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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Métodos de estimação de parâmetros em modelos geoestatísticos com diferentes estruturas de covariâncias: uma aplicação ao teor de cálcio no solo. / Parameter estimation methods in geostatistic models with different covariance structures: an application to the calcium content in the soil.

Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira 17 March 2003 (has links)
A compreensão da dependência espacial das propriedades do solo vem sendo cada vez mais requerida por pesquisadores que objetivam melhorar a interpretação dos resultados de experimentos de campo fornecendo, assim, subsídios para novas pesquisas a custos reduzidos. Em geral, variáveis como, por exemplo, o teor de cálcio no solo, estudado neste trabalho, apresentam grande variabilidade impossibilitando, na maioria das vezes, a detecção de reais diferenças estatísticas entre os efeitos de tratamentos. A consideração de amostras georreferenciadas é uma abordagem importante na análise de dados desta natureza, uma vez que amostras mais próximas são mais similares do que as mais distantes e, assim, cada realização desta variável contém informação de sua vizinhança. Neste trabalho, métodos geoestatísticos que baseiam-se na modelagem da dependência espacial, nas pressuposições Gaussianas e nos estimadores de máxima verossimilhança são utilizados para analisar e interpretar a variabilidade do teor de cálcio no solo, resultado de um experimento realizado na Fazenda Angra localizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A área experimental foi dividida em três regiões em função dos diferentes períodos de adubação realizadas. Neste estudo foram utilizados dados do teor de cálcio obtidos das camadas 0-20cm e 20-40cm do solo, de acordo com as coordenadas norte e leste. Modelos lineares mistos, apropriados para estudar dados com esta característica, e que permitem a utilização de diferentes estruturas de covariâncias e a incorporação da região e tendência linear das coordenadas foram usados. As estruturas de covariâncias utilizadas foram: a exponencial e a Matérn. Para estimar e avaliar a variabilidade dos parâmetros utilizaram-se os métodos de máxima verossimilhança, máxima verossimilhança restrita e o perfil de verossimilhança. A identificação da dependência e a predição foram realizadas por meio de variogramas e mapas de krigagem. Além disso, a seleção do modelo adequado foi feita pelo critério de informação de Akaike e o teste da razão de verossimilhanças. Observou-se, quando utilizado o método de máxima verossimilhança, o melhor modelo foi aquele com a covariável região e, com o método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, o modelo com a covariável região e tendência linear nas coordenadas (modelo 2). Com o teor de cálcio, na camada 0-20cm e considerando-se a estrutura de covariância exponencial foram obtidas as menores variâncias nugget e a maior variância espacial (sill – nugget). Com o método de máxima verossimilhança e com o modelo 2 foram observadas variâncias de predição mais precisas. Por meio do perfil de verossimilhança pode-se observar menor variabilidade dos parâmetros dos variogramas ajustados com o modelo 2. Utilizando-se vários modelos e estruturas de covariâncias, deve-se ser criterioso, pois a precisão das estimativas, depende do tamanho da amostra e da especificação do modelo para a média. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados, com a subrotina geoR desenvolvida por Ribeiro Junior & Diggle (2000), e por meio dela pode-se obter estimativas confiáveis para os parâmetros dos diferentes modelos estimados. / The understanding of the spatial dependence of the properties of the soil becomes more and more required by researchers that attempt to improve the interpretation of the results of field experiments supplying subsidies for new researches at reduced costs. In general, variables as, for example, the calcium content in the soil, studied in this work, present great variability disabling, most of the time, the detection of real statistical differences among the treatment effects. The consideration of georeferenced samples is an important approach in the analysis of data of this nature, because closer samples are more similar than the most distant ones and, thus, each realization of this variable contains information of its neighborhood. In this work, geostatistics methods that are based on the modeling of the spatial dependence, under the Gaussian assumptions and the maximum likelihood estimators, are used to analyze and to interpret the variability of calcium content in the soil, obtained from an experiment carried on at Fazenda Angra, located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The experimental area was divided in three areas depending on the different periods of fertilization. In this study, data of the calcium soil content from the layers 0-20cm and 20-40cm, were used, according to the north and east coordinates. Mixed linear models, ideal to study data with this characteristic, and that allow the use of different covariance structures, and the incorporation of the region and linear tendency of the coordinates, were used. The covariance structures were: the exponential and the Matérn. Maximum likelihood, maximum restricted likelihood and the profile of likelihood methods were used to estimate and to evaluate the variability of the parameters. The identification of the dependence and the prediction were realized using variograms and krigging maps. Besides, the selection of the appropriate model was made through the Akaike information criterion and the likelihood ratio test. It was observed that when maximum likelihood method was used the most appropriate model was that with the region covariate and, with the maximum restricted likelihood method, the best model was the one with the region covariate and linear tendency in the coordinates (model 2). With the calcium content, in the layer 0-20cm and considering the exponential covariance structure, the smallest nugget variances and the largest spatial variance (sill - nugget) were obtained. With the maximum likelihood method and with the model 2 more precise prediction variances were observed. Through the profile of likelihood method, smaller variability of the adjusted variogram parameters can be observed with the model 2. With several models and covariance structures being used, one should be very critical, because the precision of the estimates depends on the size of the sample and on the specification of the model for the average. The obtained results were analyzed, with the subroutine geoR developed by Ribeiro Junior & Diggle (2000), and through this subroutine, reliable estimates for the parameters of the different estimated models can be obtained.
32

