published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

Wang Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / Tables and Notes --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Scope of Study --- p.2 / The Development of Naxi Studies --- p.6 / Theoretical Framework --- p.11 / Methodologies --- p.22 / Structure of Thesis --- p.27 / Chapter 2 --- Background to Tourism Development in Lijiang --- p.30 / Naxi Culture and Dongba Religion --- p.30 / Naxi's Family and House --- p.32 / Economy in Lijiang --- p.35 / Tourism Development in Lijiang --- p.38 / Tourism-related Impacts on Lijiang Old Town --- p.41 / Homestay Guesthouse in Lijiang Old Town --- p.44 / Chapter 3 --- Encounter with Homestay Tourism --- p.47 / Hosts and Guests --- p.47 / Guesthouses and Local Hotels --- p.52 / Hosts and Migrants --- p.55 / Hosts and the Local Government --- p.59 / Conclusion --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- """World Heritage"" Discourse and Homestay Tourism" --- p.64 / Preparation for the Inscription --- p.64 / UNESCO and World Heritage --- p.66 / Scholars and Heritage Preservation --- p.71 / UNESCO Conference and Problems --- p.74 / Conclusion --- p.78 / Chapter 5 --- """Authenticity"" within Homestay tourism" --- p.80 / Constructing Naxi Ethnicity --- p.80 / Constructing Home --- p.85 / Constructing Heritage --- p.92 / Conclusion --- p.99 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Bibliography --- p.106

The development of cultural heritage tourism has become a world-wide issue recent years. There is increasing pressure between cultural heritage conservation and tourism industry growth, however, the sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism can results in positive and synergistic effect on the whole system. Thus the research on sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism is increasing significant in a global scale. China is the typical country that facing the dilemma of pursuing tourism industry growth and cultural heritage protection, an integrated framework that can guide the cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability is necessary and urgent at present. Lijiang Old Town in Lijiang and China’s Lane in Chengdu are used as comparative case study. Aspects related to sustainable cultural heritage tourism development are examined and evaluated according to the conceptual framework, including heritage conservation performance such as resource integrity, cultural authenticity, publicity and education; tourism industry performance such as economic growth, marketing and branding strategies, tourist satisfaction; mechanism performance such as policy support, stakeholder cooperation, assessment and monitoring mechanism, etc. It is found out that China’s Lane has a better performance than Lijiang Old Town due to its government-guide development mode and right segregation system. While it is also found that the cultural authenticity is decreasing both in Lijiang Old Town and China’s Lane largely due to the displacement of indigenous population and the disruption of local community network. It is concluded that the role of government should shift from dominance to guidance, right segregation management mode should be promoted and effective and comprehensive assessment and monitoring mechanism should be established regarding the development of cultural heritage tourism in China. Moreover, cultural authenticity and local community network as the core of cultural heritage conservation should be highly valued by various sectors in the society, since they are the basic and essence to ensure long-term development of cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability. / published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Claude A. Keithley / With the economic growth in the last three decades, tourism is becoming bigger business than ever before in China. One of the most popular tourism destinations in China is ancient towns. While the tourism industry encourages economic growth in ancient towns, it brings negative side-effects as well. The purpose of this report is to detect the economic and social sustainability of the tourism industry in Chinese ancient towns, taking Lijiang, Yunnan Province as an example. The report also provides responsive suggestions for the tourism industry in Lijiang in the end. To measure the sustainability of tourism in Lijiang, the report employs a total of 33 indicators in social, cultural, economic and political dimensions and a five-point evaluation system to convert different indicators into a relatively consistent measurable scale. The outcome of the analysis indicates that: 1) tourism in Lijiang is unsustainable in social dimension because of the paramount pressure on land use and the traditional life style caused by overhaul tourist population poured into Lijiang in recent years; 2) tourism in Lijiang has generally played a positive role in local culture’s preservation; 3) the fast-growing economy brought by tourism in Lijiang is potentially unsustainable because of the imbalanced benefit distributions; 4) tourism in Lijiang is almost totally government-oriented and lacks a certain opportunities for public participation. The findings in each aspect of the tourism industry in Lijiang help decision makers understand both strengths and weaknesses of tourism in Lijiang better to make responsive policies and strategies to ensure a more sustainable future.

The development of tourism may catalyse a vast array of impacts, social, cultural, socioeconomic, environmental or political. In ethnic minority communities and regions, impacts are potentially greater due to the pre-existing social, cultural and even sociopolitical constructs. Tourism, as a global phenomenon, is confined to operating within the local context. This is certainly the case in ethnic minority communities of China's southern peripheries. Tourism development is a differential process of formal and informal sector development. Formal sector development is generally capital intensive and relatively highly organised. In contrast, the informal sector involves many small vendors and family or community run businesses. The sectoral dichotomy may also be applied, in a general sense, to the types of tourists utilizing accommodation and services provided by these two distinct sectors. As the balance between the two sectors changes over time and across space, there is a commensurate shift in the type and scale of impacts generated by tourism in host communities. It is this that makes the sectoral paradigm so relevant to the role (or indeed lack of role) of ethnic minorities in tourism development in their local areas and communities. Apart from economic impacts, there are sociocultural and even socioenvironmental impacts on host communities. As with socioeconomic impacts, sociocultural impacts are also influenced by the differential development of the formal and informal sectors over time. Furthermore, particularly in ethnic minority areas, socioeconomic and sociocultural impacts are tightly integrated and one impact realm cannot adequately be considered in isolation.

