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Ausgehend von der These, dass kommunale Unternehmen gerade in strukturschwachen Regionen eine besondere politische und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung besitzen, wird die Entwicklung der kommunalen Wirtschaft im Land Brandenburg untersucht. Die Autoren bereiten dazu in einer Längsschnittanalyse nicht unmittelbar dazu abrufbare Daten der öffentlichen Statistik auf und untersetzen die statistische Analyse durch eine Einzelfallstudie. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass Entscheidungen über Privatisierungen oder Kommunalisierungen keinen „Sachgesetzlichkeiten“ folgen, sondern politisch in Abhängigkeit von Situationsinterpretationen, Denkstilen, Macht- und Interessenkonstellationen getroffen werden. Die Offenheit der Entscheidung über die Zukunft der kommunalen Wirtschaft verweist damit auf politischen Handlungsspielraum und die politische Verantwortung für Ausbau, Erhalt oder Privatisierung kommunaler Unternehmen.

Urban development would be halted with the over-concerned of material life, the rising unemployment, the increase in crime rate, the deterioration of living standards, the decrease in population, the deficiency of tax revenue, and the difficulty of industrial change. The sustainable development of a city would be also endangered. Urban development world not move. The sustainable development of a city would be also endangered. To successfully deal with these problems and gain the new-vitality for the city, besides the renovation of hardware and facilities, soliciting investment, upgrading industry, and reorganization of urban appearance all are very significant strategies for the city to survive and thrive. However, to a city, it is necessary to introduce innovations in the way that sustainable development is done. The application of the theory and concept of urban marketing is a revolution of the concept of urban management. Marketing is originally the part of business in which is concerned with the way in which a product is sold. The application of marketing techniques to urban development would cover a wider range of city selling. It helps to revive vitality of cities through the marketing management of urban tangible and intangible value. Generally speaking, with the increase in vitality of industry and the rival of the economy, urban can become active again. However, these are only rigid developments. To guarantee the sustainable development for a city, it is necessary to propagate the idea of marketing, and build up the culture of citizens. It has been over twenty years since the reformation and liberalization in Mainland China. Indeed, the reformation and liberalization has resulted in a vivid progression for the whole country, especially in the economical achievement of the alongshore cities. It is something like a huge magnet, attracting capital from all over the world. The investments of Taiwan merchants in Mainland China have been seen one after another. Even so, in Chinese, there is still not enough systematic research of urban marketing done by the government or the academic system. Furthermore, the economical and trading development discussed in China has always been more concentrated on the southern part than on the northern part of China. In fact, the role of economical power of the district around Po-Sea has been significant during modern history of China. From local economical point of view, Dalian is the most important city in the area of northern China. The pattern of its development is different from those of other alongshore cities in the southern China where the economy and society system has been reformed and liberalized. The leader of the city government possesses very clear rules for administration. The characteristic of infrastructure of the city, plus achievements of various soliciting investment, has possessed the basic elements of urban marketing. According to the result of checking the strategy and policy of Dalian urban marketing by using theory of strategic planning and measuring the actual achievement of its urban marketing by the method of Delphi, it is discovered that Dalian¡¦s urban marketing strategy¡Ð¡¨not for the biggest but for the best¡¨, is very accurate. It has become the common value of the residents regarding their city; therefore, both of the defining urban appearance and the international costume festival can be accepted by the public. People also highly accept the role of Dalian as a harbor city. Nevertheless, the city government has no way to satisfy what people need about this point. Another important point discovered in this research is that the culture deficiency has a negative effect on the city development, although Dalian obtained very significant achievement in soliciting investment and upgrading industry. It is an obvious problem that Dalian is much more concentrated on economy and less on cultural development during the process of urban construction. To solve the problem of urban development not moving, Kotler, the mastic of marketing, proposes the theory of urban marketing, which has been proven work well in many European countries. But it is the first time to examine Mainland China¡¦s urban development by using urban marketing theory. Based on the theory and real case study, it has been proven that the reorganization and development of economy can reduce the barrier of the different political system. Furthermore, it also riches and strengthens in contents of Kotler¡¦s urban marketing theory.

