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In this work we examine the reference to cultural elements in a sample of 13 textbooks of Spanish as a foreign language for Italian students. The aim is to observe how they treat the cultural component in the particular context of Spanish language teaching to Italians. In this context, especially relevant issues are the linguistic and cultural proximity between Italy and Spain, and the present fascination for Spain, which has given rise to some interesting phenomena, among others, a massive emigration of Italian youths to Spain.

Contemporary French poet Yves Bonnefoy has always been attracted by English poetry, especially by Shakespeare’s work. Translating Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets has been a fundamental experience for him. The contact with a different culture, a different language and a different sort of poetry has been an important moment in his poetic experience. The dialogue between the French and the Elizabethan poet, which started in the 1950s, hasn't stopped yet and it offers some interesting perspectives to study Bonnefoy's work from a new point of view. Translation – which is first of all a poetic experience to him – is in fact the chance to get in touch with somebody else's poetry and to establish a dialogue with his poetic universe. Such a dialogue requires on the one hand an ‘ethic’ attitude on the translator's part, that is an attentive listening and a deep understanding of the original text. However, Bonnefoy has to create a new ‘poetic’ text in his own language. This is why the ‘seeds’ of his own poetry are also present in his translated texts, in which it is possible to clearly distinguish both the presence of the French poet’s own voice and his attempt to open his ‘speech’ to the specific quality of the Shakespearean poetry. On the other hand, such a deep contact with Shakespeare's work has changed the French poet, contributing to the development and maturity of his own poetry. Indeed, the Elizabethan poet is present in his work in different ways, in his critical essays as well as in his poems. Against this background, the aim of the present study is to define the complex dialogic forms and the osmotic relationships between the poetic experience and the experience of translation, which are considered two different moments of the same ontological research by the French poet.

The aim of the present study is to address contemporary drama translation by comparing two different scenarios, namely France and Italy. For each country, the following areas are described: publications of translated drama texts, their promotion and dissemination, the legal framework concerning copyright in publication and performance contracts. Moreover, the analysis highlights that the translation process of drama texts is part of a working cycle networking different professional figures, such as dramatic authors, directors, actors and publishers. Within this cycle, the translator is in a middle and central position at the same time, a sort of border zone between different contexts, i.e. the source language and culture and the target language and culture. As regards translation-related issues, on the basis of theoretical approaches that can be applied to drama translation, a number of translators’ opinions, statements, positions and practices are compared, thus highlighting an idea of drama translation wavering between translation and adaptation. Drama translators seem to follow these two orientations simultaneously, in compliance with translation ethics and the functional needs of target texts. Such ambivalence is due to the desire and difficulty of translating the specific nature of drama texts, i.e. translating textual elements that are linked, eventually, to stage performance. Indeed, the notion of text or form fidelity is replaced by the notion of fidelity to the theatrical value of a text, in terms of fidelity to its theatrical nature and rhythmical tension. The analysis reveals that drama translators work together with theatre operators, and that in many cases translators are authors, directors or actors themselves. These drama skills enable translators to apply relevant strategies when translating elements that generate rhythm, thus choosing from deleting, reproducing or recreating.

