Doctor of Philosophy / Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are a sustainable resource required for rapid growth of bio-based industries. An integrated approach, including plant breeding, harvesting, handling, and conversion to fuels, chemicals and power, is required for the commercial viability of the lignocellulosic-based biorefineries. Optimization of conversion processes, including biomass pretreatment and hydrolysis, is a challenging task because of the distinct variations in composition and structure of biopolymers among biomass types. Efficient fermentation of biomass hydrolyzates comprising of different types of sugars is challenging. The purpose of this doctoral research was to evaluate and optimize the various processing steps in the entire the biomass value chain for efficient production of advanced biofuels and chemicals from diverse biomass feedstocks. Our results showed that densification of bulky biomass by pelleting to better streamline the handling and logistic issues improved pretreatment and hydrolysis efficiencies. Alkali pretreatment was significantly more effective than acid pretreatment at same processing conditions for grass and hardwood. The ethanol-isopropanol mixture, and glycerol with 0.4% (w/v) sodium hydroxide were the promising organic solvent systems for the pretreatment of corn stover (grass), and poplar (hardwood), respectively. None of the pretreatment methods used in this study worked well for Douglas fir (softwood), which indicates a need to further optimize appropriate processing conditions, better solvent and catalyst for effective pretreatment of this biomass. The brown midrib (bmr) mutations improved the biomass quality as a feedstock for biochemicals production in some sorghum cultivars and bmr types, while adverse effects were observed in others. These results indicated that each potential sorghum cultivar should be separately evaluated for each type of bmr mutation to develop the best sorghum line as an energy crop. Development of an appropriate biomass processing technology to generate separate cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolyzates is required for efficient 2,3-butanediol (BD) fermentation using a non-pathogenic bacterial strain, Bacillus licheniformis DSM 8785. This culture is significantly more efficient for BD fermentation in single sugar media than Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724. Though K. oxytoca is a better culture reported so far for BD fermentation from diverse sugars media, but it is a biosafety level 2 organism, which limits its commercial potential.

Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-04-24T14:21:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silvana Rissi.pdf: 204126 bytes, checksum: 91edf998ca04bba3fa4bbbd222b873a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T14:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Silvana Rissi.pdf: 204126 bytes, checksum: 91edf998ca04bba3fa4bbbd222b873a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24

Nessa pesquisa foram testados separadamente dois inóculos solo/compostagem e lodo termofílico de reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente (UASB) do tratamento de vinhaça em relação ao potencial de produção de compostos de valor agregado a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) em reatores em batelada em condição mesofílica e termofílica, respectivamente. Pré-tratamentos térmico, ácido e diluição seriada foram aplicados ao inóculo termofílico, como tentativa de inibir as arqueias metanogênicas. A diluição seriada foi o pré-tratamento aplicado em ambos os inóculos, mesofílico e termofílico, para obtenção de consórcio de bactérias fermentadoras. Cinco meios de culturas foram testados como fonte de nutrientes para o crescimento de bactérias celulolíticas e fermentadoras. Dentre esses foi selecionado para os ensaios mesofílicos e termofílicos, o meio de cultura mais complexo suplementado com extrato de levedura. O BCA foi submetido à pré-tratamento biológico, térmico, explosão a vapor, deslignificação alcalina e hidrotérmico sendo o último utilizado nos ensaios do planejamento fatorial. O efeito das variáveis independentes de concentração de extrato de levedura e temperatura foi avaliado na produção de hidrogênio, metano e ácidos orgânicos a partir do inóculo termofílico. O efeito da concentração de extrato de levedura e substrato (BCA) foi avaliado na produção de bioprodutos a partir do inóculo mesofílico (37ºC). A maior produção de hidrogênio foi de 17,30 mmol/L à 60ºC e 3,42 g/L de extrato de levedura para a condição termofílica. Em relação aos ensaios