It has been well-known that VILIP-1 but not VILIP-3 regulates the activity of guanylyl cyclase-B. In order to identify the modulated region within VILIP-1 on regulating guanylyl cyclase-B activity, the recombinant myristoylated and nonmyristoylated VILIPs (VILIP-1, VILIP-3, chimeric VILIPs, and mutant VILIP-1) were prepared in the present study. The recombinant proteins were purified using ion-exchanger chromatography followed by gel filtration. CD spectra indicated that the secondary structure of VILIPs was dominant with £\-helix, reflecting a well-conserved EF-hand structure. Tryptic digestion assay and the fluorescence measurement showed that myristoylation, Ca2+ and Mg2+ differently induced the conformational changes of VILIPs. The results of gel filtration chromatography reflected that the EF-3&4 of VILIP-1 and myristoylation were involved in the dimerization of VILIP-1, and the dimer and monomer were converted each other in a dynamic manner. The porcine brain membrane binding assay and liposome binding assay showed that the binding capability of VILIPs were markedly enhanced by myristoylation, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Myristoylation and the intact EF-1 of VILIP-1 were found to essential for the regulation of guanylyl cyclase activity in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. Taken together, theses results suggest that myristoylation and EF hand-1 of VILIP-1 are the structural elements crucial for regulating the guanylyl cyclase activity. In contrast to oligomerization of VILIP-1, Mg2+ and Ca2+ -induced conformational changes of VILIP-1 and enhancement of the binding of VILIP-1 with membrane by Mg2+ and Ca2+ partly but not heavily involve in the action.

University, Diss., 2006--Würzburg. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2005.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Braunschweig.

In this study, the role of histone-like proteins in gene regulation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolate 536 was monitored. The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS is a global regulator in Escherichia coli that has been intensively studied in non-pathogenic strains. No comprehensive study on the role of H-NS and it’s homolog StpA on gene expression in a pathogenic E. coli strain has been carried out so far. Moreover, we identified a third, so far uncharacterized member of the H-NS-like protein family in uropathogenic E. coli isolate 536, which was designated Hlp (H-NS-like protein). Hlp is a 134-amino acid protein, which shares 58 % sequence identity with H-NS. The gene coding for the Hlp protein, hlp, is found in several uropathogenic E. coli variants, but not in non-pathogenic E. coli K-12. In UPEC strains 536 and CFT073, Hlp is encoded on a possibly horizontally acquired 23-kb genomic region inserted into the serU locus. Studies on hlp transcription revealed, that the gene is transcribed monocistronically from a single promoter and that expression is repressed by H-NS. Purified Hlp protein was binding to its own and to the hns promoter, thereby mediating negative auto- and crossregulation. Furthermore, Hlp and H-NS were directly interacting, resulting in the formation of stable heteromers. Complementation studies with hns mutant strains in a K-12 background revealed that the Hlp protein had in vivo activity, being able to complement the lack of H-NS in terms of motility, growth, and repression of the proU, bgl, and clyA genes. When analyzing the role of the histone-like proteins in expression of virulence-associated genes by using DNA arrays and classical phenotypic assays, most of the observed effects were mediated by the H-NS protein alone. Expression profiling revealed that transcript level of more than 500 genes was affected by an hns mutation, resulting in increased expression of alpha-hemolysin, fimbriae and iron-uptake systems, as well as genes involved in stress adaptation. Furthermore, several other putative virulence factors were found to be part of the H-NS regulon. On the other hand, no effect of StpA alone was observed. An hns stpA double mutant, however, exhibited a distinct gene expression pattern that differed in great parts from that of the hns single mutant. This suggests a direct interaction between the two homologs and the existence of distinct regulons of H-NS and an H-NS/StpA heteromeric complex. Although the H-NS protein has – either as homomer or in complex with StpA – a marked impact on gene expression in pathogenic E. coli strains, its effect on urovirulence is ambiguous. At a high infection dose, hns mutants accelerate lethality in murine UTI and sepsis models relative to the wild type, probably due to increased production of alpha-hemolysin. At lower infectious dose, however, mutants lacking H-NS are attenuated through their impaired growth rate, which can only partially be compensated by the higher expression of numerous virulence factors. As seen with StpA, an hlp single mutant did not exhibit a notable phenotype under standard growth conditions. A severe growth defect of hns hlp double mutants at low temperatures, however, suggests a biological relevance of H-NS/Hlp heteromers under certain circumstances. Furthermore, these mutants expressed more capsular polysaccharide and curli fimbriae, thereby indicating a distinct role of H-NS and Hlp in regulation of these surface structures. The H-NS paralogs Hlp and StpA also modulated H-NS-mediated regulation of fimbrial adhesins, and are oppositely required for normal growth at low or high temperatures, respectively. Finally, expression levels of the three histone-like proteins H-NS, StpA and Hlp itself varied with different temperatures, thereby suggesting a flexible composition of the nucleoid-associated protein pool. Hence, we propose that the biological role of Hlp and StpA does not rely on a distinct function of the single protein, but rather on their interaction with the global regulator H-NS. / In dieser Studie wurde die Rolle von Histon-ähnlichen Proteinen bei der Genregulation im uropathogenen Escherichia coli (UPEC) Isolat 536 untersucht. Das Histon-ähnliche Protein H-NS (engl. histone-like nucleoid structuring protein) ist ein globaler Regulator in E. coli, der in apathogenen Stämmen eingehend untersucht worden ist. Im Gegensatz dazu liegen noch keine umfassenden Studien zur Rolle von H-NS und des homologen Proteins StpA in einem pathogenen E. coli Stamm vor. Zudem konnten wir ein drittes, bis jetzt noch nicht charakterisiertes Mitglied der Familie von H-NS-ähnlichen Protein im uropathogenen E. coli Isolat 536 identifizieren, das Hlp benannt wurde (für H-NS-like protein). Hlp ist ein aus 134 Aminosäuren bestehendes Protein, dessen Sequenz zu 58 % identisch mit der des H-NS Proteins ist. Das Gen, das für das Hlp Protein kodiert, hlp, konnte in zahlreichen uropathogenen und Fäkalisolaten nachgewiesen werden, jedoch nicht im apathogenen E. coli K-12. In den UPEC Isolaten 536 und CFT073 ist das hlp Gen auf einer 23-kb großen genomischen Insel lokalisiert, die in den serU Lokus inseriert ist und möglicherweise über horizontalen Gentransfer erworben wurde. Untersuchungen zur Transkription des hlp Gens ergaben, dass das Gen monocistronisch von einem einzigen Promotor transkribiert, und dessen Expression durch H-NS reprimiert wird. Rekombinantes Hlp Protein war befähigt, sowohl an seinen eigenen, als auch an den hns Promotor zu binden, was zu negativer Auto- und Kreuzregulation führte. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass Hlp und H-NS direkt miteinander interagieren, was zu stabilen Heteromeren führte. Komplementierungsstudien in hns Mutanten einiger K-12 Stämme ergaben, dass das Hlp Protein über in vivo Aktivität verfügt, was es befähigte, die Abwesenheit von H-NS bei zahlreichen Phänotypen wie z.B. Motilität, Wachstum, und Repression der proU, bgl und clyA Gene zu komplementieren. Die Rolle der Histon-ähnlichen Proteine bei der Expression von Virulenz-assoziierten Genen wurde mittels DNA Array Technologie, sowie klassischen phänotypischen Tests analysiert. Dabei wurden die meisten der beobachteten Effekte einzig durch das H-NS Protein bedingt. Die Expressionsstudien ergaben, dass über 500 Gene von einer hns Mutation beeinflusst wurden, was eine verstärkte Expression des alpha-Hämolysins, mehrerer Fimbrien und Eisenaufnahmesysteme sowie von Genen, die in Stress-Antworten involviert sind, bedingte. Des Weiteren konnten zahlreiche putative Virulenzfaktoren dem H-NS-Regulon zugeordnet werden. Andererseits konnten keine Effekt durch StpA beobachtet werden. Eine hns stpA Doppelmutante wies jedoch ein eindeutiges Expressionsmuster auf, das in großen Teilen von dem der hns Einzelmutante abwich. Dies legt nahe, dass beide Proteine direkt miteinander interagieren, was das Auftreten von unterschiedlichen Regulons zur Folge hat, die entweder durch H-NS oder einem heteromeren H-NS/StpA