Il progetto di ricerca che presentiamo nasce dalla virtuosa combinazione di teoria e prassi didattica nello spirito della ricerca-azione. Scopo del presente lavoro è elaborare un percorso didattico di formazione alla traduzione specializzata in ambito medico-scientifico, tecnico ed economico-giuridico per la combinazione linguistica spagnolo-italiano all’interno della cornice istituzionale concreta dell’università italiana oggi. La nostra proposta formativa si fonda su tre elementi: la ricognizione del mercato attuale della traduzione per la combinazione linguistica indicata, l’individuazione degli obiettivi formativi in base al modello di competenza traduttiva scelto, l’elaborazione del percorso didattico per competenze e basato sull’enfoque por tareas di traduzione. Nella progettazione delle modalità didattiche due sono gli aspetti che definiscono il percorso proposto: il concetto di genere testuale specializzato per la traduzione e la gestione delle informazioni mediante le nuove tecnologie (corpora, banche dati terminologiche e fraseologiche, memorie di traduzione, traduzione controllata). Il presente lavoro si articola in due parti: la prima parte (quattro capitoli) presenta l’inquadramento teorico all’interno del quale si sviluppa la riflessione intorno alla didattica della traduzione specializzata; la seconda parte (due capitoli) presenta l’inquadramento metodologico e analitico all’interno del quale si elabora la nostra proposta didattica. Nel primo capitolo si illustrano i rapporti fra traduzione e mondo professionale; nel secondo capitolo si presenta il concetto di competenza traduttiva come ponte tra la formazione e il mondo della traduzione professionale; nel terzo capitolo si ripercorrono le tappe principali dell’evoluzione della didattica della traduzione generale; nel quarto capitolo illustriamo alcune tra le più recenti e complete proposte didattiche per la traduzione specializzata in ambito tecnico, medico-scientifico ed economico-giuridico. Nel quinto capitolo si introduce il concetto di genere testuale specializzato per la traduzione e nel sesto capitolo si illustra la proposta didattica per la traduzione specializzata dallo spagnolo in italiano che ha motivato il presente lavoro. / This research was born from the virtuous combination of theory and teaching practice in the spirit of a research-action. The aim of this thesis was to develop a learning path for training in specialized translation from Spanish into Italian in the medical-scientific, technical and economics-law fields, within today’s Italian university. This proposal is based on three elements: the analysis of the current market for translation from and into the above stated languages, the identification of the educational goals on the basis of the translation competence model chosen, and the development of the learning path according to skills and the enfoque por tareas. In developing the teaching methods, there are two aspects that define the path: the concept of specialized textual genre in translation and information management using new technologies (corpora, terminology and phraseology data bases, translation memories and “controlled translation”). This thesis is divided into two parts: the first one (four chapters) presents the theoretical background to the considerations on teaching specialized translation; the second one (two chapters) presents the methodological and analytical background to the teaching proposal. The first chapter sets out the relationship between translation and the professional world; the second chapter presents the concept of translation competence as a bridge between education and the professional translation world; the third chapter goes through the main stages of the general translation teaching evolution; the fourth chapter describes some of the most recent and complete teaching proposals for specialized translation in the technical, medical-scientific and economics-law fields. The fifth chapter introduces the concept of specialized textual genre in translation and the sixth chapter sets out the teaching proposal for specialized translation from Spanish into Italian, aim of this thesis.

Il nostro lavoro si inserisce tra i contributi che si rifanno a quella branca di studi traduttologici nota come critica della traduzione; l’elemento di raccordo tra il testo di partenza e la successione dei testi di arrivo su cui baseremo l’analisi è il discorso riportato, un fenomeno complesso, che trova la sua naturale collocazione nei delicati rapporti che intercorrono tra orale e scritto. / This work integrates Translation studies field as an example of translation criticism. Following Antoine Berman’s analytical path, Zola’s Nana has been compared to some of its Italian versions. Target texts comparison to the French source text concerns reported speech as novel’s constitutive part.

