The linguistic character of the “biblical” Dead Sea Scrolls has been of interest to scholars since the very beginning of scrolls research. However, scholars have disagreed over the nature of the language found in those scrolls. Some argue that the “biblical” scrolls are essential to our understanding of Second Temple Hebrew, while others set these scrolls aside in favour of the non-biblical texts. Yet, no one has undertaken a comprehensive analysis of the “biblical” scrolls, which is essential if we hope to settle this debate. This study fills that void by providing a comprehensive analysis of all the “biblical” DSS. Over forty different features are discussed through a comparison between the “biblical” scrolls and the other major witnesses to the Hebrew Bible. Current linguistic theories, including robust inferential statistical tools, are utilised within the analysis in order to provide conclusions based on sound methodology. This study begins with a global analysis of all the “biblical” scrolls, focusing on a comparison between the plene and defective manuscripts. Through that analysis, this study concludes that there are very few linguistic modernisations found in the “biblical” scrolls. In order to verify this conclusion, five individual scrolls are analysed. Finally, this study closes by providing a qualitative analysis of the “biblical” scrolls and shows their linguistic character to be most consistent with a scribal culture of linguistic stability and textual authority.

This thesis investigates the history of preposition stranding in the Modern English period from 1500 to 1900, in close relation with the prescriptive movement in the tradition of English grammatical thought. The aim is to assess, or rather re-assess, thee ffect and effectiveness of the (late) eighteenth-century normative tradition on actual language usage. The methodology lies in the comparison of a precept corpus, i.e.meta-linguistic comments, with a usage corpus, i.e. actual language practice. On the one hand, this study will provide insightful observations into the attitudes towards and conceptualisation of end-placed prepositions in the course of the eighteenth century, the age of prescriptivism. Evidence comes from a self-compiled corpus of observations made on this peculiar usage as gathered from a miscellany of precept works (1700-1800). On the other hand, this thesis will trace the diachronic evolution of the use of preposition stranding before, during and after the age of prescriptivism,as collected in two renowned historical corpora, namely the Early Modern English section of the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus (1500-1710) and the British part of A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers (1650-1899). The evaluation of the evidence from precept and the evidence from usage will shed new light on (a) the origin of the stigmatisation of preposition stranding (micro-level), and(b) the role of the normative tradition on language variation and change(macro-level). First, contrary to what has been taken for granted in the literature hitherto, I will demonstrate that the proscription against ending sentences with prepositions does not go back directly to the late eighteenth-century heyday of publication of precept works (e.g. Robert Lowth's grammar) but to the mid/late seventeenth-century incipient stages of the prescriptive tradition embraced with ideals of correctness and politeness; especially, to the grammarian and rhetorician Joshua Poole and to the literary writer John Dryden. Language change can thus be observed as early as the early eighteenth century. Secondly, I will provide evidence to show that late eighteenth-century precepts did exert an influence on the use of preposition stranding. The effect is manifest in contemporaneous writings and the effectiveness extends into the early nineteenth century. Nonetheless, it is only a temporary one, as the trends reverse in the late nineteenth century when prescriptivism was fading away. It will be argued that the eighteenth-century normative tradition did not trigger linguistic change but rather reinforced an existing trend.

Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on February 1, 2009). Department of English, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Julie A. Belz, Ulla M. Connor, Thomas A. Upton. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-67).

This study investigates clause complexing and conjunctive explicitation in a speciallycompiled corpus consisting of two sets of Arabic translations and comparable non-translatedArabic texts both produced by the same translators/authors in the domainsof history and philosophy. Focusing on certain types of conjunctive markers, thisstudy seeks to find lexico-grammatical evidence of one of the translation-specificfeatures, i.e. features typical of translated language, in these selected target texts,using both parallel and comparable corpora.Adopting a Systemic Functional approach for analyzing logico-semantic relationsbetween clauses, clause complexes and sequences in Arabic, the study examinessome causal and concessive conjunctions and conjunctive Adjuncts in Arabictranslated and non-translated texts, and contrasts these with their English counterpartswith a view to identifying recurrent patterns or trends of 'explicitation', one of thefeatures that are arguably typical of translated texts.Baker (1996) suggests a number of translation-specific features, which manifestthemselves in translated texts on lexical and syntactic levels, and seem to be typicalof translated language in general. Evidence of one such posited feature, namelyexplicitation, is sought in the selected translators' handling of structural and textualconjunctive expressions in the English source texts. Thus, the primary aim of thepresent study is twofold: to examine from a systemic functional perspectivedifferences in the patterns of instantiation of clause complexing and conjunctiverelations in English source texts, their Arabic translations and Arabic non-translationsauthored by the same translators; and to investigate whether, and to what extent, thesedifferences are attributable to explicitation as a translation-specific feature.The originality of this study stems first from its focus on Arabic, thus addressing aconspicuous gap in corpus-based research on translation-specific features, which hasso far been largely confined to Indo-European languages. Secondly, being theorydriven,and specifically embedded in a systemic functional framework, the conceptionof explicitation adopted in this study constitutes a departure from the taxonomicapproach characteristic of a large body of literature on explicitation, which is neitherinformed nor motivated by a coherent theoretical framework, with the result that itoften engenders a flat model of description and classification, with vague overlappingcategories. Confirming the findings of earlier studies on explicitation, this study hasrevealed a tendency of explicitation features to cluster in various metafunctionalenvironments, with the overall effect of reducing vagueness or complexity, avoidingambiguity, and enhancing comprehensibility through enhanced conjunctivecohesiveness, reinforcement, expanded simplification or unpacking of complexconstructions.

