The purpose of this treatise was to determine the distinction between the contract of service (employment) and the contract of work (independent contractor). A comprehensive literary survey was undertaken so as to establish if such a distinction does indeed exist. A logical point of departure was to study the contract of service and determine how the employment relationship is established by it. It is also necessary to establish under what circumstances a contract may be terminated and what the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract were. The contract between the parties will determine remedies to the breach of contract or applicability of labour legislation. It is also necessary to establish the definition of an employee under various statutes so as to understand what remedies exist should rights be infringed upon. Statutes considered include the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Labour Relations Act, Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Employment Equity Act, Unemployment Insurance Act, Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, Skills Development Act and the Income Tax Act. The effect of insolvency of the employer on the employee is also discussed. Outsourcing has played a major role in the emergence of the independent contractor. This phenomenon is considered from the point of the employer in terms of the reasons for choosing the option of outsourcing and the associated risks. The employee perspective is also dealt with in terms of why an employee would change his/her employment status. The various tests historically applied to determine the status of a worker is also discussed. These include the control, organisation, dominant impression and economic tests. Currently the dominant impression test is the one that is being applied to determine the employment relationship. Extensive reference was made to case law. United States of America cases are referred to with specific reference to the 20 Factor Test applied by the Internal Revenue Service. South African case law is dealt wit in terms of enforcement of Bargaining Council agreements, commission-earning persons, payment for services rendered, the intention of the parties and the identity of the true employer. The emergence of the dependent contractor is also addressed. This form of worker normally falls outside of the protection of labour legislation and social security. Amendments have been proposed to various statutes to remedy the situation in South Africa. A final aspect that is dealt with is that of vicarious liability. The applicability of this aspect lies in the liability of the employer for damages inflicted by the employee.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)1 and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)2 have become a global epidemic. With an average of 35.3 million people infected with the virus worldwide, countries are desperate to curb HIV infections.3 Most HIV positive men, women and children are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.4 In an attempt to fight HIV/AIDS, some countries have opted for an approach of criminalization, where it is a crime to infect or expose another person to the virus.5 Other countries, such as South Africa, have chosen to avoid the criminalization approach, and to focus rather on public health schemes that can assist in the prevention of transmission. The United Nations (UN) has stated that overly broad application of criminal law to HIV raises serious human rights and public health concerns.7 Because of these concerns, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has urged states to limit application of criminal law to HIV-related cases.8 Furthermore, UNAIDS has urged states to rather employ scientifically proven methods to prevent HIV transmission. This treatise will set out the laws adopted by Canada, Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and South Africa. Out of all five countries, South Africa is the only country that does not criminalize HIV transmission or exposure.10 In setting out the common law, statute law, case law as well as academic considerations, this treatise will attempt to identify trends in the current criminalization of HIV climate. In addition to setting out the law in the five countries, this treatise seeks to show that South Africa is one of the few countries with a developed legal system to shy away from criminalization. This treatise also seeks to establish whether South Africa’s approach is a suitable option for the country, considering it boasts the highest HIV infection rate in the world.