Makroekonometrický model měnové politiky / Macroeconometric Model of Monetary Policy

Čížek, Ondřej January 2010 (has links)
First of all, general principals of contemporary macroeconometric models are described in this dissertation together with a brief sketch of alternative approaches. Consequently, the macroeconomic model of a monetary policy is formulated in order to describe fundamental relationships between real and nominal economy. The model originated from a linear one by making some of the parameters endogenous. Despite this nonlinearity, I expressed my model in a state space form with time-varying coefficients, which can be solved by a standard Kalman filter. Using outcomes of this algorithm, likelihood function was then calculated and maximized in order to obtain estimates of the parameters. The theory of identifiability of a parametric structure is also described. Finally, the presented theory is applied on the formulated model of the euro area. In this model, the European Central Bank was assumed to behave according to the Taylor rule. The econometric estimation, however, showed that this common assumption in macroeconomic modeling is not adequate in this case. The results from econometric estimation and analysis of identifiability also indicated that the interest rate policy of the European Central Bank has only a very limited effect on real economic activity of the European Union. Both results are influential, as monetary policy in the last two decades has been modeled as interest rate policy with the Taylor rule in most macroeconometric models.
33

混合線性模型推測問題之研究

洪可音 Unknown Date (has links)
當線性模型中包含隨機效果項時,若將之視為固定效果或直接忽略,往往會造成嚴重的推測偏差,故應以混合線性模型為架構。若模式中只包含一個隨機效果項,則模式中有兩個變異數成份,若包含 個隨機效果項,則模式中有 個變異數成份。本論文主要在介紹至少兩個變異數成份時固定效果及隨機效果線性組合的最佳線性不偏推測量(BLUP),及其推測區間之推導與建立。然而BLUP實為變異數比率的函數,若變異數比率未知,而以最大概似法(Maximum Likelihood Method)或殘差最大概似法(Residual Maximum Likelihood Method)估計出變異數比率,再代入BLUP中,則得到的是經驗最佳線性不偏推測量(EBLUP)。至於推測區間則與EBLUP的均方誤有關,本論文先介紹如何求算其漸近不偏估計量,再介紹EBLUP之推測誤差除以 後,其自由度的估算方法,據以建構推測區間。 / When random effects are contained in the model, if they are treated as fixed effects or ignore, then it may result in serious prediction bias. Instead, mixed linear model is to be considered. If there is one source of random effects, then the model has two variance components, while it has variance components, if the model contains random effects. This study primarily presents the derivation of the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of a linear combination of the fixed and random effects, and then the conduction of the prediction interval when the model contains at least two variance components. However, BLUP is a function of variance ratios. If the variance ratios are unknown, we can replace them by their maximum likelihood estimates or residual maximum likelihood estimates, then we can get empirical best linear unbiased predictor (EBLUP). Because prediction interval is relating to the mean squared error (MSE) of EBLUP, so the study first introduces how to get its approximate unbiased estimator, m<sub>a</sub> , then introduces how to evaluate the degrees of freedom of the ratio of the prediction error for the EBLUP and m<sub>a</sub> <sup>1/2</sup> , in order to use both of them to establish the prediction interval.
34

含遺失值之列聯表最大概似估計量及模式的探討 / Maximum Likelihood Estimation in Contingency Tables with Missing Data

黃珮菁, Huang, Pei-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
在處理具遺失值之類別資料時,傳統的方法是將資料捨棄,但是這通常不是明智之舉,這些遺失某些分類訊息的資料通常還是可以提供其它重要的訊息,尤其當這類型資料的個數佔大多數時,將其捨棄可能使得估計的變異數增加,甚至影響最後的決策。如何將這些遺失某些訊息的資料納入考慮,作出完整的分析是最近幾十年間頗為重要的課題。本文主要整理了五種分析這類型資料的方法,分別為單樣本方法、多樣本方法、概似方程式因式分解法、EM演算法,以上四種方法可使用在資料遺失呈隨機分佈的條件成立下來進行分析。第五種則為樣本遺失不呈隨機分佈之分析方法。 / Traditionally, the simple way to deal with observations for which some of the variables are missing so that they cannot cross-classified into a contingency table simply excludes them from any analysis. However, it is generally agreed that such a practice would usually affect both the accuracy and the precision of the results. The purpose of the study is to bring together some of the sound alternatives available in the literature, and provide a comprehensive review. Four methods for handling data missing at random are discussed, they are single-sample method, multiple-sample method, factorization of the likelihood method, and EM algorithm. In addition, one way of handling data missing not at random is also reviewed.
35

