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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Dynamic properties of Beaufort Sea soils /

Yang, Dan, January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (M.Eng.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1993. / Typescript. Bibliography: l. 115-123. Also available online.
262

Post processing of cone penetration data for assessing seismic ground hazards, with application to the new Madrid seismic

Liao, Tianfei. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Mayne, Paul W., Committee Chair ; Goldsman, David, Committee Member ; Lai, James, Committee Member ; Rix, Glenn J., Committee Member ; Santamarina, J. Carlos, Committee Member.
263

The relationship between void ratio and shear wave velocity of gold tailings

Chang, Hsin-Pei Nicol. Unknown Date (has links)
Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-100).
264

Instrumental intensity scales for geotechnical and structural damage /

Upsall, Sarah Beth. January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-372).
265

Estudo do comportamento geomecânico de resíduos de mineração / Study of the geomechanical behavior of tailings

Bedin, Jucélia January 2010 (has links)
A extração e processamento de minério resultam na geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos, cuja disposição gera impacto e risco ambiental. O lançamento direto em reservatórios contidos por diques consiste na forma mais comum de disposição dos resíduos de mineração em superfície. Estes diques podem ser construídos por alteamentos sucessivos a montante (upstream), prática desaconselhada em alguns países. Apesar de se tratar de um processo de baixo custo, o tipo de aterro a montante é uma operação de risco, pois a montante as barragens são sensíveis à liquefação e também porque a estabilidade das barragens pode ser ameaçada pelo excesso de poro pressão gerado dentro do depósito durante a construção. Para atender às exigências de projetos de áreas de disposição de resíduos é, portanto, fundamental entender o comportamento destes materiais. Resíduos exibem considerável variabilidade em suas características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas, que conferem um comportamento distinto dos geomateriais usualmente encontrados em depósitos naturais. Entre os diferentes resíduos destacam-se ouro e bauxita cuja prática de exploração no Brasil é revestida de considerável interesse econômico e ambiental. Nesta tese estes materiais são analisados a partir de uma extensa campanha de investigação geotécnica baseada em um programa de ensaios de laboratório destinados à caracterização destes resíduos e à definição de parâmetros constitutivos. Para fins comparativos são realizados ensaios com um material siltoso, porém inerte. A condutividade hidraúlica e compressibilidade dos resíduos foram obtidas através de ensaios oedométricos executados com estágios de carga e gradientes hidráulicos constantes. Ensaios triaxiais foram realizados com altos níveis de tensões de confinamento e distintas trajetórias de tensões, para a definição da linha do estado crítico e a identificação do comportamento destes materiais através de ensaios com Bender Elements. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu comparações entre a linha de consolidação oedométrica (LCO), a linha de consolidação isotrópica (LCI) e a linha do estado crítico (LEC) que definiram a resposta de liquefação estática do material. No espaço e - log (p´) o aparecimento de um comportamento instável alterou significativamente a inclinação da LEC com relação a LCI e a LCO. A mesma mudança de inclinação é observada tanto no parâmetro de estado como no módulo cisalhante do solo quando plotados contra a tensão efetiva média. Com base nessas evidências, é defendido que o LEC de resíduos de mineração é altamente não-linear, e servem como indicativo de três respostas distintas do solo: uma resposta estável quando LCO, LCI e a LEC exibem paralelismo, um comportamento meta-estável em baixas tensões de confinamento levando à liquefação e quebra de grãos para altas tensões de confinamento da amostra. O avanço nas pesquisas relativas à disposição de resíduos provenientes de indústrias de mineração com o conhecimento dos fenômenos que se processa, poderá evitar a ocorrência de ruptura de barragens, que teria como conseqüência desastres ambientais de grande impacto. / Production and deposition of mining tailings is a problem confronting geotechnical engineers given the dimension of tailings deposits and environmental risks. The direct launching of tailings in reservoirs contained by dikes consists in a common type of waste disposal. These dikes can be constructed by successive upstream embankments, a relatively simple and economical process adopted in some countries. Although it is a low cost process, the upstream embankment is an operation of great risk, especially because tailings are susceptible to liquefaction and also because the stability of the dams can be threatened by excess of pore pressures generated inside the deposit during construction. To meet design requirements of disposal of residues it is therefore essential to understand the behavior of these materials. Tailings show a considerable variability in their physical, chemical and mineral characteristics that confer a distinct behavior to the geo-materials usually found in natural deposits. The present work gives emphasis to gold and bauxite tailings that encompass substantial economic and environmental interest in Brazil. In the thesis, an extensive laboratory geotechnical investigation program is carried out in an attempt to characterize these residues and to establish design constituent parameters. For comparative purposes an inert silty material is also tested. Compressibility and hydraulic conductivity were measured in oedometer tests performed at constant load and constant hydraulic gradient tests. Triaxial tests were carried out at high stress levels and different stress paths in order to establish the position and shape of the critical state line. In addition measured with Bender Elements are evaluated. The results between the oedometer consolidation (OCL), isotropic consolidation (ICL) and critical sate (CSL) lines allowed the static liquefaction response to be directly assessed. In a e-log (p’) space, the onset of a meta-stable behaviour significantly changes the slope of the CSL relative to both ICL and OCL. The same change in slope is observed on both the state parameter and the small strain shear modulus measured by bender elements when plotted against mean stress. Based on these evidences it is advocated that the CSL of the tailing is highly non-linear in nature, which lead to three distinct soil responses: a stable response when OCL, ICL and CSL exhibit similar slopes, a meta-stable beahaviour at lower stress leading to liquefaction and a crushable response for higher mean stresses. Advanced research on tailings from mining industries with due recognition of the phenomena of liquefaction may prevent dam failure, and consequently may prevent major environmental disasters.
266

