The trend toward liberalization and internationalization in economic development has caused the electricity structure of the world nations to change a great deal since 1970. It was legal that power plants were established by the private sector in the UK since 1983. As the result that "The Electricity Privatization White Paper" and "Electricity Law" were promulgated in 1988 and 1989, the British government was the first one to deploy privatization and liberalization of electricity market and implement successfully. The UK became the benchmarking of other countries because of the significant positive effect and developments. Then each government actively promoted and made needed reforms at privatization and liberalization of electricity market. It has been 20 years to advance the electricity liberalization market since 1983 in UK. It is worth to study how the effect and the dynamic process of the electricity liberalization is in UK. This focus of the report is on the cause, background and conditions of UK electricity liberalization market and on the evaluating performance model. To make a comprehensive survey of relevant evaluating indicators, the performance of electricity liberalization in UK is excellent. No wonder The UK is the most competitive electricity market within the EU and G7 from 2001 to 2005. To sum up the work on looking back on the UK electricity liberalization for about 20 years, the key success factors are competitive market forces, energy policy, balancing mechanism, the revised law in coordination and full information. All are the reference resources for Taiwan to build the favorable liberalization model.

無 / The focus of this dissertation maintains three parts. The first contribution is mainly to improve and modify the approach to measuring the financial liberalization index based on the financial services commitments which have submitted to the WTO. These improvements include further scoring for partial commitments, covering four modes of supply on trade in services and all activities listed in the Annex on Financial Services, and assigning weights to four modes of supply. The second purpose of this dissertation attempts to investigate the effect of financial liberalization on economic growth by employing our newly constructed financial liberalization index under the WTO. The third aim is concerned with the examination of what determines a country’s level of commitments in financial services under the WTO. Our newly calculated financial liberalization index displays that the degree of financial liberalization is positively correlated with income level under modes 1, mode 2, and mode 3, but not mode 4. We also detect that East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries are inclined to accept more liberal commitments on mode 3 compared to other modes, whereas European and Central Asian, and North American countries tend to approve a smaller degree of liberalization on mode 3 as compared with mode 1 and mode 2. In addition, the liberalization in relation to market access and national treatment is highly correlated. Furthermore, a member country with a high degree of liberalization in one of the two financial subsectors, insurance and banking, tends to also have a high degree of liberalization in the other subsector. There are two main empirical results. First, we find that there is a positive relationship between banking sector competition and our new measure of liberalization index of banking services, and between economic growth and banking industry competition. The commitment of a country to a more liberal banking sector does serve to increase its growth rate. This positive effect of banking liberalization on growth is reinforced when a government has more supervisory power and is more effective. This positive effect, however, is alleviated when there are more stringent requirements regarding capital regulations and higher level of institutional environment quality. In addition, the positive effects are assuaged when the liberalization is implemented in East Asian and Pacific, and Latin American and Caribbean countries. Furthermore, we detect that the relationship between economic growth and overall liberalization of financial services trade is better described as the form of a U-shaped curve. Our second empirical result is that European and Central Asian countries, high-income countries, higher per capita GDP, higher financial trade size, greater control of corruption, lower degree of corruption, more power of the legal system, higher quality of bureaucracy, lower level of perceived corruption, and more liberal trade and financial policy altogether contribute to the explanation of greater degree of liberalization in banking services commitments, whereas Latin American and Caribbean countries, countries with membership in either Cairns Group or so-called MFA group, higher volatility of inflation rate, and more restriction on bank’s activities in securities, insurance, real estate, and nonfinancial firms entirely play a role in the determination of lower level of banking services commitments.

Thesis advisor: Peter N. Ireland / This dissertation consists of three essays that examine macroeconomic implications of trade liberalization. There has been a long-lasting debate on how trade openness influences the effectiveness of monetary policy. The first two essays provide a novel empirical and theoretical investigation into this issue. Motivated by recent new phenomena in U.S. labor market, the third essay is a work in progress that seeks to explore the evolution of U.S. manufacturing employment structural dynamics, and its connection with import competition. The first essay uses annual data of US manufacturing industries at 4-digit SIC level from 1972 to 2005 to conduct the empirical analysis. It shows that trade openness is negatively associated with industry-level effect of monetary policy, and at a given degree of trade openness, industries that involve in offshoring don't necessarily exhibit weaker responses. These empirical findings are hard to reconcile with the implications of standard open economy New Keynesian model, which indicates that trade openness strengthens the effectiveness of monetary policy and doesn't model offshoring separately. The second essay provides a new open economy New Keynesian model that can explain the empirical findings in the first essay. The model features endogenously determined international trade pattern based on Ricardian trade theory, and one-way offshoring from the advanced economy to the less developed one. This model highlights a new channel through which trade openness influences the monetary transmission mechanism: a decline in both trade and offshoring costs raises labor demand elasticity. Trade openness weakens the effects of monetary policy changes on output and inflation by dampening the responses of the domestic labor market. The calibrated model indicates that, when the economy moves from trade and financial autarky to a modern trade regime with an incomplete international financial market, the monetary policy shocks have 22% less of an effect on real GDP and consumer price inflation. The third essay provides the motivation on why to explore the evolution of U.S. manufacturing employment structural dynamics, introduces the methodology, and describes the dataset as well as future works. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

