Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Tropical Medicine))--Mahidol University, 2003.

Mémoire (M.Sc.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. / "Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du grade de maître en sciences (M.Sc.)" Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'UQAC dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en médecine expérimentale (volet génétique) extensionné de l'Un. Laval à l'UQAC. CaQCU CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 82-86. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

A aterosclerose é uma doença crônico-inflamatória multifatorial com o envolvimento do sistema imunológico, sendo o resultado da interação de diferentes elementos celulares. A lipoproteína de baixa densidade eletronegativa [LDL(-)], capaz de induzir o acúmulo de ésteres de colesterol em macrófagos e a subsequente formação de células espumosas, desempenha um papel-chave na doença. Anticorpos recombinantes têm sido gerados nas últimas décadas, como o scFv (single chain fragment variable), com o intuito de serem utilizados como uma novas alternativas de prevenção para o surgimento da lesão. Diante do papel da LDL(-) na aterosclerose, este projeto avaliou o efeito da imunização passiva de camundongos LDLr-/-- com scFv anti-LDL(-) em solução e scFv anti-LDL(-) conjugado a nanocápsulas, em relação ao desenvolvimento e progressão da aterosclerose. Após obtenção do scFv e sua conjugação à nanocápsulas (NC-scFv), ensaios in vitro determinaram a diminuição da captação de LDL(-) em macrófagos tratados com o scFv 2C7 anti-LDL(-) em solução. No entanto, o tratamento com NC-scFv promoveu o aumento da internalização de LDL(-) em relação ao controle, possivelmente por um mecanismo de endocitose mediada por receptor específico. Estudos in vivo determinaram que camundongos LDLr-/- com idade entre 2 e 3 meses tratados com o scFv em solução apresentaram menor área de lesão aterosclerótica (p<0,05) quando comparados ao controle e que animais com 3 a 4 meses de idade tratados com NC-scFv demonstraram uma tendência à diminuição do mesmo parâmetro. Na análise da expressão de proteínas por imunohistoquímica, ambos os grupos tratados com scFv 2C7 anti-LDL(-) em solução e NC-scFv demostraram redução significativa da expressão dos receptores CD14 e TLR-4 no local da lesão. Esse achado tem grande importância, uma vez que dados da literatura apresentam ambos os receptores como possíveis candidatos ao reconhecimento da LDL(-). Diante dos dados obtidos, o estudo evidenciou a eficácia do scFv 2C7 anti-LDL(-) em solução e da formulação NC-scFv no contexto da aterosclerose, possibilitando a sua utilização como estratégias terapêuticas na intervenção precoce para prevenir o desenvolvimento e a progressão da doença. / Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory multifactorial disease related to the immune system and being the result of interaction of different cellular elements. The electronegative LDL, since the changes undergone by this particle are able to induce the accumulation of cholesterol esters in macrophages and the subsequent formation of foam cells, plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Recombinant antibodies have been generated in recent decades, such as scFv, (single chain fragment variable), and they may be used as a new alternative treatment for atherosclerosis treatment or prevention. Considering the role of LDL(-) in atherosclerosis, this project evaluated the effects of the treatment with anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7 solution and anti-LDL(-) scFv conjugated to nanocapsules as a passive immunization strategy on atherosclerosis induced in LDL receptor knockout mice. After obtaining the anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7 solution and its conjugation to nanocapsules (NC-scFv), in vitro tests led to the decrease in LDL(-) uptake in macrophages treated with anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7. However, the treatment of macrophages with NC-scFv promoted increased internalization of LDL(-) as compared to control, possibly due to a mechanism of specific receptor-mediated endocytosis. In vivo studies have determined that LDLR-/- mice aged 2 and 3 months treated with anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7 solution showed less atherosclerotic lesion area (p <0.05) compared to control and animals aged 3 to 4 months treated with NC-scFv showed a decreasing tendency of the same parameter. In the analysis of protein expression by immunohistochemistry, both groups treated with anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7 solution and NC-scFv showed significant reduction of CD14 receptor expression and TLR-4 at the lesion site. This finding is of great importance, since the literature has both receptors as candidates for recognition of the LDL(-). From the data obtained, the study demonstrated the efficacy of treatments anti-LDL(-) scFv 2C7 in solution and NC-scFv in the context of atherosclerosis, enabling their use as therapeutic strategies in the early intervention to prevent the development and progression of the disease.