Production de bio-carburants de 3ème génération à partir de microalgues / Production of 3rd generation biofuels from microalgae

Ramirez, Lis 19 December 2013 (has links)
Face à l'épuisement des réserves en carburants fossiles et afin de subvenir à une demande toujours croissante en énergie pour le transport, les scientifiques se tournent désormais vers une ressource quasi-inépuisable et renouvelable : la biomasse. Au sein de la biomasse, les microalgues représentent une source potentielle de biocarburant car elles peuvent contenir des fortes teneurs en lipides et hydrocarbures. Leur croissance extrêmement rapide, l'utilisation du CO2 et de l'énergie solaire pour leur croissance et l'absence de compétition avec l'agriculture traditionnelle confèrent aux micro-algues une très forte attractivité. Deux voies de conversion ont été abordées. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l'hydroconversion de triglycérides avec une molécule modèle (GTO) et charges réelles (huile de poisson et huile de Nannochloropsis obtenu par extraction au CO2 supercritique) sur catalyseurs de type CoMoS et NiMoS sur alumine. Des rendements élevés en alcanes (60- 70%pds) semblables à des carburants fossiles ont été obtenus. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la liquéfaction hydrothermale de la Spiruline, peu représentative d'algues lipidiques mais disponible, et d'autres algues (Porphyridium cruentum, Nannochloropsis sp., Ourococcus, Dunaliela salina) pour optimiser ce procédé selon les différentes conditions opératoires avec l'obtention d'un rendement optimal en bio-huile de 35%pds. Cependant, les teneurs élevées en azote et oxygène (8-10%pds) de la bio-huile ne permettent pas de la valoriser directement comme carburant. Cela nous a amené à effectuer une valorisation de la bio-huile avec des catalyseurs hétérogènes de type CoMo, NiMoS, NiMoS-Y supportés sur alumine et SrMoO4-N pour éliminer l'azote et l'oxygène de la bio-huile. Le catalyseur avec le résultat plus satisfaisant a été le SrMoO4-N, avec une teneur finale en alcanes de 70%pds / Given the depletion of fossil fuels and to meet a growing demand for transportation energy, scientists are now turning towards an almost inexhaustible and renewable resource: biomass. As biomass, microalgae represent a potential source of biofuel because they may contain high levels of lipids and hydrocarbons. Their extremely fast growth, the use of CO2 and solar energy for their growth and the absence of competition with traditional agriculture makes microalgae very appealing. Two thermochemical routes of valorisation of μ-algae have been investigated. At first, we studied the hydroconversion of triglycerides with a model molecule (GTO) and then real feedstocks (fish oil and Nannochloropsis oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction) on CoMoS and NiMoS type catalysts. High yields of alkanes (60-70 wt%) similar to fossil fuels were obtained. In a second step, we studied the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and other algae without heterogeneous catalyst to optimize the process for different operating conditions with the obtention of a maximum bio-oil yield of 35 %wtt. However, the high levels of nitrogen and oxygen (8-10 wt%) does not allow to directly use it as fuel . This has led us to perform an upgrading of the bio-oil with heterogeneous catalysts of CoMo, NiMoS, NiMoS-Y and SrMoO4-N types to remove nitrogen and oxygen in the bio-oil. The most performant catalyst was SrMoO4-N, with a final content of 70 %wt of alkanes
267

