The overuse of antibiotics in agriculture is an emerging concern, due to their potential detrimental impact to the environment. This study focuses on exploring antimicrobial properties of lignin derived compounds. Lignin is of interest as a feedstock to replacing some petroleum-based chemicals and products because it is the most abundant source of renewable aromatic compounds on the planet. Two lignin rich streams, residues from the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid and alkaline pretreated corn stover, were decomposed via pyrolysis and hydrogenolysis, respectively. The resulting liquid oils were subjected to sequential extractions using a series of solvents with different polarities. Chemical compositions of the extracted fractions were characterized through HPLC and GC/MS. These extracted compounds were screened against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus amylovorus for antimicrobial properties. Six lignin model monomers: guaiacol, vanillin, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, and syringic acid were compared to the oils and extracted fractions for antimicrobial properties. Development of lignin-derived chemicals with antimicrobial properties could provide a novel use for this underutilized natural resource.

Il est actuellement bien connu que les molécules non sphériques peuvent former des mésophases (ou cristaux liquides), c'est-à-dire des phases dont les propriétés sont intermédiaires entre celles des liquides et celles des cristaux. La mésophase la plus connue est la phase nématique. Il s'agit d'une phase caractérisée par une distribution aléatoire des centres de masse des molécules, mais dans laquelle l'orientation des molécules présente une direction préférentielle, désignée par un vecteur unité appelé le directeur du nématique. Une telle phase possède donc la fluidité d'un liquide tout en présentant, tel un cristal, une biréfringence. C'est cette dernière propriété qui est exploitée dans les applications technologiques, principalement dans les dispositifs d'affichage. Dans un tel dispositif, le liquide nématique est contenu dans une cellule (il y a une cellule par pixel), et son directeur est manipulé à l'aide d'un champ extérieur, électrique ou magnétique. Pour une bonne compréhension du fonctionnement de ce dispositif, il est essentiel de connaître le profil du directeur à travers la cellule en l'absence de champ extérieur. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié un nématique torsadé, c'est-à-dire dont le directeur décrit une hélice à travers la cellule. Ce profil est déterminé principalement par les propriétés d'ancrage du liquide nématique sur les parois solides de la cellule. En effet, celles-ci peuvent posséder une direction d'ancrage privilégiée, qui favorise l'alignement du directeur dans une direction particulière. Nous avons considéré ici le cas de directions d'ancrage planaires, c'est-à-dire que le directeur est dans le plan des parois. Alors que l'ajout de parois identiques dans le système induit toujours une non-uniformité spatiale dans la densité du nématique (en comparaison avec un nématique en coeur de phase), l'utilisation de directions d'ancrage différentes induit une non-uniformité orientationnelle dans le directeur du nématique; dans notre cas une torsion. C'est principalement ce profil de directeur torsadé qui nous intéresse ici. L'objectif général de ce travail consiste donc à étudier les propriétés d'ancrage d'une phase nématique confinée et torsadée, d'une part par une théorie microscopique (théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité), et d'autre part sur le plan de simulations de Monte Carlo, en particulier dans le cas où les molécules ont la forme de disques (discotiques).

The viscous oil-water hydrodynamics in a microchannel and phase equilibria of heavy oil and carbon dioxide gas have been investigated in connection with the enhanced recovery of heavy oil from petroleum reservoirs. The oil-water flow was studied in a circular microchannel made of fused silica with an I.D. of 250 µm. The viscosity of the silicone oil (863 mPa.sec) was close to that of the gas-saturated heavy oil in reservoirs. The channel was always initially filled with the oil. Two different sets of experiments were conducted: continuous oil-water flow and immiscible displacement of oil by water. For the case of continuous water and oil injection, different types of liquid-liquid flow patterns were identified and a flow pattern map was developed based on Reynolds, Capillary and Weber numbers. Also, a simple correlation for pressure drop of the two phase system was developed. In the immiscible displacement experiments, the water initially formed a core-annular flow pattern, i.e. a water core surrounded by a viscous oil film. The initially symmetric flow became asymmetric with time as the water core shifted off centre and also the waves at the oil-water interface became asymmetric. A linear stability analysis for core-annular flow was also performed. A characteristic equation which predicts the growth rate of perturbations as a function of the core radius, Reynolds number, and viscosity and density ratios of the two phases was developed. Also, two micro cells for gas solubility measurements in oils were designed and constructed. The blind cell had an internal volume of less than 2 ml and the micro glass cell had a volume less than 100 µl. By minimizing the cell volume, measurements could be made more quickly. The CO2 solubility was determined in bitumen and ashphaltene-free bitumen samples to show that ashphaltene has a negligible effect on CO2 solubility.