This thesis analyses the nine main tense–aspect constructions in Old Japanese in more detail than ever before, exploiting the research possibilities created by the Oxford Corpus of Old Japanese. The commitment to close textual reading and the interpretation of examples in context that is characteristic of traditional Japanese scholarship is combined with a determination to explain the distributional data revealed by the Corpus. Large samples are used to produce quantitative semantic analyses, allowing a new perspective on multifunctional constructions from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. All findings are placed within the wider perspective of cross-linguistic studies of tense and aspect, an approach often missing in Old Japanese scholarship. This thesis is the most comprehensive analysis of Old Japanese tense and aspect to date. Some traditional conclusions are challenged, and light is shed on many previously unexplained phenomena. Resultative constructions are discovered to be even more pervasive in Japanese than previously thought, with at least five of the nine con-structions I look at hypothesized to have begun as resultative constructions. In most cases these constructions have broadened to also denote ongoing activities, another characteristic of Japanese. This thesis thereby contributes to the cross-linguistic understanding of resultative constructions, and to the question of the validity and nature of the distinction between activities and states. It also shows the potential of an exemplar-based model of linguistic storage, which is seen to be a powerful tool for explaining both the multifunctionality of grammatical constructions and semantic change.

This paper deals with corpus linguistics. There are two applications under its scrutiny. Both of these applications are processing data from the corpus DeReKo via corpus-driven approach. It is a co-occurrence analysis and a Co-occurrence database. The aim of the work is to evaluate whether the results obtained by the co-occurrence analysis of the current scope of DeReKo are different from the results of the Co-occurrence database, which was created on a basis of a smaller scale corpus. In addition, this thesis offers illustrative examples of the use of both applications and the evaluation of their effectiveness, depending on the purpose of the research. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the terminology of corpus linguistics and with the mentioned corpuses, which serve as a basis for the practical part of the thesis. The empirical part of the thesis consists of analyses of the randomly picked words (one from each word class) in both applications. The results confirm that the data obtained with Co-occurrence database and co-occurrence analysis are in many respects different and thus confirm the hypothesis that the corpus size plays a crucial role in the results. Both applications have their advantages and disadvantages. The paper offers a comprehensive overview and by doing so it...

This diploma thesis researchs the collocability of the german adjectives and gives some suggestions for the presentation of the collocability in the microstructure of the adjectival entries in the German-Czech translatory dictionary. The diploma thesis is a secondary product of the project of The Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary which has been realized in the Institute for German studies of the Phaculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague since 2000. The lexicographs use the methods of the corpus linguistics, especially a combination of the concepts corpus-based and corpus-driven. Analogous methods were used in this diploma thesis. By means of the Cooccurrence Data Bank (CCDB) of the Institute for the German language in Mannheim the most frequent cooccurrence partners of an adjectiv were found, concrete dictionary examples were found out in the corpus DeReKo of the IDS Mannheim using COSMAS II or on the Internet using the search engine Google. The dates were saved in a special numerical chart of a data bank which is structured on the basis of word classes. The diploma thesis comes to the conclusion that each adjectival entry can be carried out in more ways depending on the preferred criterion which can be frequency based, syntactical, semantical or didactical. In the practical part of the...

