Zimbabwe is endowed with vast mineral resources which can make a significant contribution to the GDP of the country. Amongst the mineral resources found in the country are diamonds, gold and platinum and theses resources need to be properly managed for them to benefit the country through revenue and also creation of opportunities in the country. This means that the existence of vast mineral resources has numerous direct and indirect benefits which have to be utilised fully. The management of the extractives industry in the country requires proper administration and such administration is mandated to the President, in whom all minerals in the country are vested, the Minister of mines and mineral development, the Mining affairs Board and Mining Commissioner(s). The nature of mineral resources requires that all the parties involved in the administration thereof play their roles. Mineral resources are finite and cannot be left to be underground for extended periods as this can lead to sterility. Such a position has led to the government to consider implement the “use it or lose it” policy which in simple terms means that a holder of a mineral claim should exploit it or risk losing it. This study therefore sought to consider the implications of enforcing the policy in the country. This was done by firstly discussing how someone can obtain a limited real right to a mining location to exploit the minerals and this was achieved by looking at the pertinent provisions in the Mines and minerals Act dealing with the grant of licences. The writer thereafter discussed the provisions containing the “use it or lose it” policy to ascertain what the Act stipulates and how it can be enforced. Licences amount to a limited real right and expropriation, the effect of enforcing the policy leads to a violation of property rights which are sought to be protected by the Constitution of the country. A discussion of these provisions and the effect thereof proved that a holder of a right under the Act to exploit minerals would have his right prematurely terminated if he was not working the mining location or was not developing his location. An investigation would need to be done to ascertain the circumstances and the Board will make a recommendation to the President who makes a final decision on expropriation. Compensation following expropriation is not always guaranteed but the Act does not explain how this decision is made and an aggrieved party has recourse to the court system. The writer raised concerns on the violation of property rights in the process when the government is exercising its powers for the benefit of the public. The implementation of the policy is valid but issues of security of tenure are obviously raised and this does not paint a good picture on the government. One must always remember the violent land grab once implemented by the same government. Transparency together with equal and fair treatment was therefore recommended by the writer and a need to have shared responsibility in the decision making to avoid politicised decisions. The writer further recommended that the court system should not be influenced by the powers that be when a decision is being made pertaining the expropriation; the rule of law should therefore be protected. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Animals that live in a social group are often organized in a hierarchy with rank determining access to resources. Maintaining a dominant position requires a high rate of energetically expensive aggressive displays and physical exertion. Lab based winnerloser studies, often conducted with individuals from non-social species, have shown that subordinates have higher stress hormone levels than dominant individuals (subordinatestress hypothesis). However, in carnivorous animals that are cooperative breeders, displays of aggression are associated with elevated stress hormone levels (dominancestress hypothesis). The effect of reproductive state on dominance and stress is not addressed within either of these hypotheses. The purpose of this study was to examine stress level in relation to dominance rank and reproductive state in a non-cooperative breeder and herbivore, the domestic horse. As rank and reproductive state can affect behavior, I examined activity budgets, behavioral patterns, and social interactions, as well as the proximity and identity of neighbors in the social group. At two facilities in Kentucky, I recorded the social interactions and measured fecal glucocorticoids in pastured, female horses that were either lactating or non-lactating. While fecal glucocorticoid level did not differ between reproductive state and rank, activity behavior demonstrated significant differences between reproductive states. Higher energetic requirements of lactation were reflected in significantly longer bouts of eating and significantly less time spent alert and socializing. The non-cooperative social nature of horses does not limit their reproduction or resource acquisition based upon rank, and therefore does not fit with the dominance-stress hypothesis or subordinate-stress hypothesis and instead offers the alternative of an independent-stress hypothesi

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children can learn to cooperate in what has been described as the "minimal social situation." The research also compared the effectiveness of verbal instructions and a training task for teaching subjects the "win-stay, lose-change" rule. This rule has been used to explain the development of cooperation in the minimal social situation. Subjects were 19 teams of first-, second-, and third-graders. Five teams were composed of two girls; six were girl-boy teams; and eight were boy-boy teams. Ten of the 19 teams learned to cooperate in the minimal social situation without treatment. Two of four teams given the rule training procedure learned to cooperate after having failed to learn under typical minimal social conditions. Of five teams given verbal instructions, four learned to cooperate immediately. The probability of following the win-stay, lose-change rule was approximately 50% initially and did not increase significantly in later sessions. It is not clear then that following this rule is a prerequisite for the development of a cooperative exchange. Explanations in the literature which suggest subjects learn a single rule, i.e., win-stay, lose-change, may be misleading since children evidenced a variety of rules, any of which might have been reinforced or punished over the course of the experiment.