A nanoemulsão LDE tem composição lipídica semelhante à da LDL natural e é utilizada para estudos do metabolismo da LDL. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a LDE é captada pelas células pelo LDL-r, porém outros receptores podem estar envolvidos nesta captação, como LRP-1, CD36 e CD68. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: investigar a captação da LDE por células endoteliais, fibroblastos, monócitos, macrófagos e H292, identificar os receptores envolvidos na captação da LDE pelas mesmas células e avaliar os efeitos da modificação química da LDE sobre a estabilidade, captação celular, lipoperoxidação celular e citotoxicidade. A LDE marcada com [3H]-colesterol livre e [14C]-éster de colesterol foi incubada por 4 horas com as linhagens celulares. Após a incubação, foram realizados os testes de captação da LDE e competição da LDE com a LDL natural. A expressão dos receptores LDL-r, LRP, CD36 e CD68 foi avaliada pelos métodos de imunocitoquímica, citometria de fluxo e PCR real time. Para investigar os efeitos da modificação da LDE (LDE-CO), o éster de colesterololeato de colesterol (monoinsaturado), foi substituído por linoleato de colesterol (LDE-CL) (poliinsaturado) e por estearato de colesterol (LDE-CE) (saturado). Estas nanoemulsões foram submetidas a testes de estabilidade (tamanho, polidispersão, pH e peroxidação), captação celular, peroxidação lipídica celular e citotoxicidade. Nos resultados, foi observado que todas as células estudadas internalizaram o colesterol livre e éster de colesterol proporcionalmente às concentrações de LDE-CO incubadas com diferença de saturação entre elas, sendo o colesterol livre mais captado que o éster de colesterol da LDE-CO por todas as células estudadas. Além disso, os monócitos (THP-1) demonstraram maior captação de LDE-CO que as demais células. No estudo de competição com a LDL natural ocorreu uma diminuição da captação (r2-0,73), sugerindo que as duas partículas competem pelo mesmo receptor. A LDE-CO foi capaz de inibir a expressão protéica dos receptores LDL em HUVEC (3,98 vezes), monócito (6,25 vezes) e fibroblasto (3,70 vezes) e a expressão gênica em monócito e HUVEC. Por citometria de fluxo, a expressão protéica do LDL-r em H292 e fibroblasto diminuiu. Em HUVEC a LDE-CO aumentou a expressão protéica em 3,57 vezes, já em monócito, a LDE-CO diminuiu a expressão gênica e protéica (3,15 vezes) do LRP-1. Em macrófago e em H292, a LDE-CO aumentou a expressão gênica do LRP-1. A LDE-CO foi capaz de aumentar a expressão gênica e protéica (3,1 vezes) do CD36 em HUVEC, diminuir a expressão protéica (4,34 vezes) em macrófago e diminuir a expressão gênica e protéica (2,94 vezes) em H292. A LDE foi capaz de aumentar a expressão protéica (2,09 vezes) do CD68 em H292, e aumentar a expressão gênica em monócito e macrófago. A linhagem celular que apresentou maior taxa de sobrevivência na presença da LDE-CO foi o fibroblasto. Nas análises dos efeitos da modificação química da LDE, a LDE-oleato apresentou o tamanho e a lipoperoxidação menores que a LDE-linoleato e LDE-estearato. Nenhuma das LDEs apresentou modificação da estabilidade antes de 30 dias. As células apresentaram maior lipoperoxidação na presença de LDECL quando comparada à presença de LDE-CO e LDE-CE. A captação de [3H]-colesterol livre foi maior que de éster de colesterol das três LDEs por todas as células estudadas. A composição da LDE com oleato de colesterol foi a que apresentou características mais favoráveis em termos de tamanho de partículas e susceptibilidade à peroxidação. A captação celular do colesterol livre foi maior do que a do éster de colesterol em todas as linhagens estudadas das três LDEs, sugerindo que o colesterol livre possa dissociar-se da LDE e ser captado pelas células por vias não específicas. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho ajudam na compreensão dos mecanismos de captação e da influência da composição na estabilidade e adequação do sistema LDE e outros similares às suas potenciais aplicações terapêuticas ou diagnósticas. / With fat composition similar to natural LDL, the LDE nanoemulsion can be used to study the metabolism of LDL. Other studies have shown that LDE is uptaken by cells by LDL-r receptors. Other receptors such as LRP-1, CD36 and CD38 may also be involved in the uptake. The objectives of this study were to investigate the uptake of LDE by endothelial and tumor cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, to identify those receptors involved in this process and to evaluate the effects on LDE uptake by changing its chemical composition. A labeled LDE with [3H]-cholesterol and [14C]- cholesteryl ester was incubated for 4 hours with cells, after which LDE uptake and competition tests were evaluated. LDL-r, LRP, CD36 and CD38 were evaluated by using immunocytochemistry methods, cytometric flow and real time PCR. To investigate the effects of LDE chemical composition modifications, cholesteryl oleate (LDE-CO) was replaced with cholesteryl linoleate (LDE-CL) and cholesterol stearate (LDE-CE). These were then tested for stability, cellular uptake, lipoperoxidation and citotoxitity. Results showed that all cells internalized [3H]-cholesterol and [14C]-cholesteryl ester proportionally to incubated LDE-CO concentrations albeit with some saturation differences. LDE-CO lipid uptake had a higher cholesterol uptake than the cholesteryl ester uptake. Furthermore, monocytes (THP-1) had a higher LDE-CO uptake than other cells. LDE-CO uptake decreased (r2 -0.73) in the presence of natural LDL, suggesting that these two particles may be competing for the same receptors. LDE-CO appeared to inhibit LDL protein receptor expression in HUVEC (3.98 times), in monocytes (6.25 times) and in fibroblasts (3.70 times), as well as the gene expression in monocytes and HUVEC. A decrease in LDL-r expression in both H292 and fibroblasts was also observed. LDE-CO increased the protein expression in HUVEC 3.75 times while in monocytes, it was able to decrease gene and protein expression of LRP-1, 3.15 times. In macrophages and H292, there was an increase in genetic expression of LRP-1. LDE-CO increased the CD36 in HUVEC gene and protein expressions 3.1 times, decreased the macrophage protein expression 4.34 times and decreased the H292 gene and protein expression 2.94 times. LDE increased protein expression 2.09 times in CD68 in H292 and increase gene expression in both monocytes and macrophages. Fibroblasts presented the highest survival rate in the presence of LDE-CO of all cells studied. The LDE chemical modification effect studies, presented smaller sized LDE-CO and less lipoperoxidation than LDE-CL and LDE-CE presented no stability modifications in less than 30 days. Cells presented higher lipoperoxidation in the presence of LDE-CL when compared to the presence of LDE-CO and LDE-CE. [3H]-cholesterol was greater than cholesteryl ester for all three LDE types in all the studied cells. LDE-CO presented favorable characteristics in terms of particle size and susceptibility to peroxidation. Cholesterol cell uptake was higher than that of cholesteryl ester for all LDEs of all the studied cells which suggests that that cholesterol may be capable of disassociating itself from LDE and being uptaken by cells through non-specific pathways. The results of this study can help to better understand the mechanisms of uptake by cells, the effects of stability and LDE system adequation for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