Comment est-ce que les villes anciennes parviennent à se réinséser dans des ensembles urbains？Quels roles les diverses populations en présence jouent-elles dans les phénomènes de recomposition de ces espaces locaux？Est-ce qu’il n’y a que une route de development au monde qui s’appelle mondialisation？C’est à questions sensibles que s’efforce de répondre ce thèse en proposant une analyse minutieuse des multiples processus qui est fonçonné, au cour des dernières vingtaine ans en Chine, la transformation de culture et tradition du Lijiang, situé dans la province de Yunnan, à la marge en Chine. En retraçant ainsi au fil du temps la vie de ce lieu et ses habitants, ce thèse veut entraine dans l’histoire récente en Chine, en meme temps métider la route de development local et le concept de ‘développement’.À la fin, c’est mon analysis sur la base de cette recherche comparative. La réforme et l’ouverture sur le monde extérieur sont exéculté depuis 1978 en Chine, le gouverment s’efforce de developer l’économie. La façon de protéger héritage culture est devenu de plus en plus la manière de developer l’économie. En autre mot, c’est la technique de development dans les lieux locaux et une partie de modernisation (ou mondialisation). Après la guerre mondiale secondaire, modernisation est une trendence principal au monde, par ce thèse, je veux réfléchir sur cette processus de modernisation à nouveau, et analyse la route divisitaire de dévelopment sur la base de les environnements differents. Aujourd’hui, si nous voulons etre inscrits au patrimoine mondial, en un sens, ce n’est pas pour bien le protèger, mais pour profiter de cet honneur et d’un outil pour développer l’économie. Apres etre inscrit au patrimoine mondial, le gouvernement locale a des raisons de demander le support financier au gouvernement central et il a aussi des chances d’attirer les capitaux étrangers pour améliorer les constructions principales. / Lijiang old Town is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, one of the Naxi settlements. Historically, the ancestors of the Naxi and Tibetan, Han, Yi, Bai and other ethnic have lived together in peace, forming its own unique ecological view, and nourishing their own national character, which makes the town own its unspeakable intangible charm in the long history. In 1997, Lijiang Old Town was in the World Heritage List and enters the fast development track. As the result of economic development, the local Naxi culture gradually changes, for example, the ancient city’s commercial atmosphere increasing strong, the outside population coming, the Naxi language usage among the younger generations becoming less and less, the essence of the Dongba culture to be overlooked etc. Based on the above facts, the author tries to explore the Lijiang Old Town as a case from the perspective of the “anthropology of development”. Through collecting data on the basis of the field, compared with the Old City of Lyon, France, the author criticizes the modernist view of development and the excessive use of tools of cultural heritage, highlights our "development" view and cultural heritage awareness bias. The author believes that "development" should be multiple semantics, not just economic growth, including local knowledge. Fading out the cultural heritage as a tool to develop local economy and we should protect the heritage authenticity and integrity, respect different cultures and traditions, and then achieve scientific development and build a harmonious society. Based on the above understanding, the author from the perspective of subjective and objective explores the main viewpoints. Besides the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of three major parts: In the first part, the author places the town of Lijiang in the scope of a long period of time and space, tracing its history through several important development stages: Tea Horse Road period, the anti-Japanese period in the Second World War and after the inscription. In contrast to the development of the past and today, the author shows some differences from the original Ancient Town’s life to today’s commercial city. In the process, the ancient city has changes from community to modern society, the traditional Naxi culture gradually lost. The second part explores different thoughts on the changes of this Old Town of Lijiang from the ethnographic perspective. Mainly through the interview to a family history of the Naxi and three generations’ oral storytelling who have lived in the ancient city, as well as city managers, Naxi scholars, community workers in Lijiang Old Town, young Naxi generation, ordinary residents, outsiders, and the author own field experiences and feelings, the author tries to show different understandings of the whole changes from the outside to the inside of Lijiang old Town. On this basis, the author reinterpreted the stereotype of the ancient Naxi people. In the third part, the author presents the deviation of understanding of the cultural heritage’s protection and development by comparing Lyon Old Town in France. From the “ anthropology of development”, the paper reflects the tool behavior and misunderstanding in the progress of developing and protecting our country’s old city, that is to say, development means not only developing local economy but also protecting tradition culture and customs, etc.

周蔚蔚. / "2008年9月". / "2008 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-112). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhou Weiwei. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究背景及文献回顾 --- p.5 / 研究背景 --- p.5 / 问题的产生 --- p.7 / 研究内容与理论资源 --- p.11 / 研究方法与研究价值 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 从生活化古城到风景化古城：丽江古城视觉语言构成与意义 --- p.15 / 凝视明信片 --- p.15 / 明信片主题分析 --- p.21 / Chapter 第三章 --- 从平面媒体到多媒体：古城视觉形象与文化意义的再构建 --- p.37 / 《一米阳光》 --- p.37 / 《千里走单骑》 --- p.46 / 《印象.丽江》 --- p.51 / Chapter 第四章 --- 从形象到想像：寻找视像背后的文化想像 --- p.57 / 想像香格里拉 --- p.57 / 《桃花源记》与桃源梦想 --- p.61 / 桃花源与边地 --- p.65 / 世外桃源还是香格里拉？ --- p.67 / 文化想像下的旅游体验 --- p.74 / Chapter 第五章 --- 文化想像与文化遗产的再生产 --- p.79 / 古城视觉装饰性语言与文化想像 --- p.79 / 想像东巴文化 --- p.87 / 结论 --- p.97 / 附录一：遗产及世界遗产概念 --- p.100 / 附录二：世界遗产在中国的发展简介 --- p.102 / 英文参考文献及相关书目 --- p.106 / 中文参考文献及相关书目 --- p.109 / 后记 --- p.113