La Linguistica dei corpora - che fa uso di corpora elettronici annotati per lo studio delle lingue - è un approccio ormai diffuso e consolidato. I corpora paralleli, in particolare, in cui i testi in una lingua A sono allineati con la traduzione in lingua B, sono uno strumento molto utile nell’analisi contrastiva. La mancata disponibilità di corpora paralleli di qualità per le lingue di nostro interesse - russo e italiano - ci ha portati a volere ampliare e migliorare il corpus parallelo italiano-russo presente come corpus pilota nel Nacional’nyj Korpus Russkogo Jazyka (Corpus Nazionale della Lingua Russa). Il presente lavoro ha avuto pertanto uno scopo applicativo e uno teorico. Da un lato, dopo aver studiato le questioni imprescindibili per la progettazione di un corpus di qualità, sono stati stabiliti i criteri per l’ampliamento e inseriti nuovi testi, consentendo così al corpus parallelo di passare da 700.000 a più di 4 milioni di parole, entità che consente ora di condurre ricerche scientificamente valide. In seguito, sono state proposte tre analisi corpus-based così da mettere in luce le potenzialità del corpus ampliato: lo studio dei verbi prefissali di memoria russi e la loro resa in italiano; il confronto tra il causativo analitico italiano “fare + infinito” e il causativo russo; l’analisi comparata di quindici versioni italiane de Il Cappotto di N. Gogol’. Le tre analisi hanno consentito di avanzare innanzitutto osservazioni di carattere metodologico in vista di un ulteriore ampliamento e miglioramento del corpus parallelo italiano-russo. In secondo luogo, la prospettiva corpus-based si è dimostrata utile per approfondire lo studio di questi temi dal punto di vista teorico. / Corpus Linguistics - which exploits electronic annotated corpora in the study of languages - is a widespread and consolidated approach. In particular, parallel corpora, where texts in a language are aligned with their translation in a second language, are an extremely useful tool in contrastive analysis. The lack of good parallel corpora for the languages of our interest - Russian and Italian - has led us to work for improving the Italian-Russian parallel corpus available as a pilot corpus in the Russian National Corpus. Therefore, this work had a twofold aim: practical and theoretical. On the one hand, after studying the essential issues for designing a high-quality corpus, all the criteria for expanding the corpus were established and the number of texts was increased, allowing the Italian-Russian parallel corpus, which counted 700.000 words, to reach more than 4 million words. As a result, it is now possible to conduct scientifically valid research based on this corpus. On the other hand, three corpus-based analyses were proposed in order to highlight the potential of the corpus: the study of prefixed Russian memory verbs and their translation into Italian; the comparison between the Italian analytic causative "fare + infinitive" and Russian causative verbs; The comparative analysis of fifteen Italian versions of The Overcoat by N. Gogol'. These analyses first of all allowed to advance some methodological remarks considering a further enlargement and improvement of the Italian-Russian parallel corpus. Secondly, the corpus-based approach has proved to be useful in deepening the study of these topics from a theoretical point of view.

This study examines linguistic frame changes in the Polish EU-discourse after the election of the PiS party in 2015. By looking at keywords, n-Grams, collocations, and verbs this thesis pursues a corpus-driven, inductive approach. Those findings generated in the corpus-driven examination are further analysed in a corpus-based follow-up analysis, as well as by using FrameNet entries. Especially keywords and microstructural constructions (e.g. the preposition 'na') have been found to convey changes in broader semantic (re)contextualizations. Hence, the evidence shows that the political upheaval in 2015 was accompanied by frame semantic shifts.

