Liposomes are promising drug delivery vesicles due to their biodegradibility, large volume and biocompatibility towards both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They suffer, however, from poor stability which limits their use in controlled delivery applications. Herein, a novel method was devised for modification of liposomes with small molecules, polymers or nanoparticles to afford stimuli responsive systems that release on demand and stay relatively stable in the absence of the trigger.. This dissertation discusses thermosensitive, pH sensitive, light sensitive and magnetically triggered liposomes that have been prepared for controlled drug delivery application. RAFT polymerization was utilized for the preparation of thermosensitive liposomes (Cholesterol-PNIPAm) and acid-labile liposomes (DOPE-PAA). With low Mw Cholesterol-PNIPAm, the thermosensitive liposomes proved to be effective for controlled release and decreased the cytotoxicity of PNIPAm by eliciting the polymer doses. By crosslinking the DOPE-PAA on liposome surface with acid-labile diamine linkers, DOPE-PAA liposomes were verified to be sensitive at low pH. The effects of polymer structures (linear or hyperbranched) have also been studied for the stability and release properties of liposomes. Finally, a dual-responsive Au@SPIO embedded liposome hybrid (ALHs) was prepared with light-induced “on-and-off” function by photo-thermal process (visible light) and instant release properties triggered by alternating magnetic field, respectively. The ALH system would be further applied into the cellular imaging field as MRI contrast agent.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Consultants: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, Ph.D. Student: Simona Žemličková Title of thesis: Hybrid polymeric-lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers The work is focused on hybrid polymer-lipid nanoparticles, their advantages obtained from polymer and lipid part, purpose of surface modification, basic properties of nanoparticles, methods of preparation, modification of preparation conditions and use of nanoparticles in medicine. The aim of the experimental part was to prepare nanoparticles composed of polyester and lipid by emulsion evaporation method and nanoprecipitation. Two types of linear polymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) and phosphatidylcholine were used in various ratios. The surfactant used for stabilization was poloxamer Pluronic® F127 and the organic solvents were ethyl acetate and acetone. Curcumin served as a model active substance. The effect of lipid and surfactant on the size and zeta potential of nanoparticles was evaluated. Modification of preparation conditions, which included many process parameters, also influenced the monitored parameters. Encapsulation effectivity and drug loading were also tested. Dissolution tests were performed. It was found that size of nanoparticles...

Cette thèse vise à développer des nanoparticules de PLGA pour la vectorisation et à étudier l’interaction de ces nanoparticules avec des bicouches phospholipidiques imitant les membranes cellulaires. Pour la vectorisation passive, les changements physico-chimiques ont été contrôlés en incubant les NPs de PLGA (50:50) dans différentes conditions de pH tamponné à des intervalles de temps accrus. Le PLGA a montré plusieurs comportements de dégradation différant selon le pH. La formation de pores a été observée à pH élevé (conditions basiques) tout en préservant le volume des particules mais en modifiant la densité. Par opposition, à faible pH, une érosion superficielle des particules conduisant à une diminution de leur taille a été démontrée. Cette étude a été réalisée à l'aide de la DLS, l’ESEM et la spectrophotométrie. Pour la vectorisation active, les parois des capsules de PLGA (75:25) ont été modifiées par addition de phospholipides. La libération de la sonde fluorescente hydrophile, la calcéine, a été contrôlée en augmentant la température. On a observé qu'avec le DOPC (0,31 mM), la vectorisation peut être déclenchée à l'aide de détergents ou d'une enzyme (PLA2). Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons proposé la formation d'un complexe lipide-polymère ayant lieu à l'intérieur de la matrice, ce qui le rend vulnérable aux enzymes ou détergents induisant sa libération. L'effet des NPs de PLGA sur les bicouches phospholipidiques imitant la membrane cellulaire a été réalisé à l'aide de sondes fluorescentes moléculaires (Prodan et Laurdan). L'étude a été effectuée en calculant la polarisation généralisée (GP) sous l'influence des NPs de PLGA (50:50 et 75:25). L'interaction ayant lieu s’avérait être un phénomène de surface et aucune effet des NPs sur la perméabilité des membranes modèles LUVs et SUVs n’a été souligné. La valeur de Tm des phospholipides est également maintenue lorsque l’étude est menée avec le Laurdan. Les études de GP mené avec la sonde Prodan fournissent la première méthode originale pour déterminer la Tg de PLGA dans des conditions aqueuses. C'est une méthode rapide et facile qui détermine la valeur de Tg de PLGA en temps réel et en utilisant une très petite quantité de l'échantillon. Cette interaction n'est pas affectée par la composition des membranes cellulaires imitant les bicouches. / This thesis aims at developing PLGA nanoparticles for controlled release and investigating its interaction with phospholipid bilayers mimicking cell membranes. For passive controlled release the physiochemical changes were monitored by incubating the PLGA (50:50) NPs in different buffered pH conditions at increased time intervals. PLGA exhibited dissimilar degradation behavior with pore formation for high pH (basic conditions) maintaining the volume of the particles but change in the density, while at low pH it showed surface erosion. There is decrease in the particle size upon incubating in low pH. This study was carried out using DLS, ESEM and spectrophotometry. For active release the walls of PLGA (75:25) capsules were modulated using phospholipids. The release of hydrophilic fluorescent probe Calcein was monitored with increasing the temperature. It was observed that with DOPC (0.31mM) the release can be triggered using detergents or an enzyme (PLA2). We propose the formation of a lipid-polymer complex within the polymer matrix forming plugs which are vulnerable to enzymes/detergents inducing release. The effect of PLGA NPs over the phospholipid bilayers mimicking cell membrane was carried out using molecular fluorescent probes (Prodan and Laurdan). The study was carried out by calculating the generalised polarisation (GP) under the influence of PLGA NPs (50:50 and 75:25). It is found that the interaction is a surface phenomenon and there is no influence of NPs over the permeability of model membranes LUVs and SUVs. The Tm value of the phospholipids is also maintained when studied with Laurdan. Prodan probe GP studies provide first original method to determine the Tg of PLGA in complete aqueous conditions. It is a rapid and easy method which determines the Tg value of PLGA in real time using very small quantity of the sample. This interaction is not affected by the composition of the bilayer mimicking cell membranes.

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