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Codes of power are scripted into the dimensions we inhabit. Ingrained as perspectival constructs, they shape our perceptions of time and space and automate our relations within spheres of communication transfer. With this systemization, the human body relinquishes its power as a primary site of perspective. Instead, views of the world are filtered through the hegemonic codes of the physical empire. Today however, we are also witnesses to the induction of light as a new sphere of communication transfer. Here, the codes of power are concealed by their explicitness as they transpose themselves onto a new horizon of definition. Thus, the purpose of this text will be to expose the 'command lines' behind the codes by utilizing a series of perceptual inversions. The aim will be to provoke a new paradigm for understanding the codes of power as they rise with the dawn of the virtual empire.

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The organisation and dynamic behaviour of a copolyelectrolyte monolayer is discussed A linear diblock copolymer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(4-viny ethylpyridinium bromide) (QP4VP) has been the main focus of the study, although films of both the unquaternised copolymer, PMMA-P4VP and a PMMA homopolymei have also been examined for comparative purposes. The polymers were spread or subphases of water and potassium chloride solutions of varying concentrations to determine changes in structure and dynamics with polymer surface concentration and subphase salt concentration. Monolayer behaviour has been characterised from surface pressure isotherms and the use of Brewster angle microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the shape of the isotherm is dependent on the potassium chloride concentration of the subphase. Information on the organisation of the system has been determined by neutron reflectometry. A systematic variation in organisation occurs as both polymer surface concentration and subphase potassium chloride concentration change. The polyelectrolytic QP4VP block stretches more into the subphase with increasing surface concentration or decreasing salt concentration. The results have been compared to scaling laws for polymer brushes. Dynamic behaviour has been studied by the use of surface quasi-elastic light scattering (SQELS) and resonance between the capillary and dilational waves of the system is observed. The phenomenon of mode mixing and the application of viscoelastic models to the system have also been examined. It has been discovered that an accurate description of the surface viscoelastic properties of the system could not be obtained by the use of standard viscoelastic models. Mode mixing was not observed, even in those systems where negative dilational viscosities were found.

The stage-by-stage development of Tenebrae is described showing the extension of light-loss at Lauds on Good Friday to the three night offices of the Western Triduum. The emergence, development, and use of the hearse at Tenebrae from the eleventh century onwards is explored, together with the integration of that device into the liturgical drama that the service of Tenebrae represented. The varying number of lights used and the extinction-points are shown to be derived from differing liturgical traditions. The presence of other lights at the service is discussed; and the extinguishing of lights is shown to have a rememorative, not a utilitarian origin. The new fire ceremonies of all the Western rites, which were of Galilean origin, were deliberately adopted by the Church as part of her missionary work. An in-depth survey of the ritual surrounding the kindling of the fire and the subsequent procession with the fire into church reveals a heritage of different cultural and liturgical traditions. Not only was the threefold production of fire linked to the triple performance of Tenebrae;the new fire ceremony was integrated into the Paschal vigil liturgy because of the common theme of light; and to the former was extended the Passover motif. Not only are the geographical and liturgical origins of the Easter candle considered; an historical analysis is presented of both the Candle itself and of the ceremonial surrounding the blessing of the Candle. This ceremonial, being largely of Galilean provenance, is ex-aunined in relation to the corresponding Milanese, Mozarabic, and Roman Vigil liturgies, all of which are related to the Lucernariua of Jerusalem. The study shows that the late medieval Paschal ceremony of light was a synthesis of Roman and Galilean elements; and that a two fold tradition existed relating to the provision of light at the Vigil.

Most available techniques for predicting internal daylight illuminance do not take into account reflected sunlight, nor the fact that under clear sky conditions the direction of the illuminance is usually upwards, not downwards from the sky. The general goal of this study is to investigate the issue of predicting the internal illuminance from natural light in clear sky conditions. This includes the possibility of proposing a method based on the concept of the average daylight factor for use in sunny climates. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. After introducing the problem in Chapter One, Chapter Two is a literature review of problems associated with utilising natural light in sunny regions. Chapter Three is the statement of the problem and how it will be solved. Existing equations for finding the average daylight factor have one thing in common: they assume that the incident light on the window comes directly from an overcast sky or by external reflection from it. If any of these equations are to be used under clear sky conditions, or a new method is to be developed based on the same concepts, the sensitivity of average internal illuminance to the direction of external light needs to be tested. A study of this is described in Chapter Four. Chapter Five tests, by numerical simulation, the performance of existing average daylight factor methods under clear sky conditions. It is concluded that they are not appropriate for sunny regions. The tests, and the conclusions from Chapter Four, do, however, suggest a new approach. This has two bases. The first is that it has been shown to be possible to relate incident light on the window plane to horizontal sky illuminance, and this sets a minimum condition for window design. In practice this can be used in conjunction with a limiting maximum window size based on heat gain and other environmental issues. The second basis is a new formula for relating average internal illuminance to external window plane illuminance. The overall result is a formula for predicting internal illuminance as a ratio of external horizontal sky iluminance. In Chapter Seven this approach is tested. Two methods are used: field measurements under real sky conditions, and comparison with detailed calculations.