A Study of Competition Strategy of Petroleum Firms under Petroleum Market Liberalization THESIS ABSTRACT The ultimate purpose of market liberalization is to enhance the operational efficiency of the firms through good competition under the market mechanism. This enhancement enables the consumers to share the best quality of products and services with the most reasonable prices. It indicates the realization of a social welfare system of the ideal "returning benefits to people". Therefore, the government should play a more proactive role under the tide of liberalization, i.e., to construct a fair competition environment, to institute a reasonable game rule for all the petroleum participatory firms to abide by, and to regulate the possible illegal behaviors of the relevant firms. On this account, this paper first review and analyze the political and economic environment and market perspectives of Taiwan's petroleum industry. Second, we predict the probable competitive behavior of relevant petroleum firms under petroleum market liberalization. Third, we use SCP (structure-conduct-performance) analytical method to examine how the firms adjust their conduct, especially their price strategy, when the market structure has changed. Since the open of telecommunication market not only has brought the consumers many advantages but also reduce the manufacturing cost to upgrade Taiwan's industrial competitiveness, then we evaluate whether it is similar that the firms' performance has positive contribution to the society after petroleum market liberalization. Finally we use rational decision making of game theory to analyze the price competition behavior of relevant firms and their probable influence to the general public.

A Comparison of the Electricity Industry Liberalization and Electricity Acts Thesis Abstract The purpose of this paper attempted to figure out the degrees of electricity industry liberalization through a comparative analysis of electricity acts among USA, Japan, and European countries. The result of this research will provide a reference for the government to amend the current draft of the Electricity Act. And the paper also made several suggestions for Taiwan to develop related regulations and operating rules under the Electricity Act. The approaches of this research are to review the background of the electricity act amendment in various countries, to analyze the framework of electricity market and its institutional aims among selected countries, and figure out prerequisites of electricity liberalization and its related conditional measures, including in Taiwan. The reason of driving electricity industry liberalization in those countries is to promote competition and increase efficiency. The paper finds out that Taiwan has the same culture and background in energy situation and economic pattern. The results of this paper will be worthy for the government agencies and legislative body to reconsider the competition mechanism and energy policy in the draft of the Electricity Act Amendment.

This thesis studies the factors driving the movement of Myanmar’s reference exchange rate against the dollar during its managed-float currency regime from 2012 to 2018. Time series and event study analysis are used to assess how reforms have affected the value of the Myanmar Kyat. The exchange rate policies and movements of nearby Asian currencies over the same sample period are also considered to determine whether the depreciation of the Myanmar Kyat parallels that of the others (Chinese Renminbi, Vietnamese Dong, Thai Baht, Cambodian Riel, and Singaporean dollar). The results show that the Myanmar Kyat is significantly influenced by US inflation and the Myanmar’s 2015 general elections, and that the Kyat is indirectly influenced by the Renminbi and the USD, through the currencies’ effects on the Dong. Comparing the M2/GDP and stock market capitalization to GDP ratios showed that Myanmar’s market lags behind its Asian counterparts. However, the government treasury bond market launched in September 2016 and the stock exchange launched in December 2015 offer hope for secondary trading and a deepening of the financial sector in the future.

Our country is from the accession to the WTO on January 1 of A.D. 2002 (abbreviate as WTO), after becoming 144th member's body, according to the classification of GATS, have educated into a service trade , has educated and turned into the goods that can be bought and sold. Under WTO norm, the opening and marketization of the educational market have been already irresistible, higher education opens, globalization and market-based challenge in the face of the educational market, how to develop under the educational liberalization policy? Quite worth the discussion .

Throughout history, migration has been an ongoing phenomenon driven by various factors ranging from social, political, economic and environmental situations. Zambia is not immune to migration and has seen a considerable share of its population engage in both internal and external migratory activities. Recognising the important role that migration plays in any economy and how it is influenced by circumstances prevailing at different points in time, this thesis seeks to analyse migration flows between Zambia's regions and the impact that privatisation of state owned enterprises had on migration patterns between 1990 and 2000. Because of challenges in gathering statistics to conduct a thorough quantitative analysis, the study employs a descriptive methodology using statistics collected from the Central Statistics Office online data catalogue and institutions such as the World Bank. The statistics are organised, calculated and analysed using Microsoft Excel and GIS Arcmap. The results indicate that soon after privatisation began in 1991, there was a sharp reduction in employment figures and a reduction in the proportion of urban population. The proportion of rural destined migrants was 2.3 times higher than that of urban destined migrants during the period of privatisation, an indication that people were leaving urban areas for rural areas. Return migration also rose, however, the country experienced both urbanisation and counter urbanisation during the period 1990-2000. Findings of this study show similarities to Beauchemin & Schoumaker's (2006) findings in Burkina Faso were changes in migration patterns were observed after the economy underwent structural change in the 1980's.

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Why did a gradualist transition approach achieve different performances among socialist economies in the 1980s? Why did some socialist economies never try a gradualist approach to economic liberalization? This paper develops a model to show that the liberalization of a socialist economy has two opposite effects on the rent captured by government. The initial economic condition determines the relative strength of the two effects, and consequently the transition path and performance. In addition, a gradualist reform strategy adopted by a rent-seeking government cannot finish the transition toward a complete market economy. To achieve that goal, a new constitutional order and the rule of law are necessary.