Essays on multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders methods

MARCHANT FUENTES, Carolina Ivonne 31 October 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-26T17:07:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carolina Marchant.pdf: 5792192 bytes, checksum: adbd82c79b286d2fe2470b7955e6a9ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T17:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Carolina Marchant.pdf: 5792192 bytes, checksum: adbd82c79b286d2fe2470b7955e6a9ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / CAPES; BOLSA DO CHILE. / In the last decades, univariate Birnbaum-Saunders models have received considerable attention in the literature. These models have been widely studied and applied to fatigue, but they have also been applied to other areas of the knowledge. In such areas, it is often necessary to model several variables simultaneously. If these variables are correlated, individual analyses for each variable can lead to erroneous results. Multivariate regression models are a useful tool of the multivariate analysis, which takes into account the correlation between variables. In addition, diagnostic analysis is an important aspect to be considered in the statistical modeling. Furthermore, multivariate quality control charts are powerful and simple visual tools to determine whether a multivariate process is in control or out of control. A multivariate control chart shows how several variables jointly affect a process. First, we propose, derive and characterize multivariate generalized logarithmic Birnbaum-Saunders distributions. Also, we propose new multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders regression models. We use the method of maximum likelihood estimation to estimate their parameters through the expectation-maximization algorithm. We carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the corresponding estimators based on the Monte Carlo method. We validate the proposed models with a regression analysis of real-world multivariate fatigue data. Second, we conduct a diagnostic analysis for multivariate generalized Birnbaum-Saunders regression models. We consider the Mahalanobis distance as a global influence measure to detect multivariate outliers and use it for evaluating the adequacy of the distributional assumption. Moreover, we consider the local influence method and study how a perturbation may impact on the estimation of model parameters. We implement the obtained results in the R software, which are illustrated with real-world multivariate biomaterials data. Third and finally, we develop a robust methodology based on multivariate quality control charts for generalized Birnbaum-Saunders distributions with the Hotelling statistic. We use the parametric bootstrap method to obtain the distribution of this statistic. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to evaluate the proposed methodology, which reports its performance to provide earlier alerts of out-of-control conditions. An illustration with air quality real-world data of Santiago-Chile is provided. This illustration shows that the proposed methodology can be useful for alerting episodes of extreme air pollution. / Nas últimas décadas, o modelo Birnbaum-Saunders univariado recebeu considerável atenção na literatura. Esse modelo tem sido amplamente estudado e aplicado inicialmente à modelagem de fadiga de materiais. Com o passar dos anos surgiram trabalhos com aplicações em outras áreas do conhecimento. Em muitas das aplicações é necessário modelar diversas variáveis simultaneamente incorporando a correlação entre elas. Os modelos de regressão multivariados são uma ferramenta útil de análise multivariada, que leva em conta a correlação entre as variáveis de resposta. A análise de diagnóstico é um aspecto importante a ser considerado no modelo estatístico e verifica as suposições adotadas como também sua sensibilidade. Além disso, os gráficos de controle de qualidade multivariados são ferramentas visuais eficientes e simples para determinar se um processo multivariado está ou não fora de controle. Este gráfico mostra como diversas variáveis afetam conjuntamente um processo. Primeiro, propomos, derivamos e caracterizamos as distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders generalizadas logarítmicas multivariadas. Em seguida, propomos um modelo de regressão Birnbaum-Saunders generalizado multivariado. Métodos para estimação dos parâmetros do modelo, tal como o método de máxima verossimilhança baseado no algoritmo EM, foram desenvolvidos. Estudos de simulação de Monte Carlo foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho dos estimadores propostos. Segundo, realizamos uma análise de diagnóstico para modelos de regressão Birnbaum-Saunders generalizados multivariados. Consideramos a distância de Mahalanobis como medida de influência global de detecção de outliers multivariados utilizando-a para avaliar a adequacidade do modelo. Além disso, desenvolvemos medidas de diagnósticos baseadas em influência local sob alguns esquemas de perturbações. Implementamos a metodologia apresentada no software R, e ilustramos com dados reais multivariados de biomateriais. Terceiro, e finalmente, desenvolvemos uma metodologia robusta baseada em gráficos de controle de qualidade multivariados para a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders generalizada usando a estatística de Hotelling. Baseado no método bootstrap paramétrico encontramos aproximações da distribuição desta estatística e obtivemos limites de controle para o gráfico proposto. Realizamos um estudo de simulação de Monte Carlo para avaliar a metodologia proposta indicando seu bom desempenho para fornecer alertas precoces de processos fora de controle. Uma ilustração com dados reais de qualidade do ar de Santiago-Chile é fornecida. Essa ilustração mostra que a metodologia proposta pode ser útil para alertar sobre episódios de poluição extrema do ar, evitando efeitos adversos na saúde humana.

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