Abstract The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that transfers cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between plasma lipoproteins. Humans with a genetic CETP deficiency have high plasma high density lipopoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, whereas the CETP transgene lowers plasma HDL-C levels in mice. The role of CETP in the development of atherosclerosis is unclear due to the controversial results of many human and animal studies. The present research was designed to investigate the CETP gene as a candidate gene in the regulation of plasma HDL-C levels and the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The CETP gene was screened for mutations and polymorphisms associated with these traits in a well-characterized, homogenous population sample of 515 men and women and in a sample of 115 men with low HDL-C levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). Using polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis (PCR-SSCP), three polymorphic sites were found (A373P, I405V, R451Q) in the exons of the CETP gene, one in intron 9 and one in the 3'untranslated region of the CETP gene. In addition, the genotypes of a functional promoter polymorphism were determined. The V405 allele was associated with lower plasma CETP activity in the whole population sample, and the Q451 allele and the P373 allele were associated with higher plasma CETP activity in men, whereas the genotypes of the promoter polymorphism were not significantly associated with plasma CETP activity. The genotypes of the CETP gene explained about 20 % of the variation of plasma CETP activity in men. The CETP gene polymorphisms were found to be a minor regulator of plasma HDL-C levels, and these associations interacted with alcohol consumption, sex and triglyceride levels. The strongest association was detected between the promoter polymorphism and HDL-C levels in women. The variation at the CETP gene locus explained about 8 % of the variation in plasma HDL-C levels in women, but less than 1 % in men. CETP gene polymorphisms (A373P, I405V and R451Q) were associated with carotid intima-media thickness, explaining about 6 % of the variation in men and 4 % in women. However, none of the polymorphisms were associated significantly with the CHD risk. In conclusion, the CETP gene was found to be polymorphic and a minor regulator of plasma HDL-C levels and the development of atherosclerosis.