Estudo do comportamento geomecânico de resíduos de mineração / Study of the geomechanical behavior of tailings

Bedin, Jucélia January 2010 (has links)
A extração e processamento de minério resultam na geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos, cuja disposição gera impacto e risco ambiental. O lançamento direto em reservatórios contidos por diques consiste na forma mais comum de disposição dos resíduos de mineração em superfície. Estes diques podem ser construídos por alteamentos sucessivos a montante (upstream), prática desaconselhada em alguns países. Apesar de se tratar de um processo de baixo custo, o tipo de aterro a montante é uma operação de risco, pois a montante as barragens são sensíveis à liquefação e também porque a estabilidade das barragens pode ser ameaçada pelo excesso de poro pressão gerado dentro do depósito durante a construção. Para atender às exigências de projetos de áreas de disposição de resíduos é, portanto, fundamental entender o comportamento destes materiais. Resíduos exibem considerável variabilidade em suas características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas, que conferem um comportamento distinto dos geomateriais usualmente encontrados em depósitos naturais. Entre os diferentes resíduos destacam-se ouro e bauxita cuja prática de exploração no Brasil é revestida de considerável interesse econômico e ambiental. Nesta tese estes materiais são analisados a partir de uma extensa campanha de investigação geotécnica baseada em um programa de ensaios de laboratório destinados à caracterização destes resíduos e à definição de parâmetros constitutivos. Para fins comparativos são realizados ensaios com um material siltoso, porém inerte. A condutividade hidraúlica e compressibilidade dos resíduos foram obtidas através de ensaios oedométricos executados com estágios de carga e gradientes hidráulicos constantes. Ensaios triaxiais foram realizados com altos níveis de tensões de confinamento e distintas trajetórias de tensões, para a definição da linha do estado crítico e a identificação do comportamento destes materiais através de ensaios com Bender Elements. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu comparações entre a linha de consolidação oedométrica (LCO), a linha de consolidação isotrópica (LCI) e a linha do estado crítico (LEC) que definiram a resposta de liquefação estática do material. No espaço e - log (p´) o aparecimento de um comportamento instável alterou significativamente a inclinação da LEC com relação a LCI e a LCO. A mesma mudança de inclinação é observada tanto no parâmetro de estado como no módulo cisalhante do solo quando plotados contra a tensão efetiva média. Com base nessas evidências, é defendido que o LEC de resíduos de mineração é altamente não-linear, e servem como indicativo de três respostas distintas do solo: uma resposta estável quando LCO, LCI e a LEC exibem paralelismo, um comportamento meta-estável em baixas tensões de confinamento levando à liquefação e quebra de grãos para altas tensões de confinamento da amostra. O avanço nas pesquisas relativas à disposição de resíduos provenientes de indústrias de mineração com o conhecimento dos fenômenos que se processa, poderá evitar a ocorrência de ruptura de barragens, que teria como conseqüência desastres ambientais de grande impacto. / Production and deposition of mining tailings is a problem confronting geotechnical engineers given the dimension of tailings deposits and environmental risks. The direct launching of tailings in reservoirs contained by dikes consists in a common type of waste disposal. These dikes can be constructed by successive upstream embankments, a relatively simple and economical process adopted in some countries. Although it is a low cost process, the upstream embankment is an operation of great risk, especially because tailings are susceptible to liquefaction and also because the stability of the dams can be threatened by excess of pore pressures generated inside the deposit during construction. To meet design requirements of disposal of residues it is therefore essential to understand the behavior of these materials. Tailings show a considerable variability in their physical, chemical and mineral characteristics that confer a distinct behavior to the geo-materials usually found in natural deposits. The present work gives emphasis to gold and bauxite tailings that encompass substantial economic and environmental interest in Brazil. In the thesis, an extensive laboratory geotechnical investigation program is carried out in an attempt to characterize these residues and to establish design constituent parameters. For comparative purposes an inert silty material is also tested. Compressibility and hydraulic conductivity were measured in oedometer tests performed at constant load and constant hydraulic gradient tests. Triaxial tests were carried out at high stress levels and different stress paths in order to establish the position and shape of the critical state line. In addition measured with Bender Elements are evaluated. The results between the oedometer consolidation (OCL), isotropic consolidation (ICL) and critical sate (CSL) lines allowed the static liquefaction response to be directly assessed. In a e-log (p’) space, the onset of a meta-stable behaviour significantly changes the slope of the CSL relative to both ICL and OCL. The same change in slope is observed on both the state parameter and the small strain shear modulus measured by bender elements when plotted against mean stress. Based on these evidences it is advocated that the CSL of the tailing is highly non-linear in nature, which lead to three distinct soil responses: a stable response when OCL, ICL and CSL exhibit similar slopes, a meta-stable beahaviour at lower stress leading to liquefaction and a crushable response for higher mean stresses. Advanced research on tailings from mining industries with due recognition of the phenomena of liquefaction may prevent dam failure, and consequently may prevent major environmental disasters.
268