Komplex beeinflusst werden. Obwohl das H-NS Protein – entweder als Homomer oder als Komplex mit StpA – einen sehr starken Einfluss auf die Genexpression pathogener E. coli Stämme nimmt, bleiben dessen Effekte auf die tatsächliche Virulenz im Urogenitaltrakt unklar. In einem experimentellen Mausmodell der aufsteigenden Harnwegsinfektion bewirken hns Mutanten, in hoher Dosis verabreicht, eine rasch eintretende Lethalität, was vermutlich der verstärkten Produktion von alpha-Hämolysin zuzuschreiben ist. In verringerter Dosis verabreicht, sind diese Mutanten durch ihre langsameren Wachstumsraten jedoch attenuiert, was nur teilweise durch die vestärkte Expression zahlreicher Virulenzfaktoren kompensiert werden kann. Wie schon bei StpA beobachtet, besitzt eine hlp Mutante keinen offensichtlichen Phänotyp, zumindest unter Standard-Wachstumsbedingungen. Jedoch macht sich in hns hlp Doppelmutanten ein starker Wachstumsdefekt bei erniedrigten Temperaturen bemerkbar, was eine biologische Relevanz von H-NS/Hlp Heteromeren unter bestimmten Bedingungen nahe legt. Des Weiteren exprimierten diese Mutanten erhöhte Mengen an Kapsel-Polysacchariden und Curli-Adhesin, was als Indiz für eine besondere Rolle für H NS und Hlp bei der Regulation dieser Oberflächenstrukturen dienen kann. Zudem hatten beide H-NS-Paraloge Hlp und StpA einen modulierenden Effekt bei der H-NS-vermittelten Regulation weiterer Fimbrien-Adhesine und waren in gegenläufigen Maßen für normales Wachstum bei erhöhten bzw. erniedrigten Temperaturen notwendig. Zuletzt variierte das Expressionsniveau der drei Histon-ähnlichen Proteine H-NS, StpA und Hlp bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen, was auf eine flexible Zusammensetzung verfügbarer Nucleoid-assoziierter Proteine hindeutet. Dies alles impliziert, dass die biologische Relevanz von Hlp, und StpA gleichermaßen, nicht auf gesonderten Funktionen des einzelnen Proteins beruht, sondern vielmehr auf deren Interaktionen mit dem globalen Regulatorprotein H-NS.

My thesis, written in an alternative format, consists of three manuscripts. The first one is published in Journal of Cell Science and is entitled "GAS2-like proteins mediate communication between microtubules and actin through interaction with end-binding (EB) proteins." This article describes the mechanisms of how members of the GAS2 family of proteins mediate the crosstalk between actin and microtubules (MTs). We show that in particular GAS2-like 1 (G2L1) and GAS2-like 2 (G2L2) coordinate this cross-communication, as their exogenous expression leads to the stabilisation of MTs and guidance along actin stress fibres. We found that the association of GAS2-like members with MTs is mediated through their binding to EB proteins. The second article is a follow up story of the first article, in which we further elucidate the role of GAS2-like proteins during cell division. We show that G2L1 localises to the mitotic spindle and cleavage furrow during cell division. G2L1 knockdown leads to reduced cell division rates, multinucleation and nuclear deformation. As for MT guidance along actin filaments, we demonstrate that the binding of G2L1 to EB proteins plays an important role in cell division. Although overexpression of G2L1 had no effect, the expression of a mutant that blocks the association with EB proteins phenocopies the knockdown effect of G2L1 on cell division. Actin and MTs undergo major reorganisation during cell division. This reorganisation involves the fast remodelling of focal adhesions (FAs) but the mechanisms of this remodelling were not clear. In the third paper we demonstrate that the majority of FAs disassemble shortly before cell division and reassemble in newly formed daughter cells during cytokinesis. Interestingly, our data suggest that the regulation of FA disassembly during cell division differs from the disassembly processes during cell migration. While in migrating cells FAs can be stabilised by the expression of constitutively active vinculin (vinT12, known to circumvent the requirement forces for FA stability), this was not case for FAs during cell division. Further experiments using inhibitors suggested that calpain-driven cleavage of FA components but not endocytosis play a key role in FA disassembly during cell division. Altogether, the three manuscripts provide insight into important molecular aspects involved in the regulation of cell cytoskeletal networks and cell adhesion during cell division.

The ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are small polypeptides that function as post-translational modifications. Modification of a protein with a Ubl can alter its localization, activity and/or half-life. SUMO and Rub1p/Nedd8 are two Ubls that play important roles in a number of critical cellular processes, yet their specific cellular functions remain poorly understood. To better understand these important Ubls, we developed a robust affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) technique to generate protein-protein interaction maps for the Ubl systems. Each bait was systematically expressed as a C-terminal HA-tagged fusion protein in S. cerevisiae. A standardized method in which affinity purification via the HA epitope, followed by mild washing and mass spectrometric analysis, was performed and the data generated were used to build interaction maps. Affinity purification of the Rub1p E3 ligase Dcn1p identified a novel interaction with the AAA ATPase Cdc48p. This interaction was further studied to determine its biological significance.

The ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are small polypeptides that function as post-translational modifications. Modification of a protein with a Ubl can alter its localization, activity and/or half-life. SUMO and Rub1p/Nedd8 are two Ubls that play important roles in a number of critical cellular processes, yet their specific cellular functions remain poorly understood. To better understand these important Ubls, we developed a robust affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) technique to generate protein-protein interaction maps for the Ubl systems. Each bait was systematically expressed as a C-terminal HA-tagged fusion protein in S. cerevisiae. A standardized method in which affinity purification via the HA epitope, followed by mild washing and mass spectrometric analysis, was performed and the data generated were used to build interaction maps. Affinity purification of the Rub1p E3 ligase Dcn1p identified a novel interaction with the AAA ATPase Cdc48p. This interaction was further studied to determine its biological significance.

Iron is one of the most important micronutrients used by living organisms. Iron is frequently a limiting nutrient for plant growth, and plants are a major source of iron for human nutrition. The most prominent symptom of iron deficiency in plants is interveinal chlorosis, or yellowing between the veins, which appears first in the youngest leaves. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the number one human nutritional deficiency worldwide. In order to solve the problem of iron deficiency, it is desirable to breed plants that have increased iron in those parts that are consumed by humans. To do this, we must first understand the molecular basis of Fe uptake, transport, and storage in plants. In soil, iron is quickly oxidized to Fe(III), and Fe(III) is relatively insoluble, thus difficult for plants to obtain. Our lab has been working on metal ion homeostasis mechanisms in plants and the ultimate goal of our research is to understand the mechanisms by which plants maintain the correct levels of iron, zinc and copper in each cell and tissue. The Yellow Stripe-like (YSL) family of proteins has been identified based on sequence similarity to maize Yellow stripe 1 (YS1). YS1 transports Fe(III) that is complexed by phytosiderophores (PS), strong Fe(III) chelators of the mugineic acid family of compounds. Non-grass species of plants neither make nor use PS, yet YSL family members are found in non-grass species including Arabidopsis thaliana. YSLs in non-grasses have been hypothesized to transport metals that are complexed by nicotianamine (NA), an iron chelator that is structurally similar to PS and which is found in all higher plants. In this dissertation, Arabidopsis YSL1 and YSL3 are demonstrated to be important in iron transport and also responsible for loading Fe, Cu, and Zn from leaves into seeds. Arabidopsis YSL4 and YSL6 are demonstrated to be involved in iron transport and metal mobilization into seeds. The transport function of Arabidopsis YSL1 and YSL2 are shown be partially overlapping to the function of Arabidopsis YSL3 in vegetative structures, but distinct in reproductive organs. Arabidopsis YSL3 and YSL6 are shown to have distinct functions in planta.

