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Valor-aparência: aparências de classe e hierarquias do cotidiano / Appearance-value: class appearances and everyday hierarchiesJordão, Janaína Vieira de Paula 07 December 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Taking into consideration the many possibilities of reducing or increasing social inequalities,
this Dissertation is about the ones related to the criteria of classification through appearances.
We understand that among the many capitals held by different people, the social capital, i.e.,
the relationships network, can be one of the factors that give access to important opportunities
for a person’s social ascension. Marriages, employments and friendships can change a
person’s place in the social arena. However, independently of how people manipulate their
own appearance (or themselves), through consumption and through their behavior in public
places, the value it is given – either positively or negatively charged – will depend on the
criteria adopted by the classifying individuals, as well as on existing social norms. In order to
investigate this, we have applied a questionnaire to 201 persons, at consumption places in
Goiânia - GO: Santa Genoveva Airport, Feira da Lua and Camelódromo Central (a market for
cheap merchandise), and also performed 18 interviews in those same places, with people from
middle and lower classes. What we could observe was that the classified individual’s class is
seen as an important criterion, which either boosts or lowers his or her appearance-value:
personal hygiene, being properly dressed, with clothes and shoes in good state, having good
manners, showing proper behavior, being discreet and even how much his or her appearance
reveals in terms of sexual availability and general responsibility are taken into consideration
in the moment of classification, in such a way that the higher the perceived class, the more
positive the assessment of the given attribute. There is, therefore, an idealization of the middle
class’ consumption and manners, generally perceived as being simple, clean and discreet, and
a negative view of the lower classes, to whom a taste for the excessive, the gaudy, colorful
and noisy are attributed. As for the classifying individual’s class, there are not many
differences in representations, and a flow of ideas in the opposite direction was not detected.
As in a cascading effect, the negative representation of the lower classes takes place with
relation to the class considered inferior to that of the classifying individual, and that happens
in every layer, including the lower ones, which shows us the strength of the hegemonic
discourses on the norms of a “good appearance”, which remain the same through all the
strata. However, looking at things through the dominant class’ lens does not keep prejudice
against oneself from being noticed and felt, with the perception that the lower a person’s class
is, the more negative judgments he or she will face, and slimmer will be their chances of
being chosen for jobs and personal relationships, based on their personal appearance when
compared to that of persons of a higher class. Since we have worked more closely with the
social representations that differentiate middle class from the lower class, we sought to make
a mapping of contents that present and represent those classes, coming to the conclusion that,
by a large measure, there is a coincidence between the meanings of already crystallized
representations about social classes and their anchored attributes, and also a movement –
albeit very incipient – of appropriation of a constructed notion of “new middle class”,
especially by people with higher formal education. / Considerando as inúmeras possibilidades de diminuição ou incremento das desigualdades
sociais, este trabalho diz respeito àquelas que se relacionam aos critérios de classificação da
aparência. Entendemos que dentre os vários capitais que são mobilizados pelas pessoas, o
capital social, isto é, a rede de relacionamentos pode se constituir como um dos fatores de
acesso a oportunidades importantes para a ascensão social. Casamentos, empregos, amizades
podem mudar a localização de uma pessoa no espaço social. Mas, independentemente de
como as pessoas manipulam a própria aparência (ou se manipulam), por meio do consumo e
da conduta nos lugares públicos, o valor a ela atribuído (valorado positiva ou negativamente)
vai depender de critérios adotados pelos indivíduos classificadores e das normas sociais. Para
fazer esta averiguação, aplicamos um questionário para 201 pessoas em locais de consumo de
Goiânia - Goiás: Aeroporto Santa Genoveva, Feira da Lua e Camelódromo Central, além de
realizarmos 18 entrevistas nos mesmos locais, com pessoas de classe média e classe baixa. O
que pudemos observar é que a classe social do indivíduo classificado é vista como um
importante critério que joga para cima ou para baixo o seu valor-aparência: higiene, estar
vestido apropriadamente e com roupas e calçados em bom estado, educação, comportar-se de
forma apropriada, ter discrição e até o quanto a aparência revela disponibilidade sexual e
responsabilidade são levados em consideração no momento da classificação, de forma que,
quanto mais bem situada a classe, mais positiva será a valoração do atributo. Há, assim, uma
idealização do consumo e dos modos da classe média, como simples, limpos e discretos, e
uma visão negativa dos da classe popular, a quem se atribui um gosto pelo excessivo,
espalhafatoso, colorido, barulhento. Em relação à camada social do indivíduo classificador,
poucas são as diferenças nas representações de um lado a outro na estratificação, não
aparecendo um fluxo de ideias que vão em sentido contrário. Como em um efeito cascata, a
representação negativa ocorre em relação à classe considerada abaixo da própria, em todas as
camadas, inclusive nas populares, o que nos mostra a força dos discursos hegemônicos sobre
as normas de uma "boa aparência", que atravessam toda a estratificação. Mas esse olhar com
o olho do dominante não impede que preconceitos sejam notados e sentidos, na percepção de
que quanto mais baixa a classe de uma pessoa, maior será o julgamento negativo, e menores
serão as probabilidades de que ela seja escolhida em disputas de empregos e relações afetivas,
com base na aparência, quando comparada com pessoas de classes mais altas. Como
trabalhamos mais detidamente entre as representações sociais que diferenciam a classe média
da classe baixa, buscamos fazer um mapeamento de conteúdos que apresentam e representam
estas classes, podendo concluir que em grande medida há uma coincidência nos sentidos de
representações já consolidadas sobre classes sociais e seus atributos ancorados, e também um
movimento - ainda embrionário - de apropriação de uma noção construída de "nova classe
média", especialmente pelas pessoas com maior grau de escolaridade.