Mitigation of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction via Microbial Denitrification: A Two-Stage Process

January 2016 (has links)
abstract: The dissimilatory reduction of nitrate, or denitrification, offers the potential of a sustainable, cost effective method for the non-disruptive mitigation of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. Worldwide, trillions of dollars of infrastructure are at risk for liquefaction damage in earthquake prone regions. However, most techniques for remediating liquefiable soils are either not applicable to sites near existing infrastructure, or are prohibitively expensive. Recently, laboratory studies have shown the potential for biogeotechnical soil improvement techniques such as microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) to mitigate liquefaction potential in a non-disruptive manner. Multiple microbial processes have been identified for MICP, but only two have been extensively studied. Ureolysis, the most commonly studied process for MICP, has been shown to quickly and efficiently induce carbonate precipitation on particle surfaces and at particle contacts to improve the stiffness, strength, and dilatant behavior of liquefiable soils. However, ureolysis also produces copious amounts of ammonium, a potentially toxic byproduct. The second process studied for MICP, denitrification, has been shown to precipitate carbonate, and hence improve soil properties, much more slowly than ureolysis. However, the byproducts of denitrification, nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas, are non-toxic, and present the added benefit of rapidly desaturating the treated soil. Small amounts of desaturation have been shown to increase the cyclic resistance, and hence the liquefaction resistance, of liquefiable soils. So, denitrification offers the potential to mitigate liquefaction as a two-stage process, with desaturation providing short term mitigation, and MICP providing long term liquefaction resistance. This study presents the results of soil testing, stoichiometric modeling, and microbial ecology characterization to better characterize the potential use of denitrification as a two-stage process for liquefaction mitigation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016
269

Optimum Co-product Utilization from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae

January 2017 (has links)
abstract: The project aims at utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) byproducts like biochar to grow microalgae. HTL is a promising method to convert wet algal biomasses into biofuels. The initial microalgae liquefaction at a temperature of 300 °C for 30 minute, converted 31.22 % of the Galdieria sulphuraria and 41.00 % of the Kirchneriella cornutum into biocrude. Upon changing the reactor from a 100 ml to a 250 ml reactor, the yield in biocrude increased to 31.48 % for G. sulphuraria and dropped to 38.05 % for K. cornutum. Further, energy recoveries based on calorific values of HTL products were seen to drop by about 5 % of the 100 ml calculated values in the larger reactor. Biochar from HTL of G. sulphuraria at 300 °C showed 15.98 and 5.27 % of phosphorous and nitrogen, respectively. HTL products from the biomass were analyzed for major elements through ICP-OES and CHNS/O. N and P are macronutrients that can be utilized in growing microalgae. This could reduce the operational demands in growing algae like, phosphorous mined to meet annual national demand for aviation fuel. Acidic leaching of these elements as phosphates and ammoniacal nitrogen was studied. Improved leaching of 49.49 % phosphorous and 95.71 % nitrogen was observed at 40 °C and pH 2.5 over a period of 7 days into the growth media. These conditions being ideal for growth of G. sulphuraria, leaching can be done in-situ to reduce overhead cost. Growth potential of G. sulphuraria in leached media was compared to a standard cyanidium media produced from inorganic chemicals. Initial inhibition studies were done in the leached media at 40 °C and 2-3 vol. % CO2 to observe a positive growth rate of 0.273 g L-1 day-1. Further, growth was compared to standard media with similar composition in a 96 well plate 50 μL microplate assay for 5 days. The growth rates in both media were comparable. Additionally, growth was confirmed in a 240 times larger tubular reactor in a Tissue Culture Roller drum apparatus. A better growth was observed in the leached cyanidium media as compared to the standard variant. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2017
270

Potencial de liquefação de resíduos de mineração estimado através de ensaios de campo / Liquefaction potential of mining tailings estimated by field tests

