In my dissertation I analyse the issue of the transfer of a share in a limited liability company which is one of the most common legal dispositions with the share. The work is based on the new legal regulation of private law which will come into effect on 1 January 2014 but at the same time it compares the existing and new legislation. Besides the applicable law, the work examines the legal literature, periodicals, as well as the case law of the Czech courts. The main contribution of this work is to provide a possible future interpretation of some institutes associated with the transfer of a share as well as to point out the changes that the new legislation will bring. The work is divided into five chapters whereas each of the chapters focuses on the specific issue of the share transfer. The first chapter defines the share in a limited liability company and introduces it as an eligible subject-matter of the legal relations. The second chapter deals with the various modes of the transfer of a share and certain preconditions of the transfer of a share such as the consents with the transfer and the necessary respect of the duty of loyal behaviour of the company's members. The subject of the third chapter represent the chosen institutes related to the transfer of a share, namely the acquirer's...

In my diploma theses I am comparing legal regulations of limited liability company in Czech and Spanish law. The comparison of characteristic features takes place in four different areas: basic provision, constitution of the company, company organs and dissolution of a company. In the last section I describe specil form of Limited Liability Company called Nueva Empresa.

This diploma thesis aims to compare the enactments of German GmbH and Czech s.r.o. (i.e. limited liability companies or private companies limited by shares). The introduction describes the historical evolution till today and defines the main differences in the Czech and German legal interpretations of the place of business, statutory body, registered capital, company shares, etc. Furthermore accounting principles and essential requirements of financial statements are discussed. The reader can find mandatory forms of financial balance sheets and profit and loss reports according to the German Commercial Law and the Czech ministerial regulation No. 500/2002 in the thesis appendix. The last part mentions basic tax liabilities of GmbH and s.r.o.

A normatização da contabilidade no Brasil tem origem não só na Lei nº 6.404/76, que define as regras contábeis para as Sociedades por Ações, mas também na legislação fiscal, por meio do Regulamento do Imposto de Renda, pelas Instruções, Deliberações, Ofícios Circulares e outros documentos da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM, pelas Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade emitidas pelo Conselho Federal de Contabilidade e, até mesmo, pelo Novo Código Civil. Além desse conjunto de órgãos normatizadores, existem ainda as regras ditadas por agências federais reguladoras como a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) e a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), por exemplo, não se esquecendo do Banco Central do Brasil, que tem poderes para definir regras para as instituições financeiras. Mais recentemente foi criado o Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC), com o objetivo de centralizar a emissão de Pronunciamentos na área contábil que poderão ser adotados pelos diversos órgãos normatizadores. E, finalmente, em dezembro de 2007, a Lei nº 11.638 alterou substancialmente a Lei nº 6.404/76 em suas disposições de natureza contábil. Nesse cenário de tantos órgãos normatizadores, os diversos Pronunciamentos e Normas produzidos não são iguais entre si quando