Submitted by Sérgio Tiago da Silva null (stletras@gmail.com) on 2016-07-26T22:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado_Sergio Tiago da Silva_Conectores Pluriverbais_2016.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T13:47:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_st_me_arafcl.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T13:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_st_me_arafcl.pdf: 1752310 bytes, checksum: 72c19d7b6a8b3245c75d3e3b52c1eaf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / O Brasil tem como países vizinhos Argentina, Bolívia, Colômbia, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela, além de Chile e Equador que também estão na América do Sul; em todos eles o Espanhol é a língua oficial. Dessa forma, faz-se necessário conhecer o idioma desses países, pois cada vez mais indivíduos de localidades diferentes se comunicam, tanto informalmente como em relações de trabalho e negócios, que são mais formais. Por esse motivo, o espanhol vem sendo ensinado desde a década de 40 no Brasil. Contudo, a partir de 2005, o ensino dessa língua tornou-se obrigatório no Brasil. Esse fator nos motivou a realizar uma pesquisa que pudesse contribuir com o ensino do Espanhol em nosso país. Isto posto, nos dedicamos a estudar os marcadores discursivos, mais especificamente os conectores pluriverbais, que são elementos utilizados na elaboração de um texto escrito, pois, essas partículas discursivas propiciam, também, a coesão e a coerência textual. Nosso objetivo ao estudar esses conectores é elaborar uma proposta de tratamento lexicográfico dessas estruturas em um Dicionário Pedagógico Semibilíngue para a produção de textos. Logo, sob a égide das teorias e práticas da lexicografia pedagógica semibilíngue, descrevemos e analisamos como dois dicionários bilíngues e um semibilíngue - Português-Espanhol - presentes em nosso mercado, registram os conectores. Verificamos, assim, que as informações que constam nessas obras lexicográficas não são suficientes para atender às necessidades dos aprendizes brasileiros para produzir textos em Espanhol. Por conseguinte, a partir de dois corpora textuais, um do Português Brasileiro (PB) e outro do Espanhol (Europeu (EE) e Americano (EA)), selecionamos os conectores e observamos os contextos nos quais ocorrem nos corpora bem como a frequência de tais ocorrências. Elaboramos, assim, uma proposta de tratamento lexicográfico de conectores pluriverbais em um dicionário pedagógico semibilíngue para a produção de textos no par de línguas Português-Espanhol. / Brazil has as neighbors Argentina, Bolívia, Colômbia, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai and Venezuela, with Chile and Ecuador, also in South America; all of these countries have Spanish as the official language. It is therefore necessary to know the language of these countries, as more individuals from different places communicate with each other, both informally and in business settings wich are more formal. For this reason, Spanish has been taught since the 1940s in our country, and from 2005 the teaching of this language has been mandatory in Brazil. This factor motivated us to conduct research that could contribute to the teaching of Spanish in our country. That said, we are dedicated to study the discourse markers, specifically multi-verbal connectors, which are elements used in the preparation of a written text, because these discursive particles also provide cohesion and textual coherence. Our aim to study these connectors is to propose a semi-bilingual lexicographical treatment of these structures in a Pedagogical Dictionary for the production of texts. Here, on the basis of the theories and practices of semi-bilingual pedagogical lexicography, we describe and analyze how two bilingual and semi-bilingual (Portuguese-Spanish) dictionaries, present in our market, record the connectors. We found that the information contained in these lexicographical works are not sufficient to meet the needs of Brazilian learners to produce texts in Spanish. Therefore, from two textual corpora, one Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and the other Spanish (European (EE) and American (EA)), we select the connectors and observe the contexts in which they occur in the corpora and the frequency of such occurrences. We then developed a proposed lexicographical treatment of multi-verbal connectors in a semi-bilingual pedagogical dictionary for the production of texts in paired Portuguese-Spanish languages. / Brasil tiene como países vecinos Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela, y Chile y Ecuador, que también se encuentran en América del Sur; en todos ellos el español es el idioma oficial. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer la lengua de estos países, pues más y más personas se comunican de diferentes lugares, tanto de manera informal como en las relaciones de trabajo y negócios que son más formales. Por esta razón, el español se ha enseñado desde los años 40 en nuestro país. Sin embargo, a partir de 2005, la enseñanza de esta lengua se hizo obligatoria la oferta en Brasil. Este factor nos ha motivado para llevar a cabo una investigación que podría contribuir a la enseñanza de español en nuestro país. Dicho esto, nos hemos dedicado a estudiar los marcadores del discurso, específicamente los conectores pluriverbales, que son elementos que se utilizan en la elaboración de un texto escrito, debido a que estas partículas discursivas proporcionan también la cohesión y coherencia textual. Nuestro objetivo de estudiar estos conectores es elaborar una propuesta de tratamiento lexicográfico semibilíngüe de estas estructuras. Así, bajo la égide de las teorías y prácticas de la lexicografía pedagógica semibilíngüe, hemos descrito y analizado como dos diccionarios bilingües y un semibilíngüe - Portugués-Español - presentes en nuestro mercado, registran los conectores. Comprobamos, por lo tanto, que las informaciones contenidas en estas obras lexicográficas no son suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades de los estudiantes brasileños que desean producir textos en español. Por conseguiente, a partir de dos corpora textuales, un del Portugués de Brasil (PB) y otro del Español (Europeo (EE) y Americano (EA)), seleccionamos los conectores y observamos los contextos en los que estos ocurren en los corpora y la frecuencia de estas ocurrencias para elabora, así, una propuesta de tratamiento lexicográfico de conectores pluriverbales en un diccionario semibilíngue pedagógico para la producción de textos en el par de lenguas Portugués-Español.