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ivanoska.pdf: 1280527 bytes, checksum: 0862f1f74097a2ba7b167cae7cd4ef6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-01 / The present paper examines the fundamental right to a reasonable guarantee of the duration of proceedings, as explicitly set out in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, in section LXXVIII, article 5, as well as civil liability in the cases of a breaching of this precept. The above-mentioned section was added in the Enactment of the Constitutional Amendment number 45 dated 08.12.2004 guaranteeing for everyone, both within the judicial proceeding and the administrative proceeding, the right to a reasonable guarantee of the duration of proceedings and, moreover, the means by which its procedures are carried out the quickest way possible. The approach to the theme unfolds in two perspectives, that is: the first is doctrinaire emphasizing the institute within the circuity of the legal system and its repercussion on Brazilian Procedural Civil Law and, moreover, identifying civil liability by breaching fundamental normative precepts. In the second perspective the approach will point to a critical analysis of the juridical discourse, in the normative field, of the common act n. 001 of July, 2008 of the Supreme Court of the State of Pernambuco which disposes the regulation of the law to a reasonable duration of proceedings in that state. As a result it becomes clear that it is not only in the making of laws that we can offer a more dynamic procedure which results in an effective judgment, within a reasonable period of time, and reaching a useful result, but instead, offering structural support through the forwarding of adequate resources to the Judicial Power. Proceedings, Civil Liability. / A presente dissertação examina o direito fundamental à garantia da razoável duração do processo, inserido explicitamente no inciso LXXVIII, do art.5°, da Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988, bem como a responsabilidade civil em caso de descumprimento desse preceito. O mencionado inciso foi acrescido pela Emenda Constitucional n. 45, promulgada em 08.12.2004, assegurando a todos, tanto no âmbito do processo judicial quanto do processo administrativo, o direito à razoável duração do processo e, ainda, os meios que garantam que sua tramitação se dê de modo célere. A abordagem sobre o tema desdobra-se em duas perspectivas, a saber: a primeira doutrinária pontuando o instituto no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico e seus reflexos no Direito Processual Civil Brasileiro e, ainda, identificando a responsabilidade civil pelo não cumprimento ao preceito normativo fundamental. Na segunda perspectiva, a abordagem apontará uma análise crítica do discurso jurídico, no campo normativo, do ato conjunto n. 001, de 21 de julho de 2008, do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de Pernambuco que dispõe sobre regulamentação do direito à razoável duração do processo neste Estado. Como resultados, evidencia-se que não é apenas legislando que se proporciona uma dinâmica processual que culmina numa prestação jurisdicional eficaz, em tempo razoável, com resultado útil, mas, sim, propiciando suporte estrutural, através de repasse ao Poder Judiciário, de recursos adequados.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-13T17:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_adriano_fabio.pdf: 906201 bytes, checksum: 9af45c534a156c226767cfc7b6220c55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-13T17:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_adriano_fabio.pdf: 906201 bytes, checksum: 9af45c534a156c226767cfc7b6220c55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-01 / Is in the present, a literature survey on controversial aspects of the relations of consumption when faced with the prohibitive detection of defects in goods purchased via the Internet. Aims to understand the implications that this method of procurement brings to society in their trade relations in which, for this reason, the law, therefore, also needs to protect. We discuss here the consequences of consumer relations, with emphasis on links established between consumer and seller, electronic media show will be the differences between the Code of Consumer Protection and the Civil Code, with emphasis on posture should be taken to achieve the procedural protection by the actions of defects before edilicias prohibitive in cases of contracts consumerist character. The methodology will rest on the foundation of the doctrine without forgetting to consider the modern means of information available. To deepen the analysis of reality and appropriate contracts made by means of practicing ecommerce. / Consta o presente, de um levantamento bibliográfico sobre aspectos controversos das relações de consumo quando diante da detecção de vícios redibitórios em produtos adquiridos via Internet. Almeja o entendimento das implicações que esse meio de contratação traz para a sociedade em suas relações comerciais nas quais, por tal razão, o Direito, consequentemente, também precisa tutelar. Discutem-se, aqui, as conseqüências das relações de consumo, com destaque aos vínculos estabelecidos entre consumidor e vendedor, em meios eletrônicos, mostrar-se-ão as diferenças entre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o Código Civil, com destaque para a postura que deve ser assumida para se conseguir a tutela processual por via das ações edilícias diante dos vícios redibitórios em casos de contratos de caráter consumerista. A metodologia repousará no alicerce da doutrina sem esquecer de analisar os modernos meios de informações disponíveis. Para aprofundar a análise adequada da realidade e dos contratos realizados por meio dos que praticam o comércio eletrônico.