Bicycle riding plays a central role in the social and physical lives of most children, however, many children with special needs do not acquire the skills to successfully ride a two-wheeled bicycle. This study explored barriers and facilitating factors associated with learning to ride a two-wheeled bicycle. Participants were children (n = 25; and their parents) enrolled in an adapted bike riding camp. The camp was organized by therapists from the Queen Alexandra Centre for Children’s Health (QACCH) and facilitated by Lose the Training Wheels staff. The program involved changing the dynamics of the bicycle and the demands of the environment to help children with special needs learn to ride a conventional two-wheeled bicycle. Riding progression, self-efficacy toward cycling, and perceptions of physical competence were assessed pre-camp, immediately post-camp and at a 3-6 month follow-up post-camp. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with parents at follow-up. None of the children were riding independently at pre-test; however, 96% were riding independently in a controlled environment post-camp. Paired t-test revealed self-efficacy toward bike riding increased significantly from pre- to post-camp (Mpre = 16.3, SD=5.6; Mpost = 21.7, SD=4.9, p = .001), but perceptions of competence did not (Mpre = 22.9, SD = 4.5; Mpost = 23.5, SD = 4.7, p = .503). Semi-structured interviews with 10 parents at follow-up revealed that transfer to home was problematic. Five children were no longer riding and four required adult supervision in controlled environments. Common barriers included inaccessible environments, parents unable to help their children, and the re-emergence of children’s fear and hesitation. Changes in pre to post-camp skill and self-efficacy were not accompanied by an increase in perceptions of competence, likely due the very high pre-test scores (ceiling effect). At follow-up, most children were not riding in their home environment. Parents were pleased with the camp program overall, but felt that an extension of the program and supports for the transition to home were needed. / Graduate / 0523 / alishawitter@gmail.com

This doctoral dissertation presents contributions advancing the state-of-the-art of secure two-party computation (S2PC) — a cryptographic primitive that allows two mutually distrustful parties, with respective private inputs, to evaluate a function of their combined input, while ensuring privacy of inputs and outputs and integrity of the computation, externally indistinguishable from an interaction mediated by a trusted party. The dissertation shows that S2PC can be made more practical by means of innovative cryptographic techniques, namely by engineered use of commitment schemes with special properties, enabling more efficient protocols, with provable security and applicable to make systems more dependable. This is one further step toward establishing S2PC as a practical tool for privacy-preserving applications. The main technical contribution is a new protocol for S2PC of Boolean circuits, based on an innovative technique called forge-and-lose.1 Building on top of a traditional cut-and-choose of garbled circuits (cryptographic versions of Boolean circuits), the protocol improves efficiency by reducing by a factor of approximately 3 the needed number of garbled circuits. This significantly reduces a major communication component of S2PC with malicious parties, for circuits of practical size. The protocol achieves simulatable S2PC-with-commitments, producing random commitments of the circuit input and output bits of both parties. The commitments also enable direct linkage of several S2PCs in a malicious adversarial setting. As second result, the dissertation describes an improvement to the efficiency of one of the needed sub-protocols: simulatable two-party coin-flipping.1 The sub-protocol is based on a new universally composable commitment scheme that for bit-strings of increasing size can achieve an asymptotic communication-complexity rate arbitrarily close to 1. The dissertation then discusses how S2PC-with-commitments can enable in brokered identification systems a difficult-to-achieve privacy property — a kind of unlinkability.1 This mitigates a vector of potential mass surveillance by an online central entity (a hub), which is otherwise empowered in systems being developed at nation scale for authentication of citizens. When the hub mediates between identity providers and service providers the authentication of users, an adequate S2PC (e.g., of a block-cipher) can prevent the hub from learning user pseudonyms that would allow linking transactions of the same user across different services providers. 1 Parts of these contributions were previously presented at ASIACRYPT 2013, PETS 2015 and PKC 2016.

