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To study the effect of meat (beef) on dietary iron bioavailability from enriched white bread (EWB) or whole wheat bread (WWB), diets were prepared in which the ratios of beef iron to bread iron were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), apparent iron absorption, and dry matter absorption were determined using weanling anemic and healthy male rats. Meat iron was more available than EWB or WWB. Fortification iron in EWB was less available than the iron naturally present in WWB. At the iron dose given, HRE was similar for both anemic and healthy rats. Although healthy rats absorbed less dietary iron than the anemic ones, bread types did not affect percent iron absorbed. Iron status did not affect dry matter absorption from meat, bread or meat:bread mixtures. Meat did not enhance iron bioavailability from EWB or WWB diets. To study the iron bioavailability of meat loaf prepared from meat and whole wheat flour (WWF) or whole wheat bread (WWB), diets were formulated with 30 ppm iron as cooked meat, WWF, WWB, meat loaf with 67% of the iron from meat and 33% from flour (or bread), or meat loaf with 33% of the iron as meat and 67% from flour (or bread). HRE, apparent iron absorption, dry matter absorption, total body iron gain (iron retention), iron59 retention and absorption and heme iron absorption were determined using anemic and healthy male rats. HRE•s for healthy rats were similar for both meat:flour or meat:bread loaves. Anemic rats absorbed more iron than healthy rats. Baking increased slightly the percent iron absorbed by anemic rats. Iron status did not affect dry matter absorption from t he diets. The total iron bioavailability of the whole wheat flour or bread diets was not enhanced by dietary meat. Anemic rats retained and absorbed more iron59 than healthy rats and this difference increased with the ratio of iron from flour or bread in the meat loaves. The absorption of iron 59 (nonheme iron) was influenced by source of iron in the diet (meat, flour, bread or FeS04) and also nutritional status (anemic or healthy rats). Healthy rats had almost one-half the specific activity in their bodies and hemoglobin iron as the anemic ones had. Baking the flour into bread did not affect the specific activity of liver, body or hemoglobin iron. It was concluded that meat did not enhance nonheme iron absorption in this study. Heme iron absorption, determined by indirect means, was about 50% of the total heme iron in the diets for both anemic and healthy rats.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JM.pdf: 805212 bytes, checksum: 90e146324ad59c947fe52a0627e2eaaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This tese will analyse the ocurrences of the word sign in the fourth gospel, having the exegesis of John 6. 1 - 15 as a paradigm - the multiplying of the loaves and fishes pericope. This pericope is in-serted within the Signs Book (chapters 1 - 12), which is marked by the ocurrance of seven signs, beign those: the Wedding at Cana (2. 1 - 11); the healing of the kings officer son (4. 43-54); the healing of the paralytic in Bethesda (5. 1 - 15); the multiplying of the loaves and fishes (6. 1 - 15); Jesus walking on the sea (6. 16 - 21); the healing of the man born blind (9. 1 - 41) and the resurrection of Lazarus (11. 1 - 45). Besides the narrative, semiotic and hermeneutical peculiarities the Gospel of John has, our research has revealed that the word sign frames the narrative, providing its structure and also providing John its cadence. We notice the tangency between dialogue and the signs, thus making the pericope at John 6. 1 - 15 exert a central role in the Passion Narrative - because it is intended as a readers identitary text, as well as for the Johannine community. / Esta dissertação analisará a recorrência do termo sinal no Quarto Evangelho, tendo como paradigma a exegese de João 6.1-15, perícope denominada como multiplicação dos pães e peixes. O texto da multiplicação dos pães e peixes se insere no Bloco dos Sinais (capítulo 1-12), o qual é marcado por sete sinais, sendo eles: o casamento de Caná (2.1-11); a cura do filho do oficial do rei (4.43-54); a cura de um paralítico de Betesda (5.1-15), a multiplicação dos pães e peixes (6.1-15); andar sobre as águas (6.16-21); cura do cego de nascença (9.1-41) e a ressurreição de Lázaro (11.1-45). A pesquisa revelou, além das peculiaridades narrativas, semióticas e hermenêuticas, próprias do Evangelho de João, que o termo sinal enquadra a narrativa, além de estruturar e proporcionar cadência para o texto joanino. Nota-se tangência e diálogo entre os sinais, de modo que a perícope de João 6.1-15 exerce papel central no Bloco da Paixão por ser um texto identitário dos leitores, bem como da comunidade joanina.