Durant ma thèse, nous avons identifier PlpA comme une cytotoxine conservée dans des isolats cliniques d'origines diverses, contrairement à son homologue, le facteur de virulence ExoU de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Un rôle dans la cytotoxicité envers des cellules phagocytaires de l'immunité innée a été attribué à PlpA, et celui-ci dépend de l'intégrité de la dyade catalytique Ser/Asp, caractéristique des protéines de la famille des patatines. Un interactome réalisé in vivo dans des cellules hôtes nous a permis d'identifier des transporteurs de la mitochondrie comme partenaires de PlpA. L'interaction de PlpA avec ses partenaires mitochondriaux, aurait de manière inattendue un effet anti-apoptotique sur les macrophages, mais conduit cependant, à la mort de ceux-ci vraisemblablement par un phénomène de nécrose induite.PlpD a précédemment été caractérisée par Salacha et ses collaborateurs comme étant l'archétype du Système de Sécrétion de Type Vd (2010). Bien que le mécanisme précis de sécrétion de cette protéine reste à ce jour mal connu, nos travaux ont permis de lui attribuer un rôle dans la compétition bactérienne, conférant ainsi un avantage compétitif aux souches qui la possède. D'ailleurs, l'analyse phylogénétique de PlpD (Salacha et al., 2010 ; Heinz & Lithgow 2014) révèle la conservation de cette protéine au sein de nombreuses espèces vivants dans un environnement hostile, suggérant ainsi la nécessité de cette protéine dans l'implantation et la conservation de niches écologiques, que se soit dans l'environnement ou au cours d'infections polymicrobiennes chez un organisme hôte. / During my PhD, in the PAO1 strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we identified PlpA as a cytotoxin conserved in clinical isolates of various origins, contrary to its virulence factor ExoU homologues. A cytotoxic role of PlpA has been highlighted against phagocytic cells, and showed to depend on the integrity of its Ser/Asp catalytic dyad. An in vivo interactome allowed us to identify mitochondrial transporters as partners of PlpA. Interestingly, PlpA interaction with these partners has an anti-apoptotic effect on macrophages but ultimely allows macrophages death probably by a necroptosis phenomenon. PlpD was previously described by Salacha and collaborators as the SST5d archetype (Salacha et al., 2010). While its exact secretion mechanism remains poorly understood, our work allowed showing that it played a role in bacterial competition. PlpD phylogenetic analysis (Salacha et al., 2010 ; Heinz & Lithgow 2014) revealed its conservation in many species living in hostile environments, suggesting its necessity in the implantation and conservation of ecological niches in the environment or during polymicrobial infections into host organism.

Dental enamel is an excellent example of a highly mineralised tissue, composed of hierarchically organised apatite mineral. This unique organisation gives enamel superior mechanical properties. However, when mature, enamel becomes acellular and unable to repair itself during traumatic or carious damage. The lack of self-repair requires dental intervention, where the common treatment of decayed enamel is to remove the affected and healthy tissue, and replace with restorative materials. The restorative materials, currently used, can cause further complications in the form of secondary caries or failure due to thermal and mechanical property mismatch with enamel. Problems associated with current restorative materials have driven researchers to explore biomimetic enamel treatment routes. To mimic the natural enamel formation, we can explore how proteins can guide mineral growth, in order to form enamel-like ordered mineral structures. In this thesis, the use of a synthetic, recombinant protein called an elastin-like protein (ELP) containing the analogue of the N-terminal of statherin (STNA15) was under investigation. Statherin is a protein present in saliva that is said to aid in the remineralisation of enamel. ELP with STNA15 (STNA15-ELP) has already shown promise in biomimetic mineralisation. This thesis investigated how conformation and structure of STNA15-ELP can be affected and manipulated by different chemical environments, surface constraint and crosslinking. The STNA15-ELP characteristics were related to formation of fluorapatite. STNA15-ELP conformation changed due to presence if salts in solution and whether or not it was constrained. We linked the conformational changes within STNA15-ELP, in solution versus on the surface, to two different routes of mineral formation. FAp formed in an uncontrolled manner with free STNA15-ELP. Ordered FAp formed via a precursor when STNA15-ELP was constrained on a surface. This work leads to an understanding of biomimetic mineralisation using STNA15-ELP. This information can aid in the design of novel biomimetic, enamel-like therapeutics.