The viscous oil-water hydrodynamics in a microchannel and phase equilibria of heavy oil and carbon dioxide gas have been investigated in connection with the enhanced recovery of heavy oil from petroleum reservoirs. The oil-water flow was studied in a circular microchannel made of fused silica with an I.D. of 250 µm. The viscosity of the silicone oil (863 mPa.sec) was close to that of the gas-saturated heavy oil in reservoirs. The channel was always initially filled with the oil. Two different sets of experiments were conducted: continuous oil-water flow and immiscible displacement of oil by water. For the case of continuous water and oil injection, different types of liquid-liquid flow patterns were identified and a flow pattern map was developed based on Reynolds, Capillary and Weber numbers. Also, a simple correlation for pressure drop of the two phase system was developed. In the immiscible displacement experiments, the water initially formed a core-annular flow pattern, i.e. a water core surrounded by a viscous oil film. The initially symmetric flow became asymmetric with time as the water core shifted off centre and also the waves at the oil-water interface became asymmetric. A linear stability analysis for core-annular flow was also performed. A characteristic equation which predicts the growth rate of perturbations as a function of the core radius, Reynolds number, and viscosity and density ratios of the two phases was developed. Also, two micro cells for gas solubility measurements in oils were designed and constructed. The blind cell had an internal volume of less than 2 ml and the micro glass cell had a volume less than 100 µl. By minimizing the cell volume, measurements could be made more quickly. The CO2 solubility was determined in bitumen and ashphaltene-free bitumen samples to show that ashphaltene has a negligible effect on CO2 solubility.

In this thesis, the nonlinear properties of dye-doped liquid crystal films measured via Z-scan technique are presented, and we¡¦ve also compared the features of nonlinear effect between nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals, because the purpose was to obtain a strong nonlinear effect which is polarization independent. The nonlinear refraction of the samples would induce self-focusing/self-defocusing effect, therefore the Z-scan technique was utilized for the measurements in this study. The degrees of self-focusing/self-defocusing effect can be used to calculate the optical Kerr constants n2 related to the variation of refractive indices. Moreover, this technique is uncomplicated and powerful for nonlinear effect observations, because it only requires a single laser beam and a simple setup to measure both nonlinear refractive indices and nonlinear absorption coefficients. In the first section of the study, we had investigated the nonlinear effect of azo-dye-doped liquid crystal (ADDLC) films by Z-scan technique. Owing to the birefringence provided by homogeneous-alignment liquid crystal films and the absorption difference between the long axis and the short axis of the azo dye, the self-defocusing effect in nematic phase was larger than that in isotropic state as the polarization of incident light was parallel to the long axis of aligned liquid crystals. While we set the incident polarization perpendicular to the long axis of liquid crystals, a self-focusing effect was observed and the in nematic phase was found smaller than that in isotropic state. As a result, it can be analyzed that the nonlinear effect of homogeneous aligned ADDLC films is intensely polarization-dependent. In the second section, in order to acquire a polarization-independent nonlinear effect, we fabricated the azo-dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (ADDCLC) films which were arranged in planar texture with the reflection bands managed to avoid the III wavelength of incident light. We had studied the nonlinear effects in different concentrations of the azo dye and also measured the influence of incident polarizations. We discover that when the concentration of dyes was raised, the n2 increased as well; the nonlinear indices were almost the same in various polarized light. The incident light suffered an average refractive index in an ADDCLC film, and azo dye arranged in helices resulted in identical absorption to different polarized light. In summary, employing ADDCLCs with planar texture in nonlinear optical applications, we could achieve not only strong nonlinear effects but also high polarization independence in liquid crystals.

In our laboratory, we using simple synthetic methods to synthesize one series of amphiphilic discotic liquid crystal which has the dipole-dipole forces. We not only research the effect about the length of hydrophilic chain, but also explore the arrangement of this series through some cross-comparison.