tratam de um mesmo assunto e, em muitos casos, divergentes em alguns pontos. Além disso, é de se esperar que as práticas contábeis hoje não sejam as mesmas existentes nos anos 70. Este trabalho analisa as alterações julgadas mais importantes ocorridas em um período de aproximadamente trinta anos, isto é, de 1978, quando a Lei das Sociedades por Ações entrou em vigor, a 2008, quando a Lei das Sociedades por Ações foi reformulada em alguns de seus artigos que tratam dos aspectos contábeis. Foi constatado que as alterações ocorridas nas práticas contábeis no decorrer dos anos buscam atender à demanda do mercado, principalmente a exigência de maior confiabilidade e qualidade das informações contábeis publicadas pelas empresas. Podem ser destacados como exemplos a correção monetária integral na década de 80 e primeira metade da década de 90 e a primazia da essência econômica em detrimento de sua forma jurídica no processo de avaliação, entre outros. É importante ressaltar, ainda, a influência norte-americana na Lei nº 6.404/76 e nas normas emitidas pela CVM desde aquele período até a década de 90. Nos últimos anos, a CVM tem a clara preocupação com a convergência das práticas contábeis brasileiras às internacionais emitidas pelo International Accounting Standards Board IASB. / The standardization of accounting in Brazil has its origin not only based on the Law nº 6.404/76, which defines the accounting rules for the Limited Liability Corporation Law, but also on the fiscal law according to the Income Tax Regulation; in addition it is ruled by the Instructions, Rules and other documents complying with the Securities Commission (CVM), by Brazilian Accounting Standard issued by Federal Accounting Council, and also by the Civil Code. Besides these ruling agencies, there are the rules issued by Regulating Agencies such as National Agency for Telecommunications (ANATEL) and National Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL), as well as the Brazilian Central Bank which establishes rules for financial entities. Recently the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC) was founded for establishing the accounting pronouncements in Brazil, which may be adopted by several ruling agencies. And, finally, in December 2007, the Law nº 11.638 came to change substantially the Law nº 6.404/76 regarding its accounting subjects. Due to this scenario of such a large number of regulating agencies, there are different pronouncements and rules concerning the same issue and, in many cases, divergent in some aspects. Furthermore, the accounting practices nowadays are naturally different from those of the 70´s. This work analyses the main considered changes that have occurred in the last thirty years, in other words, from 1978 when the Limited Liability Corporation Law started, up to 2008, when the Limited Liability Corporation Law was reformulated concerning those articles regarding the accounting aspects. The changes occurred in the accounting practices along the years aim at responding to the market demand, mostly the great need of reliability as well as the quality of the accounting information disclosed by the companies. We can mention as examples the methodology of the Integral Correction in the 80´s and in the early 90´s, besides, the consideration of the economic essence rather than its juridical aspects in the valuation process, among others. It is important to cite, yet, the North American influence concerning the issue of the Law nº 6.404/76 as well as the Rules issued by CVM since then, up to the 90´s. In the recent years CVM is absolutely worried about the convergence between the Brazilian accounting practices and the international accounting practices issued by International Accounting Standards Board - IASB.