mesofílicos observou-se 1,53 mmol/L com 3,42 e 5,00 g/L de extrato de levedura e BCA, respectivamente. Caracterização taxonômica e funcional dos microrganismos dos reatores de melhor desempenho de produção de hidrogênio dos planejamentos fatoriais termofílico e mesofílico foi realizada por análise Metagenômica (Illumina HiSeq). Nestas condições foram identificados microrganismos dos domínios Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya, além de vírus. Para o domínio Bacteria foram identificados microrganismos celulolíticos e fermentadores como Coprothermobacter e Clostridium, enquanto para o domínio Archaea, foram identificadas metanogênicas hidrogenotróficas e acetoclásticas, como Methanothermobacter e Methanosarcina. Foram ainda identificados genes codificantes de enzimas catalisadoras da degradação de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, constituintes principais da biomassa lignocelulósica utilizada como substrato, tais como celulase, carboxylesterase e 2-ácido hidroxi oxidase, respectivamente. Microrganismos aderidos no BCA in natura foram observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e identificados por sequenciamento do RNAr 16S, e semelhantes a Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingomonas. Os microrganismos do lodo termofílico, solo e compostagem foram caracterizados por sequenciamento do RNAr 16S, e foram semelhantes a Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Caloramator, Anaerobaculum, Tatlockia, Coprothermobacter, Dysgonomonas, Coprococcus, Sporomusa, Methanobacterium, Methanothermobacter, Methanosaeta, dentre outros. / In the present study, two inoculum (soil/compost and thermophilic sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket from vinasse treatment) were separately evaluated as potential to production of value-added products from sugarcane bagasse in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. Thermal, acid and serial dilution pretreatments were performed in the thermophilic inoculum to inhibition of methanogenic archaea. Serial dilution was applied into the mesophilic inoculm. Five culture medium were evaluated as nutritional source to enrichment of cellulolytic and fermenters bacteria; between then, the most complex one, supplemented with yeast extract was selected for the mesophilic and thermophilic bioassays. The sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was submitted to biological, thermal, stem explosion alkaline delignification and hydrothermal pretreatments, and the last one was used as substrate for the factorial designs. The effect of independent variables, such as yeast extract and temperature were evaluated on the hydrogen, methane and organic acids production from the thermophilic inoculum. The effect of yeast extract and substrate (SCB) concentrations were evaluated on the bioproducts generation from the mesophilic inoculum. The highest hydrogen production of 17.3 mmol/L was obtained at 60ºC and 3.42 g/L of yeast extract, on the thermophilic factorial design. In relation to the mesophilic factorial design, obtained 1.53 mmol/L of hydrogen with 3.42 and 5.00 g/L of yeast extract and SCB, respectively. Taxonomical and functional characterizations from the microorganisms were performed in the reactors with highest hydrogen production on the factorial designs using Metagenomics analysis (Illumina HiSeq). In both condition, mesophilic and thermophilic were found microorganisms from Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya domin, besides Viruses. Concerning the Bacteria domain were found cellulolytic and fermenters microorganisms similar to Coprothermobacter and Clostridium, whiles for Archaea domain were identified hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenic similar to Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina. There were obtained genes coding to enzymes related to the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin degradation such as carboxylesterase e 2-acid-hydroxioxidase, respectively. Microorganisms adhered into the in natura SCB fiber were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and identified by 16 S rRNA sequencing, mainly as similar to Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingomonas. The microorganisms from the thermophilic sludge, soil and composting were also characterized by 16S RNAr sequencing and were similar to Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Caloramator, Anaerobaculum, Tatlockia, Coprothermobacter, Dysgonomonas, Coprococcus, Sporomusa, Methanobacterium, Methanothermobacter, Methanosaeta, among others.