Nierwinski, Helena Paula January 2013 (has links)
A geração de resíduos provocada pela atividade mineradora é revestida de considerável preocupação ambiental, tanto em função da área envolvida no depósito deste material, quanto pelos impactos causados por eventuais rupturas que possam a ocorrer nestes reservatórios. O método de disposição de resíduos, frequentemente utilizado pelas mineradoras, consiste no bombeamento do material por via úmida até os reservatórios de alteamento contidos através de diques ou barragens. Este processo pode tornar estas áreas suscetíveis à ocorrência de rupturas causadas por liquefação do material. Quando este tipo de evento acontece, tem-se um aumento repentino da poropressão, com consequente redução da resistência ao cisalhamento. A verificação do potencial de liquefação de resíduos de mineração é, portanto, imprescindível à prevenção de impactos ambientais, além de colaborar na execução de projetos geotécnicos mais seguros e econômicos. Neste trabalho são analisados três reservatórios distintos, sendo um composto por resíduo de mineração de ouro e os outros dois por resíduo de mineração de bauxita. Os resultados de ensaios realizados em campo (SCPTU/CPTU e SDMT) são utilizados na avaliação geotécnica dos resíduos, buscando-se verificar a compatibilidade com avaliações já realizadas através de ensaios de laboratório. O potencial de liquefação estática dos materiais é observado em laboratório para baixos níveis de tensões, demonstrando que os resíduos são suscetíveis à liquefação estática. Este comportamento é verificado também na interpretação de ensaios de campo, interpretados através de correlações de natureza semiempírica baseadas na combinação de uma medida representativa de pequenas deformações (módulo cisalhante) combinado a uma medida obtida à grandes deformações (resistência à penetração) que, combinadas, permitem a determinação do parâmetro de estado do material. A primeira proposta consistiu na definição de uma fronteira entre materiais de comportamento contrátil e dilatante no espaço G0/qc versus p’/pa. Esta proposta apresentou uma resposta adequada, entretanto, a concentração de todos os pontos referentes aos resíduos analisados, possivelmente suscetíveis ao fenômeno de liquefação estática, numa mesma região gráfica, somente foi possível no espaço G0/qc versus qc1. Neste espaço a separação entre materiais de comportamento dilatante e contrátil foi possível com a inserção de uma fronteira empírica. Este estudo demonstrou a boa sensibilidade dos parâmetros G0 e qc ao fenômeno de liquefação estática. A suscetibilidade à liquefação cíclica dos resíduos de mineração de ouro e bauxita também foi verificada através de correlações com resultados de ensaios de campo. Esta análise indicou a possibilidade de ocorrência do fenômeno para os mais baixos níveis de magnitude de sismo atuante. / Waste generation caused by mining activity emerges as an environmental concern, both because of the large area involved in deposits of this material, as well as the possible impacts caused by occasional failures that may occur in these deposits. The method of waste disposal, often used by mining companies, consists by pumping wet material in sequence until completion of the reservoirs contained by dikes or dams. This process makes these areas susceptible to the occurrence of the liquefaction failures. When this type of event happens there is a sudden increase in pore pressure with consequent reduction shear strength, which can result is risk of containment structures. Therefore, verification of liquefaction potential of these materials is essential in the prevention of environmental impacts. The present work analyzes three different reservoirs, one consisting of gold mining tailings and the other two of bauxite mining tailings. The results of field tests (SCPTU/ CPTU and SDMT) are used in geotechnical evaluation of tailings in order to verify the compatibility with evaluations already carried out through laboratory tests. The static liquefaction potential observed in laboratory at low levels of stresses is consistent with field assessment from in situ tests. Semiempirical correlations based on field tests are based on small strain measurements (shear modulus) combined with large strain measurements (penetration resistance), that are used to defined the state parameter of the material. The first proposal consisted in defining a boundary between materials of contractive and dilatant behavior in space G0/qc versus p’/pa. The proposal presented an appropriate response, however, the concentration of all analyzed points, possibly susceptible to static liquefaction phenomenon, in the same graphical region was only possible in space G0/qc versus qc1. In this space the separation between materials of contractive and dilatant behavior was possible with the inclusion of an empirical boundary. This study demonstrated the good sensitivity of the parameters G0 and qc to the static liquefaction phenomenon. The cyclic liquefaction susceptibility of the gold and bauxite mining tailings was also verified by correlation with field tests results. This analyzes indicated the possibility of occurrence of the phenomenon to the lowest levels of earthquake magnitude.

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