Les recherches relatives à l'utilisation des TICE se concentrent fréquemment soit sur la dimension cognitive, sur la dimension linguistique ou sur la dimension culturelle. Le plus souvent, les recherches empiriques se proposent d'évaluer les effets directs des TICE sur les performances langagières des apprenants. En outre, les recherches, surtout en psychologie cognitive, sont le plus souvent effectuées en laboratoire. C'est pourquoi le travail présenté dans cette thèse se propose d'inscrire l'utilisation des TICE dans une perspective écologique, et de proposer une approche intégrée pour l'analyse des pratiques effectives aussi bien en didactique des langues qu'en didactique de la traduction. En ce qui concerne les aspects cognitifs, nous recourons à un concept apprécié des praticiens, celui de stratégies d'apprentissage. Les quatre premiers chapitres de la présente thèse sont consacrés à l'élaboration du cadre théorique dans lequel nous inscrivons notre recherche. Nous aborderons en premier lieu les aspects disciplinaires, et notamment l’interdisciplinarité de nos deux champs de référence. Ensuite nous traiterons les stratégies d'apprentissage et les stratégies de traduction. Dans un troisième mouvement, nous nous efforcerons de définir les deux compétences visées par notre recherche : la production écrite et la traduction. Dans un quatrième temps, nous nous intéresserons aux modifications introduites par les TICE dans les pratiques d'enseignement et d'apprentissage de ces deux compétences. Le cinquième chapitre a pour objet la présentation, l'analyse des données recueillies auprès de groupes d'enseignants et d'étudiants de la section de français de la SSLMIT. Il s’agira dans un premier temps, de présenter notre corpus. Ensuite nous procéderons à l’analyse des données. Enfin, nous présenterons, après une synthèse globale, des pistes didactiques et scientifiques à même de prolonger notre travail. / Most of the research on ICT uses for teaching/learning has focused either on the cognitive and linguistic dimension, or on cultural aspects. And in both cases, it generally targets the effect of the use of ICT on learners’ linguistic competence. Moreover, data has usually been gathered from laboratory tests rather than being built up from direct observation in the classroom. The work presented in this thesis is mainly aimed at defending the idea that studies and research should be more interested in bringing about modifications in the teaching/learning praxis. With regard to cognitive effects, not only have learning strategies been identified and classified but also textual typologies applied to language learning and translation. Nonetheless, the proliferation of typologies and metalanguage may be a problem in a pedagogical context. This is why our research aims to defend a teaching/learning integrated approach of writing and translating skills assisted by technological instruments. In the first four chapters, we present the theoretical frame of our research. First, we underline the interdisciplinarity of foreign language and translation teaching. Then, in the second chapter, we discuss the cognitive approach. In the third chapter, we focus on the definitions and models of writing and translation skills. In the fourth chapter, we explore the ICT field of research and particularly the use of the computer to optimize both kinds of competence. The fifth chapter is dedicated to data protocols and analysis, which is based on our research carried out with the participation of the teachers and students of the French section of the SSLMIT of Forli (University of Bologna). We conclude with presenting our analysis of the results of the surveys and classroom observation used to bring out teachers’ and learners’ activity and praxis to enforce their writing and translating skills.

No description available.

L’obiettivo della presente dissertazione è quello di creare un nuovo linguaggio controllato, denominato Español Técnico Simplificado (ETS). Basato sulla specifica tecnica del Simplified Technical English (STE), ufficialmente conosciuta come ASD-STE100, lo spagnolo controllato ETS si presenta come un documento metalinguistico in grado di fornire ad un redattore o traduttore tecnico alcune regole specifiche per produrre un documento tecnico. La strategia di implementazione conduce allo studio preliminare di alcuni linguaggi controllati simili all’inglese STE, quali il Français Rationalisé e il Simplified Technical Spanish. Attraverso un approccio caratteristico della linguistica dei corpora, la soluzione proposta fornisce il nuovo linguaggio controllato mediante l’estrazione di informazioni specifiche da un corpus ad-hoc di lingua spagnola appositamente creato ed interrogato. I risultati evidenziano un metodo linguistico (controllato) utile a produrre documentazione tecnica priva di ogni eventuale ambiguità. Il sistema ETS, infatti, si fonda sul concetto della intelligibilità in quanto condizione necessaria da soddisfare nell’ambito della produzione di un testo controllato. E, attraverso la sua macrostruttura, il documento ETS fornisce gli strumenti necessari per rendere il testo controllato univoco. Infatti, tale struttura bipartita suddivide in maniera logica i dettami: una prima parte riguarda e contiene regole sintattiche e stilistiche; una seconda parte riguarda e contiene un dizionario di un numero limitato di lemmi opportunamente selezionati. Il tutto a favore del principio della biunivocità dei segni, in questo caso, della lingua spagnola. Il progetto, nel suo insieme, apre le porte ad un linguaggio nuovo in alternativa a quelli presenti, totalmente creato in accademia, che vale come prototipo a cui far seguire altri progetti di ricerca. / The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to create a new controlled language: the Español Técnico Simplificado (ETS). Based on the technical specification of the Simplified Technical English (STE), officially known as ASD-STE100, the ETS is a metalinguistic document providing a technical writer or technical translator some specific rules to write, or to translate, a technical document. The implementation strategy leads to a preliminary study of some specific controlled languages similar to the STE, i.e. the Français Rationalisé and the Simplified Technical Spanish. Through the Corpus Linguistics approach, the solution provides a controlled language by extracting linguistic information form a Spanish ad-hoc corpus. The results show a linguistic (controlled) method to produce a technical document which is free from ambiguities. The ETS system relies on the concept that readability and comprehensibility are necessary conditions to be fulfilled by the controlled text. And, through its structure, the ETS document provides all the necessary tools to make that text unambiguous. Therefore, the ETS structure is divided into two parts: one part concerns syntactical and stylistic rules, and one part concerns a dictionary including a limited number of selected lemmas. All rules and lemmas are designed to obey the bijection principle of the Spanish linguistic signs. The project as a whole is intended to exploit a new academic controlled Spanish, privileged in this doctoral endeavor.