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T10:55:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Rodrigues Gama - 2016.pdf: 2281415 bytes, checksum: a79af0203dd2a1cfd381c59e3e9d6d7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-10-06T11:22:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Rodrigues Gama - 2016.pdf: 2281415 bytes, checksum: a79af0203dd2a1cfd381c59e3e9d6d7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T11:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Rodrigues Gama - 2016.pdf: 2281415 bytes, checksum: a79af0203dd2a1cfd381c59e3e9d6d7b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-14 / The use of carbohydrates derived from agricultural waste is important in the industry of food, textiles, paper, detergents, animal feed and in the production of bioethanol. Some filamentous bacteria are used in the enzymatic degradation processes, such as Streptomyces thermocerradoensis I3, which was isolated from soil and this work was selected for the production of cellulases and xylanases by growing in semi-solid fermentation (SSF) in medium supplemented with wheat bran (WB) as carbon source. S. thermocerradoensis I3 it was maintained for 4 days at 37 ° C and showed a higher production of Endoglucanase (2,92 U/mL) and Xylanase (12,34 U/mL) after 72 hours of cultivation and β-glucosidase (0,023 U/mL) and FPase (2,82 U/mL) after 96 hours of cultivation. The 96-hour extract was concentrated. The enzyme present in the concentrated extract presented molecular mass of 17 kDa. It showed activity for cellulase and xylanases confirmed by zimograms and enzymatic activities. The crude extract (EB) and the concentrated extract (EC) were analyzed for pH and temperature optima for activity of cellulases and xylanases. The results showed that the highest activity of the total cellulase (FPase) was at pH 6.0 at 60 °C (EB) and pH in the range 3.0 to 6.0 at 80 °C (EC); the endoglucanase has higher activity at pH 6.0 at 55 °C (EB and EC); xylanase showed higher activity at pH 8.0 at 70 °C (EB and EC). The xylanase activity of EB and EC showed thermostability 60% after 2 hours of incubation at 60 °C and the endoglucanase activity of EB and EC remained above 50% after 4 hours of incubation at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C. Qualitative analysis observed by TLC (Thin layer chromatography) showed the production of oligosaccharides and xilooligômeros from the hydrolysis of different substrates. S. thermocerradoensis I3 successfully used the WB in SSF producing enzymes that have the characteristics necessary for their industrial application. / A utilização de carboidratos oriundos dos resíduos agrícolas faz-se importante nas indústrias de alimentos, tecidos, papeis, detergentes, ração animal e ainda na produção de bioetanol. Algumas bactérias filamentosas são utilizadas nos processos de hidrólise enzimática, como Streptomyces thermocerradoensis I3, o qual foi isolado do solo e, neste trabalho, selecionado para produção de celulases e xilanases através de cultivo em fermentação semi-sólida (FSS) em Meio Mínimo suplementado com farelo de trigo (FT) como fonte de carbono. S. thermocerradoensis I3 foi cultivado por 4 dias à 37 °C e apresentou maior produção de Endoglucanase (2,92 U/mL) e Xilanase (12,34 U/mL) após 72 horas de cultivo e de β-glicosidase (0,023 U/mL) e FPase (2,82 U/mL) após 96 horas de cultivo. O extrato de 96 horas foi concentrado e a enzima presente no extrato concentrado apresentou Massa Molecular de 17 kDa. Ela apresentou atividade de celulase e xilanase, as quais foram confirmadas por zimogramas e determinação das atividades enzimáticas. O extrato bruto (EB) e o extrato concentrado (EC) foram analisados quanto ao pH e temperatura ótimos para a atividade de celulases e xilanase. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a maior atividade de celulases totais (FPase) foi em pH 6,0 à 60 °C (EB) e pH na faixa de 3,0 e 6,0 à 80 °C (EC); a enduglucanase apresentou maior atividade na faixa de pH 6,0 à 55 °C (EB e EC); a xilanase apresentou maior atividade em pH 8,0 à 70 °C (EB e EC). A atividade de xilanase do EB e da EC apresentou termoestabilidade de 60% após 2 horas de incubação à 60 °C e a atividade de endoglucanase do EB e do EC permaneceu acima de 50% após 4 horas de incubação à 50, 60 e 70 °C. As análises qualitativas observadas por TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) revelaram a liberação de oligossacarídeos e xilooligômeros a partir da hidrólise de diferentes substratos. S. thermocerradoensis I3 utilizou com sucesso o FT em FSS produzindo enzimas que apresentam as características necessárias para sua aplicação industrial.