The purpose of this study is to gather and to present information on the liability structure of our legal system in such a manner as to help the classroom teacher to understand more fully his legal responsibilities and thus relieve him of unwarranted fears regarding accidents and injuries resulting from classroom activities. It is hoped that this study will ultimately contribute to the security of those who read it and give encouragement to those who seek to enrich their classes by means of the experience type curriculum. / Typescript. / "A Paper." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / "August, 1956." / Advisor: Edna E. Parker, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

Computers have become indispensable in all walks of life, causing people to rely increasingly on their accurate performance. Defective computer programs, the incorrect use of computer programs and the non-use of computer programs can cause serious damage. Expert systems are an application of artificial intelligence techniques whereby the human reasoning process is simulated in a computer system, enabling the system to act as a human expert when executing a task. Expert systems are used by professional users as an aid in reaching a decision and by nonprofessional users to solve a problem or to decide upon a specific course of action. As such they can be compared to a consumer product through which professional services are sold. The various parties that may possibly be held liable in the event of damage suffered by the use of expert systems are identified as consisting of two main groups, namely the producers and the users. Because of the frequent exemption of liability for any consequential loss in standard form computer contracts, the injured user may often have only a delictual action at her disposal. The faultbased delictual actions in SA law give inadequate protection to unsuspecting software users who incur ·personal and property damage through the use of defective expert systems since it is almost impossible for an unsophisticated injured party to prove the negligence of the software developer during the technical production process. For this reason it is recommended that software liability be grounded on strict liability in analogy to the European Directive on Liability for Defective Products. It is also pointed out that software standards and quality assurance procedures have a major role to play in the determination of the elements of wrongfulness and negligence in software liability and that the software industry should be accorded professional status to ensure a safe standard of computer programming. / Private Law / LL.D.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-27T13:02:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Pinheiro Rotundo.pdf: 1597987 bytes, checksum: 7b8b65232863955c234a658ad3b688de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:02:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Pinheiro Rotundo.pdf: 1597987 bytes, checksum: 7b8b65232863955c234a658ad3b688de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / The technological advancement provided by the global computer network has revolutionized human activities, communications have become easier, territorial boundaries between countries do not exist in the virtual world, and trade has been driven on a global scale. In this revolutionary network context, problems of high complexity arise that threaten the safety of users and the system itself. The lack of control and anonymity created a false impression that the internet would be an environment without rules, in which the wrong would not be grieved. In this context, civil liability for damages on the Internet is a subject that the law can’t refrain from dealing with, since its dynamism must be careful to protect and protect any offense that causes imbalance. At a first moment the work will address the characteristics of the information society, how the interpersonal relationships were affected by the digital age, and then to address the technical issues of the Internet, its operation, what services are available, its operators and other agencies. In a second moment, it will be approached to the civil responsibility of its evolution in counterpart to the society of the information, developing its study, as well as the elements that integrate it, with the action or omission, damage and causal link. Therefore its repercussions before entering the legal world of the Internet Civil Law, Law 12.965/2014, its interpretation by the STJ and the treatment of the subject in other countries / O avanço tecnológico proporcionado pela rede mundial de computadores revolucionou as atividades desenvolvidas pelo ser humano; as comunicações tornaram-se mais fáceis, as fronteiras territoriais entre os países desapareceram no mundo virtual e o comércio foi impulsionado em escala global. Neste contexto revolucionário de rede, surgiram problemas de alta complexidade que ameaçam a segurança dos usuários e do próprio sistema. A ausência de controle e o anonimato fizeram crescer uma falsa impressão de que a internet seria um ambiente sem regras, em que o ilícito não seria apenado. Nesse contexto, a responsabilidade civil pelo dano na internet é um tema sobre o qual o Direito não pode se abster, pois seu dinamismo deve ficar atento para proteger e resguardar qualquer ofensa que cause desequilíbrio. Em um primeiro momento a pesquisa abordará as características da sociedade de informação, a maneira como os relacionamentos interpessoais foram afetados pela era digital para, em seguida, abordar as questões técnicas da internet, seu funcionamento, serviços disponíveis, operadores e demais órgãos de atuação. Em um segundo momento será abordada a responsabilidade civil tendo em vista sua evolução em contrapartida à sociedade da informação. Serão estudados os elementos que a integram, a ação ou omissão, o dano e o nexo de causalidade. Por conseguinte, e ao final, suas repercussões ante o ingresso no mundo jurídico da Lei n.12.965/14, conhecida como Marco Civil da Internet, sua interpretação pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça e o tratamento dedicado ao tema por outros países

Univ., Thèse--Genève, 2006.

Univ., Diss.--Basel, 2006.