Esta tese apresenta um desenvolvimento do fator de atrito (f) para escoamentos incompressíveis. O desenvolvimento é baseado no modelo clássico de Colebrook-White e no recente modelo da Entropia Máxima. Este desenvolvimento pode ser considerado como um modelo conceitual, porém não completamente, por causa do relacionamento entre o número de Reynolds (Re) e o parâmetro de entropia (M) determinado através de ajustes numéricos realizados com bons dados experimentais. Quatro algoritmos de cálculo foram criados para simplificar a aplicação do modelo, evidenciando sua eficácia e a eficiência. / This thesis presents a development of friction factor (f) for incompressible pipe flow calculation. The development is based on the classical Colebrook-White model and on the recent maximum entropy model. The development cam be considered as a conceptual one, but not completely, because the relationship that links the Reynolds number (Re) to the entropy parameter (M) was determined by numerical fitting on accurate but experimental data. Four calculation algorithms were produced to simplify the model applications, evidencing efficiency and effectiveness.

Esta tese apresenta um desenvolvimento do fator de atrito (f) para escoamentos incompressíveis. O desenvolvimento é baseado no modelo clássico de Colebrook-White e no recente modelo da Entropia Máxima. Este desenvolvimento pode ser considerado como um modelo conceitual, porém não completamente, por causa do relacionamento entre o número de Reynolds (Re) e o parâmetro de entropia (M) determinado através de ajustes numéricos realizados com bons dados experimentais. Quatro algoritmos de cálculo foram criados para simplificar a aplicação do modelo, evidenciando sua eficácia e a eficiência. / This thesis presents a development of friction factor (f) for incompressible pipe flow calculation. The development is based on the classical Colebrook-White model and on the recent maximum entropy model. The development cam be considered as a conceptual one, but not completely, because the relationship that links the Reynolds number (Re) to the entropy parameter (M) was determined by numerical fitting on accurate but experimental data. Four calculation algorithms were produced to simplify the model applications, evidencing efficiency and effectiveness.

Research on obesity, weight loss, and food addiction (FA) suggested a strong relationship between use of food additives and the brain's addictive response to food. Previous researchers have examined (FA) and have identified certain food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as contributors to food addiction and overeating. Social cognitive theory (SCT) has also been effective in addressing addictive behaviors such as drug addiction, alcohol addiction, and smoking cessation (Bricker et al., 2010). However, researchers had not examined food addiction, social cognitive theory, and obesity in the same study. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental study was to compare the effects of SCT-based health information and non-SCT-based health information on FA among obese and overweight women. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was used to measure changes in FA and food addiction symptoms among 84 obese and overweight women who received SCT-based health information and non-SCT-based health information. Total scores from pretests and posttests were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Between-group differences on the symptom count posttest scores of the YFAS were analyzed using analysis of variance. Scores were used to determine the difference in FA and FA symptoms between nonrandomized groups. Although the results were not statistically significant, almost 60% (n = 50) of participants experienced a favorable decrease in FA symptoms and experienced weight loss. Findings may provide a basis for determining additional options for health professionals to address obesity and FA patterns.

<p>The aim of this study was to explore the role of death in the Swedish family. How do parents and families cope with the loss of a child/sibling? How do the remaining children in a family fare after loss of sibling? The study was caused out partially through a selective review of the literature on children loss in families and partially through interviews with families who had experienced death of a child. The results were analysed with help of Family system theory, Emotional theory and with an Esoteric perspective. The findings of the study were that although families do eventually cope with the situation the majority is struggling to adjust. Open communication between family members is important and will depend on how parents cope with their own grief. How the remaining children are treated also depends on how parents cope. Sometimes communication is lacking due to fear of facing their children’s pain. The study concludes that the way we are socialized in Sweden may alienate us from death and loss. Another conclusion is that philosophy of life seems important to be able to cope with loss.</p>

The aim of this study was to explore the role of death in the Swedish family. How do parents and families cope with the loss of a child/sibling? How do the remaining children in a family fare after loss of sibling? The study was caused out partially through a selective review of the literature on children loss in families and partially through interviews with families who had experienced death of a child. The results were analysed with help of Family system theory, Emotional theory and with an Esoteric perspective. The findings of the study were that although families do eventually cope with the situation the majority is struggling to adjust. Open communication between family members is important and will depend on how parents cope with their own grief. How the remaining children are treated also depends on how parents cope. Sometimes communication is lacking due to fear of facing their children’s pain. The study concludes that the way we are socialized in Sweden may alienate us from death and loss. Another conclusion is that philosophy of life seems important to be able to cope with loss.