A biomassa lignocelulósica é uma alternativa atrativa para o aumento na oferta de biocombustíveis, uma vez que é constituída de celulose e hemicelulose. Esses polímeros são constituídos principalmente de unidades menores de glicose e xilose, os quais por meio de bactérias anaeróbias termófilas, podem ser metabolizados em etanol. Portanto, estabeleceu-se o objetivo desse trabalho, em utilizar as principais fontes de carbono da biomassa lignocelulósica (celulose, glicose e xilose), e produzir etanol por meio da ação de consórcio microbiano selecionado a partir de inóculo termófilo e anaeróbio. O inóculo foi submetido a condição de crescimento com variação de pH (2,3,4,5,6,e 7) e variação de dois meios de cultivo em reatores em batelada, visando favorecer bactérias celulolíticas e fermentativas produtoras de etanol. Para a produção de etanol, o pH e meio de cultivo mais adequados foram 7,0 e Meio Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, respectivamente. A partir do inóculo enriquecido nas condições nutricionais de pH e meio de cultivo, prosseguiu-se a realização dos ensaios de produção de etanol a partir de celulose, glicose e xilose (1g/L de cada substrato), em pH 7 e meio T. ethanolicus. Os ensaios foram realizados em reator em batelada, em triplicata, a 55 ºC, ambos seguidos de um reator controle, sem adição desses substratos orgânicos. Os rendimentos de etanol foram de 1,73 mol etanol/mol glicose e 1,33 mol de etanol /mol de xilose. Para o substrato celulose obteve-se 1,88 mmol de etanol/g de celulose. Para os reatores controle de glicose, celulose e xilose, no qual o extrato de levedura foi a única fonte orgânica adicionada, a produção de etanol foi 1,27 mmol/L, 0,39 mmol/L e 1,65 mmol/L, respectivamente. Em todos os reatores foi detectado produção de ácido acético, ácido butírico e ácido propiônico. A produção de ácido acético foi de 5,73 mmol/L, 9,73 mmol/L e 14,45 mmol/L, para os reatores de glicose, celulose e xilose, respectivamente. No reator com glicose, observou-se baixo rendimento de hidrogênio (0,31 mol hidrogênio/mol glicose), e nos demais reatores não foi constatado produção desse gás. Em contrapartida, observou-se rendimentos de 6,6 mmol de metano/g de celulose e 0,68 mol de metano/mol de xilose para os respectivos reatores. Dessa forma, pode-se mencionar que em função das características do consórcio microbiano foi possível obter a degradação da celulose e metabolização da glicose e xilose em etanol. / Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive alternative to increase biofuels proposal, as its composed of cellulose and hemicellulose. These polymers are consisted in individual molecules of glucose and xylose, through some thermophilic bacteria, can metabolize these carbohydrates in ethanol. Therefore, this study reports on using the principals carbon sources of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, glucose, and xylose), and producing ethanol through microbial consortium from anaerobic and thermophilic inoculum. The biomass was submitted to variation of pH (2,3,4,5,6, and 7) and two kinds of medium, due to ethanol production in batch reactors. For ethanol production, the optimized pH and medium were 7,0 and Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus medium, respectively. The enriched culture was being cultivated in pH and medium experiments were used to ethanol production experiments that carried out in batch reactors, from cellulose, glucose and xylose were realized in triplicate and were maintained at 55 °C, in both batches had a control reactor (without these organics substrates). Positive results in ethanol yields were 1,73 mol ethanol/ mol glucose and 1,33 mol ethanol/ mol xylose. In celluloses reactors the microbial consortium was efficient in substrate degradation, however, was obtained lower ethanol yields (1,88 mol ethanol/ g cellulose). In control reactors from glucose, cellulose and xylose, that yeast extract was the unique organic source, ethanol production was 1,27 mmol/L, 0,39 mmol/L e 1,65 mmol/L, respectively. In all reactors were detected acetic, butyric and propionic acids. The acetic acid production was 5,73 mmol/L, 9,73 mmol/L e 14,45 mmol/L in glucose, cellulose and xylose reactors, respectively. For glucoses reactors were observed lower hydrogen production (0,31 mol hydrogen/ mol glucose), in the other reactors did not observed gases production. Instead of the following yields were obtained: 6,6 mmol methane/ g cellulose and 0,68 mol methane/ mol xylose. Taking this into account, microbial consortium enriched had characteristics to degrade cellulose and metabolize glucose and xylose to ethanol.