Separation of dissolved metals from aqueous solutions using liquid membrane technology is highly advantageous owing to the degree of separation achieved, efficiency and application potential. In the present investigation four types of liquid membranes - bulk liquid membrane (BLM), emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), electrostatic pseudo liquid membrane (ESPLIM) and unified liquid membrane (ULM) have been extensively studied, for their application in extraction and concentration of dissolved metals from effluents. Experiments were conducted with various metal systems to optimize both system and process conditions and to find out the effect of various parameters on the performance of the process. Different mass transport models were proposed for each type, taking diffusional and kinetic resistances into account. Models were extended for simultaneous extraction systems and were verified by different metal-carrier experiments. Good agreement was found between the concentration profiles obtained from the models and the experimental data, thereby establishing the validity of models for all the four types of liquid membranes. The stirred cell employed in BLM process eliminates emulsification and demulsification processes. It also provides simultaneous contact of the organic liquid membrane phase with aqueous feed and strip phases. Overall rate expressions for extraction and stripping in BLM are based on an assumed kinetic mechanism to explain the process qualitatively. It was found that the magnitude^ of diffusional and kinetic resistances determines the overall mass transfer coefficient. The relative magnitude of mass transfer coefficient, reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants enables to visualize the controlling regime of the process. The problem of low flux rate due to high diffusion resistances, inefficient operation and exorbitant costs encountered in bulk and supported liquid membranes (SLM) are overcome in an ELM. In the ELM process, an emulsion of organic membrane phase and aqueous inner phase, is dispersed in the continuous aqueous feed phase. This gives a highly selective and ultra thin liquid film generating a large mass transfer area for separation. Experimental results on membrane instability and emulsion swelling indicate that volumetric leakage rate depends linearly on the stirring speed and that the nature of surfactant does not have any appreciable effect on emulsion swelling. A general permeation model was developed taking into account the external mass transfer around the emulsion drop, diffusion in the drop, reaction at the aqueous-organic interface, leakage of the internal phase to the external phase due to membrane breakup and emulsion swelling due to osmotic pressure difference. Model equations with appropriate boundary conditions were numerically solved by orthogonal collocation technique for a set of model parameters obtained either from known correlations or from independent experiments. Comparison of the model predictions with experimental data from the batch permeation of chromium and other metals using carrier Alamine 336 or LIX 64N, shows that the model predictions are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. Further this model can be used to simulate the effects of various experimental conditions such as metal and hydrogen ion concentrations, carrier concentration, drop diameters, etc., for similar systems. Studies on ESPLIM were conducted with the aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of this new separation process and to develop a simple transport model for metal permeation. In the ESPLIM process, a high electrical field (3-5 kV A.C.) is used for phase dispersion. This system consists of a rectangular reactor filled with membrane solution divided into extraction and stripping cells by a centrally placed integrated type baffle which also acts as an electrode. Two more electrodes were placed in the extraction and stripping cells, where feed and strip phases are introduced from the top of the reactor. When high electrical field is applied across the electrodes, fine droplets of feed and strip are formed and are dispersed in extraction and stripping cells where simultaneous extraction and stripping occurs. The process can be viewed as simultaneous counter current extraction and stripping. The aqueous drops coalesce in the settlers at the bottom of the reactor and are removed continuously. Steady state mass transport model proposed for ESPLIM system accounts for the vertical counter-current extraction and stripping processes taking place in the extraction and stripping cells, together with the lateral transport process of the metal-complex and carrier across the two cells through the integrated baffle zone. The model equations were solved analytically to obtain concentration profiles as a function of the height of the reactor. The required parameters such as mass transfer coefficients, diffusion coefficients etc. were estimated using different correlations. Model predictions agreed remarkably well with the experimental data under various process conditions. From this investigation, it was found that ESPLIM is a simple, efficient and economical process and can be applied in a variety of situations. Based on a suitable combination of solvent extraction, dispersion and liquid membrane technique, a new type of separation system called " Unified Liquid Membrane " was developed. The ULM unit was designed and fabricated, and experiments were conducted to evaluate its performance. The ULM is basically derived from ESPLIM by changing the reactor, baffle design and dispersion technique. Aqueous feed and strip phases were atomized using compressed air through a fine nozzle and are dispersed on either side of an integrated baffle plate that divides the reactor into extraction and stripping cells. Tapering bottom of the reactor reduces the dead volume of the liquid in the settlers and the baffle plate remarkably reduces the leakage problem as well as the resistance through the baffle. Experiments were conducted using LIX 64N and Alamine 336 as carriers for copper and chromium and / or zinc. Mass transport model proposed considers both chemical and phase equilibria in extraction and stripping cells, vertical and lateral transport of carrier and complex across the extraction and stripping cells through the baffle zone. The model equations were solved using initial conditions at the top of the reactor, and equilibrium data for extraction and stripping cells. Effect of various experimental conditions and process parameters was simulated using this model and the model predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The ULM system developed in this investigation overcomes the major limitations encountered with the other types of liquid membranes while retaining all the advantages of this technology. The problem of high mass transfer resistance from bulk phase to metal permeation as in the case of BLM was eliminated by good phase dispersion. Additional resistance to mass transport from solid membrane as in the case of SLM was removed by using an integrated baffle which also avoids problems of membrane instability, pore clogging and selectivity. The complex problems of emulsification and demulsification were completely eliminated making the system much simpler and efficient. Very good phase dispersion was obtained by atomization without the need for either stirring the whole system or application of high electrical field in the reactor. The membrane liquid within the integrated baffle elements allows easy transport of different species between extraction and stripping cells while completely preventing the mixing of the two aqueous phases. The problems of leakage, swelling and occlusion were avoided due to very short residence time of the aqueous drops in the reactor. It was found that the new ULM configuration is simple, elegant, highly efficient and superior to the other types of liquid membrane systems.

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, 2009. / "May, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 11/27/2009) Advisor, Avraam I. Isayev; Committee members, James L. White, Thein Kyu, Kevin Kreider, Shi-Qing Wang; Department Chair, Sadhan C. Jana; Dean of the College, Stephen Cheng; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-198). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.