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are heterogeneous nanoparticles containing one copy of apolipoprotein B (~550 kDa) and thousands of lipids. LDL are the main plasma carriers of cholesterol and the major risk factor for atherosclerosis, the number one cause of death in the developed world. In atherosclerosis, LDL lipids are deposited in the arterial intima. Fusion of modified LDL in the arterial wall is an important underexplored triggering event in early atherosclerosis. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that thermal denaturation mimics LDL remodeling and fusion, and revealed the kinetic origin of LDL stability. Here, we report the first quantitative kinetic analysis of LDL stability. We show that LDL denaturation monitored by turbidity follows a sigmoidal time course that is unique among lipoproteins, suggesting that slow conformational changes in apoB precede lipoprotein fusion. High activation energy of LDL denaturation, Ea~100 kcal/mol, indicates disruption of extensive protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions involving large apoB domains. Next, we combined size-exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to show that dimerization is a common early step preceding LDL fusion. Monoclonal antibody binding studies indicated that α-helices in the N-terminal βα1 domain of apoB undergo conformational changes at early stages of LDL aggregation and fusion. Better understanding of these structural changes that prime LDL for fusion is important, as it may help control this pathogenic process before it occurs. We applied the kinetic approach to test how selected factors that are expected to contribute to LDL fusion in vivo affect the rate of LDL fusion and rupture in vitro. The results show that LDL fusion accelerates at pH<7, which may contribute to LDL retention in acidic atherosclerotic lesions. Fusion also accelerates upon increasing LDL concentration in near-physiologic range, which likely contributes to atherogenesis. Further, we showed that thermal stability of LDL decreases with increasing particle size, indicating that the pro-atherogenic properties of small dense LDL do not result from their enhanced fusion. Our work provides the first kinetic approach to measuring LDL stability and suggests that lipid-lowering therapies that reduce LDL concentration but increase the particle size may have opposite effects on LDL fusion.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21959号 / 医博第4501号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 横出 正之, 教授 小杉 眞司, 教授 長船 健二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

abstract: Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a unique pathogen, with a complex genome and unique immune evasion tactics. It lacks genes encoding proteins involved in nutrient synthesis and typical metabolic pathways, and therefore relies on the host for nutrients. The Bb genome encodes both an unusually high number of predicted outer surface lipoproteins of unknown function but with multiple complex roles in pathogenesis, and an unusually low number of predicted outer membrane proteins, given the necessity of bringing in the required nutrients for pathogen survival. Cellular processing of bacterial membrane proteins is complex, and structures of proteins from Bb have all been solved without the N-terminal signal sequence that directs the protein to proper folding and placement in the membrane. This dissertation presents the first membrane-directed expression in E. coli of several Bb proteins involved in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. For the first time, I present evidence that the predicted lipoprotein, BBA57, forms a large alpha-helical homo-multimeric complex in the OM, is soluble in several detergents, and purifiable. The purified BBA57 complex forms homogeneous, 10 nm-diameter particles, visible by negative stain electron microscopy. Two-dimensional class averages from negative stain images reveal the first low-resolution particle views, comprised of a ring of subunits with a plug on top, possibly forming a porin or channel. These results provide the first evidence to support our theories that some of the predicted lipoproteins in Bb form integral-complexes in the outer membrane, and require proper membrane integration to form functional proteins. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2020

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as ischaemic heart diseases, heart failure and stroke remain a major cause of death globally. Various deep-rooted factors influence CVD development; these include but are not limited to elevated blood lipids, high blood pressure, obesity and diabetes. A considerable number of proteins are involved directly and indirectly in the transport, maintenance and elimination of plasma lipids, including high and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C). There are several mechanisms involved in the removal of LDL particles from systemic circulation. One such mechanism is associated with the gene that encodes proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which has become an exciting therapeutic target for the reduction of residual risk of CVDs. Currently, statins are the mainstay treatment to reduce LDL-C, and a need exists to further develop more effective LDL-C-lowering drugs that might supplement statins. This study was aimed at contributing to the generation of knowledge regarding the effect of niacin in reducing LDL levels through PCSK9 interaction.