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Lignocellulosic biomass represents an important renewable resource for biofuels production. Lignocellulosic biomass is comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignocellulosics are highly recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation and due to its complex nature a range of enzymes are required to synergistically hydrolyse biomass. Many microorganisms are capable of producing these enzymes as part of their hemicellulolytic hydrolysis system(s). The aim of this study was the characterisation of a thermophilic actinobacterial isolate (ORS10), capable of producing hemicellulosic enzymes, and the cloning and characterization of a hemicellulosic enzyme produced by the isolate. Phylogenetic analyses clustered ORS10 with species of the genus Streptomyces. BLAST analysis revealed that ORS10 was most closely related to Streptomyces achromogenes (99% identity). A small-insert genomic library was constructed and a putative acetylxylan esterase (AXEase) gene, axe10, was identified. The enzyme, Axe10, has moderate similarity to α/β hydrolase proteins, and contains an esterase/lipase superfamily conserved domain and a typical AXEase catalytic triad. The axe10 gene was sub-cloned into an expression vector [pET21a(+)] and a 28.7 kDa protein with demonstrated AXE activity was purified from E. coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. Axe10 displayed optimum activity at 37oC and pH 7.0. Despite being derived from a thermophilic Streptomyces species Axe10 was not thermostable. However, given the relative novelty of Axe10, further characterisation and assessment of this enzyme is warranted. / South Africa

[ES] La presente Tesis Doctoral se ha centrado en el aislamiento y caracterización de materiales celulósicos y extractos activos, procedentes de las cascarillas de arroz y café, y su incorporación a películas de almidón y mezclas compatibilizadas de almidón-PLA, para mejorar sus propiedades funcionales como materiales para el envasado de alimentos. Las fibras de celulosa (CF) se obtuvieron mediante tratamiento alcalino y de blanqueo, con un rendimiento de 41 y 53 g fibras/100 g cascarilla, respectivamente para cascarilla de arroz y café. Los nanocristales de celulosa (CNC) se aislaron de las fibras mediante hidrólisis ácida, con un rendimiento del 5% respecto a las fibras y con alta cristalinidad (90-92%), resistencia térmica y relación de aspecto (L/d: 20-40). Los compuestos activos se obtuvieron mediante extracción hidrotérmica (180 ºC; 9,5 bares), con un rendimiento de 17-18 g/ 100 g de cascarilla. Dichos extractos exhibieron capacidad antioxidante (EC50: 5,37-5,29 mg sólidos extraídos/ mg DPPH) y antimicrobiana (cuantificada en términos de concentración mínima inhibitoria: MIC) frente a L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg polvo/mL) y E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg polvo/mL). Los materiales celulósicos procedentes de cascarilla de arroz y café se incorporaron a películas de almidón termoplástico (TPS), obtenidas mediante mezclado en fundido y moldeo por compresión. El módulo elástico aumentó un 186 y 121% cuando se incorporó a la matriz un 1% (p/p) de CNC de cascarilla de arroz y café, respectivamente. Del mismo modo, las CF se añadieron a las películas de TPS al 1, 5 y 10 pt%. Ambas CF aumentaron la rigidez y redujeron la extensibilidad de los films, aunque las CF de cascarilla de café mantuvieron mejor la ductilidad al 1 y 5% (p/p). La permeabilidad al vapor de agua de las películas de TPS no se redujo en los materiales compuestos, aunque la permeabilidad al oxígeno se redujo en aproximadamente un 17%. Al incorporar extractos activos a los films de almidón, mejoraron sus propiedades de tracción; el módulo elástico aumentó un 350%, a la vez que se hicieron menos extensibles. Las fibras de celulosa de ambos residuos fueron más efectivas como agentes de refuerzo en los films con extractos sólidos que en los de almidón solo. Se estudiaron también mezclas de almidón-PLA utilizando como compatibilizador policaprolactona funcionalizada con anhídrido maléico y/o glicidil metacrilato (PCLMG o PCLG). Se analizó el efecto de la proporción de PLA en la mezcla (20 y 40% respecto al almidón), y la de ambos compatibilizadores (2,5 y 5%), en las propiedades de los films. Los análisis de la microestructura, el comportamiento térmico y las propiedades funcionales (mecánicas, ópticas y de barrera) de los films, demostraron que sustituir el 20% del almidón por PLA e incorporar el 5% de PCLG podría ser una buena estrategia para obtener materiales adecuados para envasado de alimentos. Además, se estudió el efecto de la adición de rellenos celulósicos (CF y CNC) y del extracto antioxidante de cascarilla de café en la mezcla de almidón-PLA compatibilizada seleccionada. Las propiedades antioxidantes de los films se probaron a través de su eficacia para preservar al aceite de girasol de la oxidación. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las propiedades funcionales de los films cuando los CNC se incorporaron mediante dos métodos diferentes. El efecto de refuerzo de los materiales celulósicos en mezclas de S-PLA fue menos notable que en las películas de almidón, probablemente debido a la superposición del efecto de refuerzo de PLA. El extracto antioxidante no mejoró el comportamiento mecánico en la mezcla, pero le confirió capacidad antioxidante, adecuada para aplicaciones en el envasado de alimentos. / [CAT] La present Tesi Doctoral s'ha centrat en l'aïllament i caracteritzaciò de materials cel.lulòsics i extractes actius, procedents de pellorfa d'arròs i café, i la seua incorporació a pel·lícules de midó i mescles compatibilitzades de midò-PLA, per a millorar les seues propietats funcionals com materials per al envasat d'aliments. Les fibres de cel.lulosa (CF) s'obtingueren mitjançant tractament alcalí i de blanqueig, amb un rendiment de 41 i 53 g fibres/100g pellorfa, respectivament per a pellorfa d'arròs i cafè. Els nanocristalls de cel·lulosa (CNC) es van aïllar de les fibres de cel·lulosa per mig d'hidròlosi àcida, amb un rendiment del 5% respecte a les fibres; en tots dos casos, amb alta cristal·línitat (90-92%), resistència tèrmica i relaciò d'aspecte (L/d: 20-40). Els composts actius s'obtingueren mitjançant l'extracció hidrotèrmica (180 ºC; 9,5 bars), amb un rendiment del 17-18 g/100 g de pellorfa. Aquests composts exhibiren capacitat antioxidant (EC50: 5,37-5,29 mg extracte solit/ mg DPPH) i antimicrobiana, (quantificada en termes de concentració mínima inhibitòria: CMC) enfront a L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg pols/mL) i E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg pols/ mL). Els materials cel·lulòsics procedents de pellorfa d'arròs i cafè es van incorporar a pel·lícules de midó termoplàstic (TPS), obtingudes mitjançant mesclat en fos i modelatge per compressió. El mòdul elàstic va augmentar un 186 i 121% quan es va incorporar a la matriu un 1 pt% CNC de pellorfa d'arròs i café, respectivament. De la mateixa manera, les CF es van afegir a les pel·lícules de TPS al 1, 5 i 10 pt%. Ambdues CF va augmentar la rigidesa de les pel·lícules i es va reduir la seua capacitat d'estirament. No obstant, les CF de pellorfa de cafè mantingueren millor la ductilitat al 1 i 5%. La permeabilitat al vapor d'aigua de les pel·lícules de TPS no es va reduir en els materials compostos, encara que la permeabilitat a l'oxigen es va reduir en aproximadament un 17%. A l'incorporar extractes actius a les pel·lícules de midó, milloraren les propietats de tracció de les pel·lícules ; el mòdul elàstic va augmentar un 350%, mentre que les pel·lícules es feren menys extensibles. Les CF dels dos residus foren més efectives com agents de reforç en pel·lícules que contenien extractes actius, que en pel·lícules de midó pur. També es van estudiar mescles de midò-PLA utilitzant com a compatibilitzador policaprolactona funcionalitzada amb anhídrid maleic i/o glicidil metacrilat (PCLMG o PCLG). Es va analitzar l'efecte de la proporció de PLA en la mescla (20 i 40% respecte al midó), i de la tots dues compatibilitzadors (2,5 i 5%), en les propietats de les pel·lícules. Els anàlisis de la microestructura, el comportament tèrmic i les propietats funcionals (mecàniques, óptiques i de barrera) de les pel·lícules, demostraren que substituir el 20% del midó per PLA i incorporar el 5% de PCLG podria ser una bona estratègia per a obtindré pel·lícules adequades per a l'envasat d'aliments. A demés, es va estudiar l'efecte de l'addició de reforçaments cel·lulòsics (CF i CNC) i extracte antioxidant de pellorfa de cafè, en mescles de midó-PLA compatibilitzades. Les propietats antioxidants de les pel·lícules s'analitzaren a través de la seua eficàcia per a preservar de l'oxidació l'oli de gira-sol. S'observaren diferències significatives en les propietats funcionals de les pel·lícules quan els CNC s'incorporaren mitjançant dos mètodes diferents. L'efecte de reforç dels materials cel·lulòsics en mescles de S-PLA va ser menys notable que en les pel·lícules de midó, provablement degut a la superposició de l'efecte de reforç del PLA. L'extracte antioxidant no va millorar el comportament mecànic en les mescles, però li va conferir la capacitat antioxidant adequada per a aplicacions a l'envasat d'aliments. / [EN] This Doctoral Thesis has focused on the isolation and characterisation of cellulosic materials and active extracts from coffee and rice husks, and their incorporation into starch films and starch-PLA compatibilised blend films in order to improve their functional properties as food packaging materials. Cellulose fibres were obtained through alkali and bleaching treatment with a final yield of 41 and 53 g fibres/100 g husk, respectively for rice and coffee husks. Cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from the bleached fibres by acid hydrolysis, with a yield of 5% with respect to bleached fibres, in both cases, with high crystallinity (90-92%), thermal