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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Análise de materiais biológicos usando o coeficiente de atenuação linear / Biological Material Analisis using linear attenuation coefficients

Soares, Leonardo Diniz Hipolito 27 October 2015 (has links)
O conhecimento do coeficiente de atenuação linear (µ) é de extrema importância para estudos de contraste em imagens de radiodiagnóstico, dose e caracterização de materiais. Parâmetros como a densidade eletrônica (?e), o número atômico médio (Z¯), entre outros, podem ser determinados a partir do coeficiente de atenuação linear em diferentes energias. A proposta deste trabalho é determinar experimentalmente coeficientes de atenuação linear de 80 amostras de tecidos mamários (classificadas previamente como tecido adiposo, tecido glandular, fibroadenoma ou carcinomas) e, posteriormente, extrair parâmetros que possibilitem a caracterização e diferenciação desses tecidos. Os coeficientes de atenuação linear foram medidos usando geometria de feixe estreito, no intervalo de energia entre 10 e 50 keV, utilizando um tubo de raios X com anodo de tungstênio (W) e um detector dispersivo em energia de Si (SDD). Dois modelos de parametrizações foram utilizadas para extrair ?e e Z¯. As metodologias de determinação de µ e de parametrização foram validadas utilizando 8 materiais equivalentes a tecido (4 soluções e 4 sólidos). Os resultados obtidos para tecidos mamários foram comparados com predições teóricas, obtidas usando a regra das misturas, e com dados experimentais previamente publicados, apresentando diferenças máximas de até 7%. Foram também estudadas as variações de µ intra- e inter-amostras de um mesmo grupo, obtendo variações máximas de 5% e 12%, respectivamente. Foi mostrado que o coeficiente de atenuação linear consegue distinguir apenas o tecido adiposo dos demais grupos de tecidos para energia menores de 24 keV. Finalmente, foi elaborado um modelo de diagnóstico, baseados nos parâmetros ?e e Z¯. As análises estatísticas mostram que 71% das amostras foram classificadas corretamente. / The knowledge of the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) is of extreme importance for radiodiagnostic image contrast studies, dose and material characterization. Parameters as electronic density (?e), average atomic number (Z¯), among others, can be determined using the linear attenuation coefficient at different energies. The purpose of this work is to experimentally determine the linear attenuation coefficient of 80 mammary tissues samples (classified as adipose tissue, glandular tissue, fibroadenoma or carcinoma) and then extract parameters that allow the characterization and differentiation of those tissues. The linear attenuation coefficients were measured using narrow bean geometry, with an energy interval between 10 and 50 keV, using a x-ray tube with a tungsten (W) anode and a Silicon energy dispersive detector (SDD). Two parameterization models were used to extract ?e and Z¯. The methodologies of determination of µ and parameterizations were validated using 8 tissue equivalent materials (4 solutions and 4 solids). The results obtained for mammary tissues were compared with theoretical predictions, using the mixture rule, and with previously published experimental data, presenting maximum differences of 7%. Intra and between samples variations of the same group were also studied, obtaining maximum variations of 5% and 12%, respectively. The linear attenuation coefficient was able to differentiate only the adipose tissue from others tissues groups, for energies below 24 keV. At last, a diagnostic model was elaborated, based on ?e and Z¯ parameters. The statistical analysis showed that 71% of the samples were correctly classified.
2

