Threshold logic gates have the capability of realizing complex Boolean functions with smaller number of logic gates [1]. These gates are very sensitive to their weight values which may change during manufacturing process. So Threshold logic gates should be carefully designed to allow for maximum deviation from desired design weight values without affecting its functionality . This maximum allowable deviation is known as Fault Tolerance of the gate. ILP is one of the methods to find the optimum weight values with fault tolerance. But ILP has inability to solve the threshold functions with large inputs. This thesis presents two methods to overcome this difficulty.First one is the Combination method which combines the procedures of both decomposition method and ILP method .Second one is the Variable collapsing method which uses the principle of Variable Collapsing to find weights values with fault tolerance for large input functions.

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There are reasons for us to act in certain ways and think certain things. We can recognise those reasons for what they are and respond to them accordingly. This thesis is an investigation of that phenomenon. In particular, it constitutes an attempt to resist certain ways in which our understanding of it can be distorted by letting our account of it be informed by bad cases of responding to reasons: cases in which one takes something to be a reason and responds accordingly by acting or thinking in the way it seems to one to recommend, even though one fails (blamelessly) to act or think for a genuine reason. I examine and reject three ways in which the possibility of bad cases might distort our thinking about the phenomenon at issue. First, we should reject the thought that the subject is able to act or think for the reason that p in both bad cases and good, so that acting or believing for a reason cannot simply be identical to the success condition of responding to a genuine reason. Second, we should reject the thought that the reasons for which we act and think are psychological features of ourselves, because that must be so in bad cases, and what goes for bad cases goes across the board. Finally, we should reject the thought that acting in response to a genuine reason involves only a rationalising explanation of the same type as that which is present in the bad case. The result is a vindication of the position promoted by Raz (2011): responding to reasons is a matter of acting or thinking in a way than manifests one's knowledge of the reasons there are for one to so act or think, so that the reasons in question, which are usually facts about the external world, explain why one does so qua reasons. Bad cases are a different kind of thing entirely.

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O trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema inteligente, baseado em lógica fuzzy, o qual controla a velocidade de uma esteira ergométrica com a finalidade de minimizar os riscos da atividade cardíaca do usuário, permitindo ainda maximizar os benefícios que a atividade física pode proporcionar ao usuário deste equipamento. O controlador inteligente desenvolvido foi baseado na técnica de controle fuzzy, possuindo por isso um software simplificado. Além disto o hardware desenvolvido foi baseado em circuitos eletrônicos simples e de baixo custo, o que permite sua instalação nos mais diversos tipos de esteiras existentes no mercado. A contribuição técnico cientifica do equipamento desenvolvido é um controlador adaptativo que é gerado de acordo com o perfil do usuário, isto é, para um conjunto de características tais como: idade, condicionamento físico, índice de massa corporal e zona de treinamento desejada. O sistema constrói automaticamente um controlador fuzzy capaz de manter a atividade cardíaca do usuário dentro da faixa de segurança indicada pelos médicos e / ou fisioterapeutas, de acordo com as características fornecidas. O equipamento desenvolvido, hardware e software, são descritos detalhadamente e os resultados dos testes realizados com diversos usuários são comparados a valores simulados por um software dedicado a controle industrial, apresentando uma discrepância inferior a 10%. O sistema também apresentou resultados de maneira a garantir a integridade física de quem fez uso do equipamento, não tendo, em momento algum, ultrapassado o valor de freqüência cardíaca máxima permitida para o usuário. E ainda, manteve a freqüência cardíaca numa faixa entre 60 a 85% da freqüência cardíaca máxima, constatando a eficiência do controlador. / The aim of this work is to develop an intelligent system to speed control of a treadmill. The intelligent control system minimizes the risks of the user’s cardiac activity, allowing the maximization of the benefits that the physical activity can grant the user of this equipment. The developed intelligent controller is based on fuzzy control techniques, and has a simplified software. Besides, the developed hardware is based on cheaper and simpler electronic circuits, which allows its installation on driver kinds of treadmills existing in the market. The main characteristic of the developed equipment and that a controller adaptable is generated in agreement with the user`s profile, that is, for a group of such characteristics lite age, physical conditioning, index of corporal mass and training area recommended. The system builds a controller fuzzy automatically inside capable of maintaining the user`s heart activity of suitable safety´s strip for the doctors and / or physiotherapists, in agreement with the supplied characteristics. The developed equipment, its hardware and software, is described in full detail and the results of the tests accomplished with several users are compared to simulated values by a software dedicated to industrial control, presenting an inferior discrepancy of 10%. The system also presents way results that guarantee the physical integrity of who made use of the equipment, it doesn't tend, at any time, outdated the value of maximum heart frequency allowed for the user. It is still, maintained the heart frequency in a strip among 60 to 85% of the maximum heart frequency, verifying the controller's efficiency.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2002 / In this thesis fuzzy control is analyzed and applied to two complex processes. A process is deemed to be complex if it possesses characteristics that make it non-linear. Examples of such characteristics are backlash, hysteresis, saturation and dead zones, which are common in industrial processes. These characteristics do not allow for the easy implementation of controllers and often there would be a requirement to employ some non-linear form of control. Often with complex processes linearization techniques would be employed to enable the application of linear controllers. However, these controllers will only operate over a limited range and will have degradation in performance when subjected to unpredictable changes in parameters. Fuzzy controllers can handle nonlinear characteristics in complex processes very well and also provides some transparency between the human machine interface. Fuzzy control is based upon the fuzzy methodology that was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh (Zadeh, 1965) in his seminal paper on fuzzy sets. The first practical application (Mamdani and Assilian, 1975) paved the way for fuzzy control and although this alternate paradigm of control came up against much criticism it managed to capture the interest of many researchers. Although research into fuzzy control saw a slump in the late 70's and early 80's it rapidly progressed in the 90's with literally thousands of research papers being published. In this study this alternate paradigm of control is investigated and applied to two processes. An initial study was done on the fundamental concepts of fuzzy logic and how this methodology can be applied to develop a controller that is fuzzy logic based. A plethora of information exist on fuzzy theory however only the fundamental concepts are dealt with here. This is sufficient for the realization of a rudimentary controller. A detailed investigation was also done on the development of the rules of the knowledge base of the controller with the emphasis on the development of a fuzzy controller that has characteristics akin to a proportional-integral (PI) controller.