resistance and aspect ratio (L/d: 20-40). The active compounds were obtained by hydrothermal extraction (180 ºC, 9.5 bar) with yields of 17 -18 g/100 g husks. They exhibited antioxidant properties (EC50: 5.37-5.29 mg extract solids/mg DPPH) and antibacterial activity against L. innocua (MIC: 48-52 mg powder/mL) and E. coli (MIC: 50-66 mg powder/mL), which were quantified in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration. Cellulosic material from rice and coffee husks were incorporated into thermoplastic starch films (TPS) by melt blending and compression moulding. The elastic modulus increased by 186 and 121% when 1 wt% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from rice and coffee husks, respectively, was incorporated into the matrix. Likewise, cellulose fibres (CF) were incorporated into TPS films at 1, 5 and 10 wt%. Both CF increased the film stiffness while reducing its stretchability. However, CF from coffee husk better maintained the film ductility at 1 and 5 wt%. The water vapour permeability of TPS films was not reduced in composites, although oxygen permeability was lowered by about 17%. When active extracts were incorporated into starch films, they improved the tensile properties; the elastic modulus increased by about 350%, while films became less stretchable. The cellulosic fibres from both residues were more effective as reinforcing agents in films containing extract solids than in net starch films. Starch-PLA blend films were also studied using grafted polycaprolactone with maleic anhydride and/or glycidyl methacrylate (PCLMG or PCLG) as compatibilisers. The effect of both the PLA ratio in the blend (20 and 40% with respect to starch) and the amount of both compatibilisers (2.5 and 5%) on the film properties was analysed. The analyses of microstructure, thermal behaviour and functional properties (mechanical, optical and barrier) of the films led to the conclusion that substituting 20% of the starch by PLA, and incorporating 5% of PCLG would be a good strategy to obtain films suitable for food packaging. The effect of the addition of cellulosic fillers (CF and CNC) and antioxidant aqueous extract from coffee husk to compatibilised starch-PLA blends was also studied. The antioxidant properties of the films were tested through their efficacy at preserving sunflower oil from oxidation. Significant differences were observed in the functional properties of the films when CNC was incorporated by two different methods. The reinforcing effect of cellulosic materials in S-PLA blends was less noticeable than in starch films, probably due to the overlapping of the PLA reinforcing effect. The antioxidant extract did not improve the mechanical performance in the blends, but conferred antioxidant capacity suitable for food packaging applications. / Collazo Bigliardi, S. (2019). Lignocellulosic fractions from rice and coffee husks to improve functionality of biodegradable films based on starch and poly-lactic acid [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/123055 / TESIS

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention worldwide as an alternative fuel source for the transportation sector without affecting food supply. Efficient conversion of pentose sugars (L-arabinose and D-xylose) produced during hydrolysis of hemicellulose to ethanol can enhance the economic viability. In this study, a total of 390 yeasts isolated from Marula wine, the gut of dung beetles, herbal concoctions and banana residues were screened for the ability to ferment L-arabinose and D-xylose. Fourteen yeasts were able to ferment both pentose sugars and ten strains were subjected to an adaptation process in the presence of acetic acid using L-arabinose as carbon source. Four adapted strains of Meyerozyma caribbica were able to ferment L-arabinose to ethanol and arabitol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid at 35 °C. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f fermented D-xylose, L-arabinose and a mixture of D-xylose and L-arabinose to produce 1.7, 3.0 and 1.9 g/L ethanol, respectively, compared to the parental strain with 1.5, 1.0 and 1.8 g/L ethanol, respectively, in the absence of acetic acid. The adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 3.6 and 0.8 g/L ethanol from L-arabinose and D-xylose, respectively in the presence of acetic acid while the parental strain failed to grow. In the bioreactor, the adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 5.7 g/L ethanol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid with an ethanol yield and productivity of 0.338 g/g and 0.158 g/L/h, respectively at a KLa value of 3.3 h-1. The adapted strain produced 26.7 g/L arabitol with a yield of 0.900 g/g at a KLa value of 4.9 h-1. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f could potentially be used to produce ethanol and arabitol under stressed conditions. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