Tourism and local economic development are closely linked. Tourism can have a constructive effect on local economy and may help balance some of the inequalities between different parts of a country. Thus, in many regions in the world, the tourism sector is accepted as one of the greatest sources of economic growth and job creation. In line with economic contribution of the sector, tourism policy has become an instrument for territorial development and for enhancing an area&rsquo / s opportunities. It appears that tourism in Turkey, which is a tourism country, developed rapidly especially after the 1980s and gained important competitive advantage in international tourism market by using her mass tourism (sea, sand, sun) potential well. In addition to mass tourism, Turkey also has a significant potential for alternative tourism in different regions. Although Turkey takes important tourism share in the world, in terms of tourism revenues and arrivals, it is not sufficient considering the potential. It is obvious that alternative tourism potential is not fully explored due to some obstacle faced in the tourism sector. Insufficient commercialization of natural resources such as geothermal, lack of adequate infrastructure for diversification and geographical expansion, lack of effective promotion and marketing activities are some of these obstacles. Particularly, having rich geothermal resources, thermal tourism has come to the fore as a type of alternative tourism in Turkey. Thermal tourism is a significant tourism type, which helps to improve people&rsquo / s health condition by providing a complementary therapy and also allows many recreational activities for the visitors. The aim of this thesis is to point out the crucial position of geothermal resources in the context of thermal tourism for their contribution to local economic development. In this context, the first chapter introduces the main aim and the research questions of the thesis and second chapter mentions the importance of tourism for local economic development. The third chapter explains importance of thermal tourism, which is given priority in the diversification of alternative tourism policy in Turkey, is discussed. Within this context, the thermal tourism policies determined by the 2023 Turkey Tourism Strategy and Thermal Tourism Master Plan are investigated as the main local economic development tool of regions, which are all rich in geothermal resources. In the fourth chapter, the direct and indirect economic effects of tourism considering the multiplier effect of tourist spending. The methodology selected for the case study, is mentioned in the fifth chapter. Finally, as a case study Termal District of Yalova will be analyzed in terms of employment data as well as investments in these regions in detail in order to understand the economic importance of thermal tourism at local and regional levels in the context of Thermal Tourism Master Plan.

Recently tourism sector has been gaining more importance as an essential part of the local economic development due to the global economic reformation, and many cities have achieved tourism based on local economic development. The concept of CHM has increasingly become an important subtitle for tourism sector with planning perspectives as a significant planning tool. The concept consists of combining the cultural, social, economic, and touristic sectors for an enhanced wider plan. This thesis aims to investigate CHM on the case of Tripoli which has witnessed CHM development at its old city centre. It tries to analyze the local impact on Tripoli city and introduce a newly rehabilitated historical city centre for better tourism activities and an improved local development. Using Tripoli study case as a research method, this research focuses on Abou Ali district in Tripoli city. This district, in particular, has examined local tourism and economic development based on a CHM project prepared at the city level base to improve its local economy depending on cultural management related to its tourism activities. The local government, assisted by national and international supports, has introduced CHM to help the old neglected historical city centre re-emerge into the local economy which is the focal point this thesis aims to study.

This diploma thesis compares alternative distribution systems in food logistics focusing on the level of supply services, the level of logistic costs and the impact of logistics transfers on the environment. In the thesis are mapped alternative distribution systems in logistics mainly agricultural production across the world.

