycerol and boroglycol by ethanol, methanol, TMB. Finally, the diluted boroglycerol was deposited on wood. Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein under the catalytic action of KHSO4 was performed. The results are given all the results and discussed the possibility of using the knowledge gained in this work in the industry. In conclusion, there are listed the economic comparison using waste glycerol and crude oil as a raw material and also charts the development of oil prices in 40 years since 1970, and graph of the price of waste glycerol. There is also discussed technological applicability of the methods used in practice.