A normatização da contabilidade no Brasil tem origem não só na Lei nº 6.404/76, que define as regras contábeis para as Sociedades por Ações, mas também na legislação fiscal, por meio do Regulamento do Imposto de Renda, pelas Instruções, Deliberações, Ofícios Circulares e outros documentos da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM, pelas Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade emitidas pelo Conselho Federal de Contabilidade e, até mesmo, pelo Novo Código Civil. Além desse conjunto de órgãos normatizadores, existem ainda as regras ditadas por agências federais reguladoras como a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) e a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), por exemplo, não se esquecendo do Banco Central do Brasil, que tem poderes para definir regras para as instituições financeiras. Mais recentemente foi criado o Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC), com o objetivo de centralizar a emissão de Pronunciamentos na área contábil que poderão ser adotados pelos diversos órgãos normatizadores. E, finalmente, em dezembro de 2007, a Lei nº 11.638 alterou substancialmente a Lei nº 6.404/76 em suas disposições de natureza contábil. Nesse cenário de tantos órgãos normatizadores, os diversos Pronunciamentos e Normas produzidos não são iguais entre si quando tratam de um mesmo assunto e, em muitos casos, divergentes em alguns pontos. Além disso, é de se esperar que as práticas contábeis hoje não sejam as mesmas existentes nos anos 70. Este trabalho analisa as alterações julgadas mais importantes ocorridas em um período de aproximadamente trinta anos, isto é, de 1978, quando a Lei das Sociedades por Ações entrou em vigor, a 2008, quando a Lei das Sociedades por Ações foi reformulada em alguns de seus artigos que tratam dos aspectos contábeis. Foi constatado que as alterações ocorridas nas práticas contábeis no decorrer dos anos buscam atender à demanda do mercado, principalmente a exigência de maior confiabilidade e qualidade das informações contábeis publicadas pelas empresas. Podem ser destacados como exemplos a correção monetária integral na década de 80 e primeira metade da década de 90 e a primazia da essência econômica em detrimento de sua forma jurídica no processo de avaliação, entre outros. É importante ressaltar, ainda, a influência norte-americana na Lei nº 6.404/76 e nas normas emitidas pela CVM desde aquele período até a década de 90. Nos últimos anos, a CVM tem a clara preocupação com a convergência das práticas contábeis brasileiras às internacionais emitidas pelo International Accounting Standards Board IASB. / The standardization of accounting in Brazil has its origin not only based on the Law nº 6.404/76, which defines the accounting rules for the Limited Liability Corporation Law, but also on the fiscal law according to the Income Tax Regulation; in addition it is ruled by the Instructions, Rules and other documents complying with the Securities Commission (CVM), by Brazilian Accounting Standard issued by Federal Accounting Council, and also by the Civil Code. Besides these ruling agencies, there are the rules issued by Regulating Agencies such as National Agency for Telecommunications (ANATEL) and National Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL), as well as the Brazilian Central Bank which establishes rules for financial entities. Recently the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC) was founded for establishing the accounting pronouncements in Brazil, which may be adopted by several ruling agencies. And, finally, in December 2007, the Law nº 11.638 came to change substantially the Law nº 6.404/76 regarding its accounting subjects. Due to this scenario of such a large number of regulating agencies, there are different pronouncements and rules concerning the same issue and, in many cases, divergent in some aspects. Furthermore, the accounting practices nowadays are naturally different from those of the 70´s. This work analyses the main considered changes that have occurred in the last thirty years, in other words, from 1978 when the Limited Liability Corporation Law started, up to 2008, when the Limited Liability Corporation Law was reformulated concerning those articles regarding the accounting aspects. The changes occurred in the accounting practices along the years aim at responding to the market demand, mostly the great need of reliability as well as the quality of the accounting information disclosed by the companies. We can mention as examples the methodology of the Integral Correction in the 80´s and in the early 90´s, besides, the consideration of the economic essence rather than its juridical aspects in the valuation process, among others. It is important to cite, yet, the North American influence concerning the issue of the Law nº 6.404/76 as well as the Rules issued by CVM since then, up to the 90´s. In the recent years CVM is absolutely worried about the convergence between the Brazilian accounting practices and the international accounting practices issued by International Accounting Standards Board - IASB.