Imaging And Radiation Interactions Of Polymer Gel Dosimeters

Trapp, Jamie Vincent January 2003 (has links)
Aim: The past two decades have seen a large body of work dedicated to the development of a three dimensional gel dosimetry system for the recording of radiation dose distributions in radiation therapy. The purpose of much of the work to date has been to improve methods by which the absorbed dose information is extracted. Current techniques include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical tomography, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. This work examines CT imaging as a method of evaluating polymer gel dosimeters. Apart from publications resulting from this work, there has been only two other journal articles to date reporting results of CT gel dosimetry. This indicates that there is still much work required to develop the technique. Therefore, the aim of this document is to develop CT gel dosimetry to the extent that it is of use to clinical and research physicists. Scope: Each chapter in this document describes an aspect of CT gel dosimetry which was examined; with Chapters 2 to 7 containing brief technical backgrounds for each aspect. Chapter 1 contains a brief review of gel dosimetry. The first step in the development of any method for reading a signal is to determine whether the signal can actually be obtained. However, before polymer gel dosimeters can be imaged using a CT scanner, imaging techniques are required which are employable to obtain reliable readings. Chapter 2 examines the various artifacts inherent in CT which interfere with the quantitative analysis of gel dosimeters and a method for their removal is developed. The method for artifact reduction is based on a subtraction technique employed previously in a feasibility study and a system is designed to greatly simplify the process. The simplification of the technique removes the requirement for accurate realignment of the phantom within the scanner and the imaging of calibration vials is enabled. Having established a method by which readings of polymer gel dosimeters can be obtained with CT, Chapter 3 examines the CT dose response. A number of formulations of polymer gel dosimeter are studied by varying the constituent chemicals and their concentrations. The results from this chapter can be employed to determine the concentration of chemicals when manufacturing a polymer gel dosimeter with a desired CT dose response. With the CT dose response characterised in Chapter 3, the macroscopic cause of the CT signal is examined in Chapter 4. To this end direct measurement of the linear attenuation coefficient is obtained with a collimated radiation source and detector. Density is measured by Archimedes' principle. Comparison of the two results shows that the cause of the CT signal is a density change and the implications for polymer gel dosimetry are discussed. The CT scanner is revisited in Chapter 5 to examine the CT imaging techniques required for optimal performance. The main limitation of the use of CT in gel dosimetry to date has been image noise. In Chapter 5 stochastic noise is investigated and reduced. The main source of non-stochastic noise in CT is found and imaging techniques are examined which can greatly reduce this residual noise. Predictions of computer simulations are verified experimentally. Although techniques for the reduction of noise are developed in Chapter 5, there may be situations where the noise must be further reduced. An image processing algorithm is designed in Chapter 6 which employs a combination of commonly available image filters. The algorithm and the filters are tested for their suitability in gel dosimetry through the use of a simulated dose distribution and by performing a pilot study on an irradiated polymer gel phantom. Having developed CT gel dosimetry to the point where a suitable image can be obtained, the final step is to investigate the uncertainty in the dose calibration. Methods used for calibration uncertainty in MRI gel dosimetry to date have either assumed a linear response up to a certain dose, or have removed the requirement for linearity but incorrectly ignored the reliability of the data and fit of the calibration function. In Chapter 7 a method for treatment of calibration data in CT gel dosimetry is proposed which allows for non-linearity of the calibration function, as well as the goodness of its fit to the data. Alternatively, it allows for the reversion to MRI techniques if linearity is assumed in a limited dose range. Conclusion: The combination of the techniques developed in this project and the newly formulated normoxic gels (not extensively studied here) means that gel dosimetry is close to becoming viable for use in the clinic. The only capital purchase required for a typical clinic is a suitable water tank, which is easily and inexpensively producible if the clinic has access to a workshop.
3

Análise de materiais biológicos usando o coeficiente de atenuação linear / Biological Material Analisis using linear attenuation coefficients