<p>  </p> <p>The potential of lignocellulose for producing fermentable sugars as feedstock to manufacture fuels, chemicals, and materials for decarbonization remains untapped due to costly logistics and conversion processes. Pelleting technology offers a solution by addressing logistical issues and impacting downstream conversion, though it comes with its own costs. An overview of recent advances in pelleting technologies and their impact on bioconversion highlights the importance of understanding variables and product attributes. The interplay between pelleting and pretreatment processes, considering various feedstocks, is crucial for future design. Practical considerations such as energy consumption, costs, and environmental impacts must not be overlooked, along with exploration of cutting-edge technologies and strategies in this field. This work further presents a comprehensive investigation into the recalcitrance of pelleted corn stover to enzymatic digestion prior to any pretreatment.</p> <p>The potential of lignocellulose for producing fermentable sugars as feedstock to manufacture fuels, chemicals, and materials for decarbonization remains untapped due to costly logistics and conversion processes. Pelleting technology offers a solution by addressing logistical issues and impacting downstream conversion, though it comes with its own costs. An overview of recent advances in pelleting technologies and their impact on bioconversion highlights the importance of understanding variables and product attributes. The interplay between pelleting and pretreatment processes, considering various feedstocks, is crucial for future design. Practical considerations such as energy consumption, costs, and environmental impacts must not be overlooked, along with exploration of cutting-edge technologies and strategies in this field. </p> <p>This dissertation further presents a comprehensive investigation into the recalcitrance of pelleted corn stover to enzymatic digestion prior to any pretreatment. One aspect focuses on the role of high moisture pelleting in enhancing the enzymatic digestibility of corn stover before pretreatment, along with the relevant substrate characteristics. The pelleting process increases the digestibility of unpretreated corn stover, resulting in a glucan conversion increase from 8.2% to 15.5% at a 5% solid loading using 1 FPU Cellic® CTec2 per gram of solids. Under the same enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, the conversion of glucan remains higher for pelleted corn stover compared to its non-pelleted counterpart, even though both samples underwent identical milling processes and passed through the same screen to minimize particle impact. Compositional analysis reveals that loose and pelleted corn stover have similar non-dissolvable compositions, albeit with differences in their extractives. Using microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) as a substrate, the presence of corn stover extractives results in a lower sugar yield compared to using citrate buffer instead, particularly for extractives from pelleted corn stover. This indicates a more negative impact of pelleted corn stover extractives on the activity of employed enzyme, CTec2. However, pelleted corn stover still shows increased overall glucan conversion compared to loose corn stover, suggesting improved digestibility of non-dissolvable components after milling and washing. The improvement in digestibility of pelleted material can be attributed to factors such as reduced particle size, enhanced substrate accessibility, and hydrolysis of cross-linking structures induced by the pelleting process. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of processing strategies aimed at sustainable and efficient utilization of lignocellulose.</p> <p>Furthermore, this dissertation delves into the profound impact of extractives on enzymatic hydrolysis, prompting a thorough examination of the composition and characteristics of extractives derived from pelleted corn stover, as well as their effects on enzymatic conversion. In contrast to previous reports, it is discovered that water extractable materials actually enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of extractive-free stover, while the enzyme activities diminish when using microcrystalline cellulose as a substrate. This divergent behavior of extractives is attributed to the presence of lignin, which may interact with inhibitory compounds like phenolics, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of soluble inhibitors or insoluble lignin, or both. These findings significantly advance our fundamental understanding of the intrinsic behavior of extractives and contribute to the optimization of schemes for efficient and cost-competitive enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose. </p>