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Jag vill bli något : En studie om unga vuxnas uppfattning om liv och framtid i en utflyttningsort / I want to become something : A study of perceptions of life and future amongst young adults in a out-migration townStaake, Anna January 2017 (has links)
Sverige centraliseras allt snabbare, idag är det mer än hälften av alla människor som bor i storstäderna. Denna urbanisering, med ungdomar och unga vuxna i spetsen, gör att kommuner, bland annat i Värmlands län, utarmas och kraftigt går ner i invånarantal. Syftet med den här studien är att fånga in upplevelser av de unga som går emot urbaniseringen och hittills har valt att bo kvar i en utflyttningsort. Fokus i studien ligger på upplevelser av liv på orten, möjligheter till framtid och hur de resonerar kring flytta/stanna-frågan. Studien bygger på intervjuer med fem personer mellan 18–29 år, som alla är uppväxta i och som idag bor i Hagfors kommun. Utsagor och berättelser från intervjupersonerna har sedan analyserats med hjälp av de teoretiska resonemangen gällande kulturell friställning, urbanism och referensgrupper. Resultatet visar att unga vuxna i Hagfors upplever att de trivs bra i Hagfors, men att de samtidigt uttrycker att de vill flytta från orten. Livet i Hagfors upplevs som stillsamt och tråkigt och därför vill de söka sig ut för att uppleva det utanför och bli någonting annat. Att stanna i Hagfors innebär för intervjupersonerna att man blir en tråkig person - en sån som nöjer sig. De unga vuxna jag har träffat vill inte uppfattas på det sättet utan uttrycker därför önskan om ett liv med fler möjligheter, något som de ser finns utanför Hagfors. De intervjupersoner som har bott utanför Hagfors men valt att flytta tillbaka kan dock med större säkerhet säga att de trivs i Hagfors och vill bo kvar. Jag menar att de har tillägnat sig kunskap om att gräset inte är grönare på andra sidan, och att den kunskapen legitimerar deras val att bo i Hagfors utan att ses som en sån som nöjer sig. / In Sweden, we become more and more centralized, and today it is more than half of the population living in the metropolitan areas. This urbanization, with young people and young adults at the forefront, makes municipalities, especially in the county of Värmland, depleted and drastically reduced in population. The purpose of this study is to capture the experiences of young adults who oppose urbanization and have chosen to stay in an out-migration town. The focus for the study is young adults’ experiences of life in these towns, their future opportunities and how they relate to the stay/move-question. The study is based on interviews with five people between 18-29 years, all of whom grew up and today live in Hagfors. The statements and stories of the interviewed have been analyzed in relation to the theoretical reasoning cultural release, urbanism and reference group. The result shows, among other things, that young adults in Hagfors like living in Hagfors, but at the same time expresses that they want to move. Life in Hagfors is perceived as calm and boring, and they feel that they should see something else, see other places, and become something else. Choosing to stay in Hagfors is to be perceived as a boring person - one who is “content”. The young adults I have met do not want to be perceived in that way, and expresses a dream for a life with more possibilities, something that they see as possible outside of Hagfors. The ones I´ve interviewed who have lived outside of Hagfors but have chosen to move back, they are more certain that they like Hagfors and the life they see is possible there. My opinion is that they’ve become aware of that the grass isn't greener on the other side of the pence, and that knowledge legitimizes their choice to live in Hagfors without being seen as someone who is “content”.
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