abstract: The purpose of this research is to connect community development and local economic development to determine the impacts of the local economy on economic wealth and quality of life. This will be explored through a community development lens examining how the community, and its location and capitals (specifically economic, social and human capitals), impact the dependent capital variables. Laughlin’s (2012) research design of social capital and its impact on economic wealth used United States county samples, which reflect many local economies. This dissertation builds on Laughlin’s model and explores local economies at a Zip Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) level. It also incorporates elements of Chaskin’s (2001) model, which explores community capacity as social and human capital, Benhabib and Spiegel’s (1994) human capital model, Levine and Renelt’s (1992) economic capital model, Krugman’s location and economic geography (1998), Emory and Flora’s community capital framework (2006), and concepts of quality of life and economic wealth by Schumacher (1964) and Jacobs, (1970). Economic wealth and higher quality of life can represent community development outcomes; there must be a balance within community systems and an exploration of these capitals (Emory and Flora, 2006). This research expands beyond exploring impacts of social capital on economic wealth to include multiple community capitals. Furthermore, it tests economic measurements and their impact on a local economic level as opposed to a regional/state level, thus providing a deeper understanding of local economies and their impact on communities. This dissertation provides a new baseline for understanding the relationship between community and economic development, its specific connections and the overall impacts of local economic activity. This will allow a richer exploration into economic activity and perspectives about how economic policy may impact communities. Research and literature has shown the immense advantages of strong local economies in contrast to regional/state economies and globalization; this will provide the necessary research bridge to connect with community development. The outcome of this research explains the impacts of economic, social and human capital on economic wealth and quality, specifically within local economies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Community Resources and Development 2016

The project occurs in Gerani which currently holds a complex social network and a rich historical building stock. The major challenge for the thesis was to illustrate a way of resetting the existing human, natural and physical resources and work out a proposal that relates architecture and planning to society and economy but goes beyond real estate investments. The project aims to recombine the area’s building stock, human potential and manufacturing tradition with innovation, in order to create a small-scale production hub. It proposes the administration of resources ‘in common’ and puts forward appropriate tools for active involvement of inhabitants, owners and newcomers alike. It thus advocates for a new model of city ‘sharing’ (nome), which unlike the case of a city managed by the experts, it has a potential to unfold an alternative relation between architecture and the city’s economy and work out a notion of ‘Home’ for the rapidly deteriorating Athens city-centre.

The Stockholm Archipelago has a unique natural landscape - rugged nature that blends with wooded islands, rocky cliffs and sandy beaches enriched by cultural and ecological values. The islands, dating back to the Viking Age are faced with a progressively uneven growth compared to the city developing an inevitable socio-economic dependency on the city core through infrastructural connections. Emigration from already diffusely scattered settlements made life unaffordable on the islands for both permanent residents and municipalities. According to official surveys and analyses, the islands claimed to lack a live-work-play balance and social potential that could be developed better for the residents. This struggle is loaded with the seasonal influx of tourists who exploit the landscape, leaving the responsibility for care onto those who live there. This situation added to climate change, strains energy and (water) resources causing summer droughts. All these struggles raise a question for the future - “How can urban planning and design help re-imagine the potential of existing systems to adapt to a more sustainable Archipelago?” The project envisions to transform the fragmented, protected landscape of the Stockholm Archipelago into a continuous productive landscape, bringing meaning to the scattered and dynamic context. With an approach that closely integrates fields of planning, landscape and design, the goal is realised through a three-layered strategy - (1) continuous blue-green systems of resource capture and nutrient circulation, (2) building local economy through collective production and diversification through exchange, and (3) community exchange through robust networking and production as a way of life. For design possibilities on the local scale, the island of Runmaro is explored with the aim of building synergies with the existing context of landscape, mobility networks, food production, resident villages, local businesses and popular landmarks. The idea is to strengthen existing socio-economic nodes while developing new ones through programs offering shared production and exchange, a year-round activation and continuous accessibility (circulation and systemic) that bring continuity to the overall experience.

The Salt Spring dollar is a community currency founded Salt Spring Island, a Gulf Islands community located in the Salish Sea between Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia. Currency use in 2018, nearly two decades after its release in 2001, has declined but remains a means of devising alternatives to the dis-embedded market and environmental degradation, as well as a way of re-embedding social concerns and relations in the exchange of money. This thesis is a case study of this alternative currency and examines how it compares to other alternative currencies. It also examines the reasons the use of the Salt Spring dollar has declined since its inception. The Salt Spring dollar illustrates that monetary exchange and participation in the market is not merely an economic act but is also social and political. While the currency was designed with the purpose of promoting local production and exchange, it also was designed to ground money in community and social relations. / Graduate