The characterization of the Markan disciples has been and continues to be the object of much scholarly reflection and speculation. For many, the Markan author's presentation of Jesus' disciples holds a key, if not the key, to unlocking the purpose and function of the gospel as a whole. Commentators differ as to whether the Markan disciples ultimately serve a pedagogical or polemical function, yet they are generally agreed that the disciples in Mark come off rather badly, especially when compared to their literary counterparts in Matthew, Luke, and John. This narrative-critical study considers the characterization of the Markan disciples within the Sea Crossing movement (Mark 4:1-8:30). While commentators have, on the whole, interpreted the disciples' negative characterization in this movement in terms of lack of faith and/or incomprehension, neither of these, nor a combination of the two, fully accounts for the severity of language leveled against the disciples by the narrator (6:52) and Jesus (8:17-18). Taking as its starting point an argument by Jeffrey B. Gibson (1986) that the harshness of Jesus' rebuke in Mark 8:14-21 is occasioned not by the disciples' lack of faith or incomprehension but by their active resistance to his Gentile mission, this investigation uncovers additional examples of the disciples' resistance to Gentile mission, offering a better account of their negative portrayal within the Sea Crossing movement and helping explain many of their other failures. In short, this study argues that in Mark 4:1-8:26, the disciples are characterized as resistant to Jesus' Gentile mission and to their participation in that mission, the chief consequence being that they are rendered incapable of recognizing Jesus' vocational identity as Israel's Messiah (Thesis A). This leads to a secondary thesis, namely, that in Mark 8:27-30, Peter's recognition of Jesus' messianic identity indicates that the disciples have finally come to accept Jesus' Gentile mission and their participation in it (Thesis B). Chapter One: Introduction: offers a selective review of scholarly treatments of the Markan disciples, which shows that few scholars attribute resistance, let alone purposeful resistance, to the disciples. Chapter Two: The Rhetoric of Repetition: introduces the methodological tools, concepts, and perspectives employed in the study. It includes a section on narrative criticism, which focuses upon the story-as-discoursed and the implied author and reader, and a section on Construction Grammar, a branch of cognitive linguistics founded by Charles Fillmore and further developed by Paul Danove, which focuses upon semantic and narrative frames and case frame analysis. Chapter Three: The Sea Crossing Movement, Mark 4:1-8:30: addresses the question of Markan structure and argues that Mark 4:1-8:30 comprises a single, unified, narrative movement, whose action and plot is oriented to the Sea of Galilee and whose most distinctive feature is the network of sea crossings that transport Jesus and his disciples back and forth between Jewish and Gentile geopolitical spaces. Following William Freedman, Chapter Four: The Literary Motif: introduces two criteria (frequency and avoidability) for determining objectively what constitutes a literary motif and provides the methodological basis and starting point for the analyses performed in chapters five and six. Chapter Five: The Sea Crossing Motif: establishes and then carries out a lengthy narrative analysis of the Sea Crossing motif, which is oriented around Mark's use of ‎θάλασσα (thalassa) and πλοῖον (ploion), and Chapter Six: The Loaves Motif: does the same for The Loaves motif, oriented around Mark's use of ἄρτος (artos). Finally, Chapter Seven: The Narrative Logic of the Disciples (In)comprehension: draws together all narrative, linguistic, and exegetical insights of the previous chapters and offers a single coherent reading of the Sea Crossing movement that establishes Theses A and B.

The presented work deals with the conception of the Eucharist in the Gospel of John. The first chapter is dedicated to terms of the Eucharist, the Last Supper and the Lord{\crq}s Supper and also to the existing division of possible approaches to the sacramentality in the Gospel of John. In the subsequent chapters it deals in detail with five places of the Gospel of John, that are mostly mentioned in connection with the Eucharist. It is the wedding at Cana (2,1-11), the eucharistic section (6,51-58), washing of the feet of disciples (13,1-20), the Vine and the Branches (15,1-17), opening of the side of Jesus (19,34). The work tries to solve the topic (question) in the context as wide as possible including the question of the johannine sources of inspiration. In this way it can be seen the mutual correspondence of these varios places and the deep theological conception of the hole Gospel. The replacement of the institution of the Eucharist in the thirteenth chapter with the washing of the feet and it{\crq}s displacement to {\clqq}the bread of life discourse`` in the sixth chapter is due to the proper evangelist{\crq}s intention. There was an impending danger, that the Eucharist became a magical medicine without any relation to the incarnation and the sacrifitial death of Jesus. These facts have theirs own consequences for the life of the christian community. So the subject of the sacraments has been subordinated to the christological accent.