The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the legal regulation regarding the transfer of the business share in a limited liability company in the Czech Republic. I have chosen this topic because of a lack of its legal regulation on the one hand and controversy and topicality on the other hand. The study analyses relevant law, commentaries, books, articles and case law. Moreover, it also compares the current legal regulation with the new legal regulation represented by the new Civil Code and the Act on Commercial Corporations. The main contribution of this paper is in providing a critical perspective on the current legal regulation and also the comparison with the new one. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of which deals with different issues connected with both the transfer of the business share and the agreement on the transfer of the business share and a comparison with the new regulation. Chapter One is introductory and examines the concept of the business share as a subject-matter of legal relations. Chapter Two is subdivided into nine main parts. Part One focuses on the concept of the transfer of the business share. Part Two analyses its transfer to an existing shareholder or to a third party. Part Three focuses on the duty of loyalty of the shareholder. Part Four is closely...

La tesi è suddivisa in due capitoli, il primo dei quali ha valore introduttivo e si occupa dei diritti particolari nella più ampia analisi del fenomeno della personalizzazione della s.r.l. In particolare, le osservazioni si incentrano sull'analisi del potere dell'autonomia contrattuale nella definizione dell'assetto proprietario (art. 2468, co. 2, c.c.) e dell'organizzazione interna della s.r.l. (art. 2468, co. 3, c.c.). In entrambe le ipotesi è consentito derogare all'organizzazione plutocratica propria del modello legale della società a responsabilità limitata in virtù della quale il potere è in funzione diretta della ricchezza investita al fine di soddisfare la medesima esigenza di modulare i diritti sociali alle concrete ragioni della partecipazione alla società. Il secondo capitolo si articola in tre sezioni, dedicate allo studio della fattispecie "diritto particolare relativo all'amministrazione". Il proposito è quello di riempire di contenuto l'art. 2468, co. 3, c.c., e rispondere al fondamentale quesito, se la previsione ex art. 2468, co. 3, c.c., sia tassativa - e quindi se quelli indicati sono gli unici diritti che possono sfuggire alla regola della uguaglianza e della proporzionalità - ovvero esemplificativa, aprendosi così all'autonomia privata la strada alla libera determinabilità dei diritti sociali salvo limiti imposti dalla legge. Nella prima sezione vengono individuati i limiti negativi della fattispecie. Nel capitolo 2, sez. II, invece, si procede alla ricostruzione della fattispecie, illustrando i motivi in base ai quali si giunge a ritenere che i diritti particolari relativi alla amministrazione sono quelli propriamente connessi alla gestione dell'impresa sociale. Oggetto di approfondimento nella terza ed ultima sezione del secondo capitolo è il profilo organizzativo dei diritti particolari relativi all'amministrazione. / The thesis is subdivided in two chapters, first of which it has introductory value and it is taken care of the particular rights in the analysis of the phenomenon of the personalization of the limited liability company. In particular, the observations centralize on the analysis of the power of the contractual autonomy in the definition of the ownership (art. 2468, co. 2, c.c.) And of the inner organization of limited liability company (art. 2468, co. 3, c.c.). In both the hypotheses, it can be to rule in a way different from law the capital-oriented organization of the legal model of the limited liability partnership - in virtue of which the power is in direct function of the invested wealth - to the aim to satisfy the same requirement of modulating the social rights to the concrete reasons of the participation to the society. The second chapter is subdivided in three sections, dedicated to relativeness of diritto particolare relativo all'amministrazione (particular right relating to the administration). The purpose is to determinate the applying area of art. 2468, co. 3, c.c., and to answer to the fundamental question, if art. 2468, co. 3, c.c. Is peremptory and if those indicated are the only rights which can escape to the rule of the equality and the proportionality or exemplifying and open to the private autonomy in freely creating social rights even farther legal limits. In the first section the negative limits of legal case are defined. In chapter 2, sez. II, instead, it is reconstructed the legal hypothesis, illustrating the reasons on which it is suggested to think that the diritti particolari relativi all'amministrazione are those properly connected to the management of the social business. Object of deepening in the third and last section of the second chapter it is the organizational profile of diritti particolari relativi all'amministrazione .

This thesis aims to investigate the effects of the Swedish minimum capital requirement in relation to the Swedish private limited liability companies. The issue of whether there should be a requirement for minimum share capital has been debated in Sweden and the rest of the European Union. Sweden and other continental European countries have a tradition of providing a minimum share capital requirement in order to provide creditor protection. Countries that administer an Anglo-Saxon tradition such as England and the United States do not express the same belief in the minimum share capital’s function as creditor protection and has therefore abolished these requirements. The European Union’s Second Company Law Directive provides a minimum share capital of EUR 25,000 for companies similar to the Swedish public limited liability company. The companies comparable to the Swedish private limited liability companies is thus regulated under the law of the Member States themselves. In Sweden the frequently used arguments for abolishing the minimum share capital requirement are the rule’s dysfunction as creditor protection, the fact that the minimum share capital does not consider the specific capital demand of the company and the potential obstacle effect on entrepreneurship. The author agrees with these arguments but emphasises the minimum share capital’s function as an “entrance fee” to the private limited liability company form as an argument why the requirement should maintain in Swedish company law. The rules in ABL regarding protection of restricted equity could be replaced by a solvency-sufficiency test similar to the provision in § 6.40 MBCA. The minimum share capital’s obstacle effect on entrepreneurship could be reduced by introducing a beneficial loan with low interest rate provided by the state or the municipalities.

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