Leonardo Diniz Hipolito Soares 27 October 2015 (has links)
O conhecimento do coeficiente de atenuação linear (µ) é de extrema importância para estudos de contraste em imagens de radiodiagnóstico, dose e caracterização de materiais. Parâmetros como a densidade eletrônica (?e), o número atômico médio (Z¯), entre outros, podem ser determinados a partir do coeficiente de atenuação linear em diferentes energias. A proposta deste trabalho é determinar experimentalmente coeficientes de atenuação linear de 80 amostras de tecidos mamários (classificadas previamente como tecido adiposo, tecido glandular, fibroadenoma ou carcinomas) e, posteriormente, extrair parâmetros que possibilitem a caracterização e diferenciação desses tecidos. Os coeficientes de atenuação linear foram medidos usando geometria de feixe estreito, no intervalo de energia entre 10 e 50 keV, utilizando um tubo de raios X com anodo de tungstênio (W) e um detector dispersivo em energia de Si (SDD). Dois modelos de parametrizações foram utilizadas para extrair ?e e Z¯. As metodologias de determinação de µ e de parametrização foram validadas utilizando 8 materiais equivalentes a tecido (4 soluções e 4 sólidos). Os resultados obtidos para tecidos mamários foram comparados com predições teóricas, obtidas usando a regra das misturas, e com dados experimentais previamente publicados, apresentando diferenças máximas de até 7%. Foram também estudadas as variações de µ intra- e inter-amostras de um mesmo grupo, obtendo variações máximas de 5% e 12%, respectivamente. Foi mostrado que o coeficiente de atenuação linear consegue distinguir apenas o tecido adiposo dos demais grupos de tecidos para energia menores de 24 keV. Finalmente, foi elaborado um modelo de diagnóstico, baseados nos parâmetros ?e e Z¯. As análises estatísticas mostram que 71% das amostras foram classificadas corretamente. / The knowledge of the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) is of extreme importance for radiodiagnostic image contrast studies, dose and material characterization. Parameters as electronic density (?e), average atomic number (Z¯), among others, can be determined using the linear attenuation coefficient at different energies. The purpose of this work is to experimentally determine the linear attenuation coefficient of 80 mammary tissues samples (classified as adipose tissue, glandular tissue, fibroadenoma or carcinoma) and then extract parameters that allow the characterization and differentiation of those tissues. The linear attenuation coefficients were measured using narrow bean geometry, with an energy interval between 10 and 50 keV, using a x-ray tube with a tungsten (W) anode and a Silicon energy dispersive detector (SDD). Two parameterization models were used to extract ?e and Z¯. The methodologies of determination of µ and parameterizations were validated using 8 tissue equivalent materials (4 solutions and 4 solids). The results obtained for mammary tissues were compared with theoretical predictions, using the mixture rule, and with previously published experimental data, presenting maximum differences of 7%. Intra and between samples variations of the same group were also studied, obtaining maximum variations of 5% and 12%, respectively. The linear attenuation coefficient was able to differentiate only the adipose tissue from others tissues groups, for energies below 24 keV. At last, a diagnostic model was elaborated, based on ?e and Z¯ parameters. The statistical analysis showed that 71% of the samples were correctly classified.
4

Estudo semianalítico da qualidade de imagem e dose em mamografia / Semianalytical study of image quality and dose in mamography