Il progetto di dottorato IMITES (Interpretación de la Metáfora entre ITaliano y ESpañol) si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare l’interpretazione simultanea del linguaggio figurato nelle combinazioni italiano-spagnolo e spagnolo-italiano. Prevede l’analisi di una serie di dati estratti da discorsi pronunciati in italiano e spagnolo in occasione di conferenze tenutesi presso la Commissione europea, e le loro versioni interpretate in spagnolo e italiano rispettivamente. Le espressioni figurate contenute nei discorsi originali sono state allineate e messe a confronto con le versioni fornite dagli interpreti, con il duplice obiettivo di a) capire quali causano maggiori problemi agli interpreti e b) analizzare le strategie di interpretazione applicate da professionisti quali quelli della Direzione Generale Interpretazione (DG SCIC) della Commissione europea nell’interpretare metafore. Il progetto prevede anche la somministrazione di un questionario agli interpreti delle cabine spagnola e italiana del DG SCIC, con l’obiettivo di sondare la loro percezione delle difficoltà che sottendono all’interpretazione del linguaggio figurato, le indicazioni metodologiche ricevute (se del caso) dai loro docenti a tale riguardo e le strategie applicate nella pratica professionale. Infine, l’ultima fase del progetto di ricerca prevede la sperimentazione di una proposta didattica attraverso uno studio caso-controllo svolto su studenti del secondo anno della Laurea Magistrale in Interpretazione delle Scuole Interpreti di Forlì e Trieste. Il gruppo-caso ha ricevuto una formazione specifica sull'interpretazione delle metafore, mentre gruppo-controllo è stato monitorato nella sua evoluzione. L’obiettivo di questa ultima fase di ricerca è quello di valutare, da una parte, l’ “insegnabilità” di strategia per affrontare il linguaggio figurato in interpretazione simultanea, e, dall’altra, l’efficacia dell’unità didattica proposta, sviluppata in base all’analisi svolta su IMITES. / The IMITES (Interpretación de la Metáfora entre ITaliano y ESpañol) PhD project analyses the simultaneous interpreting of figurative language in the Italian-Spanish and Spanish-Italian combinations. It involves the analysis of a data set extracted from Italian and Spanish speeches delivered at conferences held at the European Commission, and their interpreted versions in Spanish and Italian respectively. The figurative expressions contained in the original speeches were compared with the interpreters’ versions, with the twofold goal of a) understanding which ones cause most problems to interpreters and b) analysing the interpreting strategies applied by professionals such as those of the Directorate General for Interpretation (SCIC) of the European Commission in interpreting metaphors. The project also includes the administration of a questionnaire to the interpreters of the Spanish and Italian booths of SCIC, with the aim of investigating their perception of the difficulties that lie in interpreting figurative language, the instructions (if any) received from their trainers in this respect and the strategies they apply in their professional practice. Finally, as a practical outcome of the research, the final step is the experimentation of a didactic proposal based on a case-control study carried out on second-year students of the two-year MA in Conference Interpreting of the School of Languages, Literature, Translation and Interpreting of the University of Bologna at Forlì and the Advanced School of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators of the University of Trieste. The case-group received a specific training in interpreting metaphors, while the control-group was monitored in its performance. The ultimate goal of the study was to assess the “teachability” of strategies for tackling metaphors during simultaneous interpretation, as well as the effectiveness of the suggested teaching unit, developed from the analysis carried out on IMITES from a pedagogical perspective.