Tomal, Alessandra 24 February 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos modelos semianalíticos para estudar os parâmetros de qualidade da imagem (contraste objeto, SC, e razão contraste-ruído, CNR) e a dose glandular normalizada (DgN ) em mamografia convencional e digital. As características de 161 amostras de tecidos mamários (coeficiente de atenuação linear e densidade) e os espectros de raios X mamográficos foram determinados experimentalmente, visando construir uma base de dados consistente destas grandezas para serem utilizadas nos modelos. Os coeficientes de atenuação linear foram determinados utilizando um feixe de raios X polienergético e um detector de Si(Li), e as densidades foram medidas utilizando o método da pesagem hidrostática. Os espectros de raios X de um equipamento industrial, que simula as qualidades de radiação de mamografia, foram medidos utilizando detectores de Si(Li), CdTe e SDD. A resposta de cada detector foi determinada por simulação Monte Carlo (MC). Os modelos semianalíticos desenvolvidos neste trabalho permitem calcular a deposição de energia na mama e no receptor de imagem, e foram utilizados para estudar o SC, a CNR e a DgN, para diferentes tipos de mama (espessura e glandularidade) e características do espectro incidente (combinação ânodo/filtro, potencial do tubo e camada semirredutora), bem como permitem avaliar a figura de mérito (FOM) em mamografia convencional e digital. Os resultados de coeficiente de atenuação e densidade para os diferentes grupos de tecidos mamários, mostram que os tecidos normais fibroglandulares e neoplásicos possuem características similares, enquanto tecidos normais adiposos apresentam menores valores destas grandezas. Os espectros medidos com cada detector, e devidamente corrigidos por suas respostas, mostram que os três tipos de detectores podem ser usados para determinar espectros mamográficos. Com base nos resultados de SC e CNR, foram estimados limites de detecção de nódulos em mamografia convencional e digital, que se mostraram similares entre si. Os resultados de SC, CNR e DgN obtidos também destacam a importância da escolha do modelo da mama e da base de dados de coeficiente de atenuação e espectros de raios X utilizados, uma vez que estes são responsáveis por uma grande variação nas grandezas estudadas. Além disso, os resultados de FOM mostram que, para mamas finas, a combinação Mo/Mo, tradicionalmente utilizada, apresenta o melhor desempenho, enquanto as combinações W/Rh e W/Ag são as mais indicadas para mamas espessas. Para mamas de espessuras médias, a melhor combinação depende da técnica utilizada (convencional ou digital). Finalmente, verificou-se que os modelos semianalíticos desenvolvidos permitem a obtenção de resultados de forma prática e rápida, com valores similares aos obtidos por simulação MC. Desta forma, estes modelos permitirão estudos futuros a respeito da otimização da mamografia, para outros tipos de mama e condições de irradiação. / In this work, semianalytical models were developed to study the image quality parameters (subject contrast, SC, and contrast-to-noise ratio, CNR) and the normalized average glandular dose (DgN) in conventional and digital mammography. The characteristics of 161 breast tissue samples (linear attenuation coefficient and density), and the mammographic x-ray spectra were determined experimentally, aiming to establish a consistent experimental database of these quantities to be used in the models. The linear attenuation coefficients were determined using a polyenergetic x-ray beam and a Si(Li) detector, and the densities were measured using the buoyancy method. The x-ray spectra from an industrial equipment, which reproduces the mammographic qualities, were measured using Si(Li), CdTe and SDD detectors. The responses of the detectors were determined using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The semianalytical models developed in this work allow computing the energy deposited in the breast and in the image receptor, and they were employed to study the SC, CNR and DgN, for different types of breast (thickness and glandularity) and incident x-ray spectra (anode/filter combination, tube potential and half-value layer). These models also allow evaluating the figure of merit (FOM) for conventional and digital mammography. The results of attenuation coefficient and density for the tissues analyzed show similar characteristics for the normal fibroglandular and neoplasic breast tissues, while the adipose tissue presents lower values of these quantities. From the x-ray spectra obtained using each detector, and corrected by their respective responses, it is observed that the three types of detectors can be used to determine mammographic spectra. Detection limits for nodules were estimated from the results of SC and CNR, and they were similar for both cases. The results of SC, CNR and DgN also show the importance of the choice of the breast model, and of the database of attenuation coefficient of breast tissues and x-ray spectra, since they largely influence the studied quantities. Besides, the results for FOM show that, for thin breasts, the Mo/Mo spectrum exhibits the better performance, while the W/Rh and W/Ag spectra are recommended for thicker breasts. For average thickness breasts, the more indicated spectra depend on the employed technique (conventional or digital). Finally, it was verified that the semianalytical models developed in this work provided results in a fast and simple way, with a good agreement with those obtained by using MC simulation. Therefore, these models allow further studies, regarding optimization of mammography, for other breast characteristics and irradiation parameters.
5

Estudo semianalítico da qualidade de imagem e dose em mamografia / Semianalytical study of image quality and dose in mamography

Alessandra Tomal 24 February 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos modelos semianalíticos para estudar os parâmetros de qualidade da imagem (contraste objeto, SC, e razão contraste-ruído, CNR) e a dose glandular normalizada (DgN ) em mamografia convencional e digital. As características de 161 amostras de tecidos mamários (coeficiente de atenuação linear e densidade) e os espectros de raios X mamográficos foram determinados experimentalmente, visando construir uma base de dados consistente destas grandezas para serem utilizadas nos modelos. Os coeficientes de atenuação linear foram determinados utilizando um feixe de raios X polienergético e um detector de Si(Li), e as densidades foram medidas utilizando o método da pesagem hidrostática. Os espectros de raios X de um equipamento industrial, que simula as qualidades de radiação de mamografia, foram medidos utilizando detectores de Si(Li), CdTe e SDD. A resposta de cada detector foi determinada por simulação Monte Carlo (MC). Os modelos semianalíticos desenvolvidos neste trabalho permitem calcular a deposição de energia na mama e no receptor de imagem, e foram utilizados para estudar o SC, a CNR e a DgN, para diferentes tipos de mama (espessura e glandularidade) e características do espectro incidente (combinação ânodo/filtro, potencial do tubo e camada semirredutora), bem como permitem avaliar a figura de mérito (FOM) em mamografia convencional e digital. Os resultados de coeficiente de atenuação e densidade para os diferentes grupos de tecidos mamários, mostram que os tecidos normais fibroglandulares e neoplásicos possuem características similares, enquanto tecidos normais adiposos apresentam menores valores destas grandezas. Os espectros medidos com cada detector, e devidamente corrigidos por suas respostas, mostram que os três tipos de detectores podem ser usados para determinar espectros mamográficos. Com base nos resultados de SC e CNR, foram estimados limites de detecção de nódulos em mamografia convencional e digital, que se mostraram similares entre si. Os resultados de SC, CNR e DgN obtidos também destacam a importância da escolha do modelo da mama e da base de dados de coeficiente de atenuação e espectros de raios X utilizados, uma vez que estes são responsáveis por uma grande variação nas grandezas estudadas. Além disso, os resultados de FOM mostram que, para mamas finas, a combinação Mo/Mo, tradicionalmente utilizada, apresenta o melhor desempenho, enquanto as combinações W/Rh e W/Ag são as mais indicadas para mamas espessas. Para mamas de espessuras médias, a melhor combinação depende da técnica utilizada (convencional ou digital). Finalmente, verificou-se que os modelos semianalíticos desenvolvidos permitem a obtenção de resultados de forma prática e rápida, com valores similares aos obtidos por simulação MC. Desta forma, estes modelos permitirão estudos futuros a respeito da otimização da mamografia, para outros tipos de mama e condições de irradiação. / In this work, semianalytical models were developed to study the image quality parameters (subject contrast, SC, and contrast-to-noise ratio, CNR) and the normalized average glandular dose (DgN) in conventional and digital mammography. The characteristics of 161 breast tissue samples (linear attenuation coefficient and density), and the mammographic x-ray spectra were determined experimentally, aiming to establish a consistent experimental database of these quantities to be used in the models. The linear attenuation coefficients were determined using a polyenergetic x-ray beam and a Si(Li) detector, and the densities were measured using the buoyancy method. The x-ray spectra from an industrial equipment, which reproduces the mammographic qualities, were measured using Si(Li), CdTe and SDD detectors. The responses of the detectors were determined using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The semianalytical models developed in this work allow computing the energy deposited in the breast and in the image receptor, and they were employed to study the SC, CNR and DgN, for different types of breast (thickness and glandularity) and incident x-ray spectra (anode/filter combination, tube potential and half-value layer). These models also allow evaluating the figure of merit (FOM) for conventional and digital mammography. The results of attenuation coefficient and density for the tissues analyzed show similar characteristics for the normal fibroglandular and neoplasic breast tissues, while the adipose tissue presents lower values of these quantities. From the x-ray spectra obtained using each detector, and corrected by their respective responses, it is observed that the three types of detectors can be used to determine mammographic spectra. Detection limits for nodules were estimated from the results of SC and CNR, and they were similar for both cases. The results of SC, CNR and DgN also show the importance of the choice of the breast model, and of the database of attenuation coefficient of breast tissues and x-ray spectra, since they largely influence the studied quantities. Besides, the results for FOM show that, for thin breasts, the Mo/Mo spectrum exhibits the better performance, while the W/Rh and W/Ag spectra are recommended for thicker breasts. For average thickness breasts, the more indicated spectra depend on the employed technique (conventional or digital). Finally, it was verified that the semianalytical models developed in this work provided results in a fast and simple way, with a good agreement with those obtained by using MC simulation. Therefore, these models allow further studies, regarding optimization of mammography, for other breast characteristics and irradiation parameters.

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