Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004. / Thesis advisor(s): Thomas Lucas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82). Also available online.

The thesis makes an overall contribution to the qualitative research on soldiers’ experiences from service primarily in low-intensity mission areas, this operational environment being placed within a framework of emotion sociology. The central argument put forward states that even on this type of mission the emotional demands are considerable, and that the need for emotional management in Peace Support Operations (PSO) should therefore generally follow other demarcations than the formal military divisions of high and low intensity conflicts respectively. In contrast to the prevalent view stating that the successful soldier is someone with emotional control in the sense that he ‘lacks’ feeling towards what he is doing, this thesis argues that soldiers’ emotion management work when choosing, modelling, managing, and displaying the ‘right’ emotional expression is what it takes to get the job done. Further, the thesis argues that emotion management demands are not restricted to the tour of service. Returning home often involves feeling both cognitively and emotionally disorientated, even if the mission has been militarily quite uneventful. A new theoretical concept, Post-Deployment Disorientation (PDD), is introduced to explain and highlight the origin of these feelings. PDD is not a diagnosis, however, but a term reserved for a phenomenon invisible in statistics that likely confronts the majority of Swedish soldiers on return. The thesis comprises four essays and draws on qualitative data collected mainly from soldiers deployed to Kosovo and Liberia in 2006/2007. Two of the essays also include data from Afghanistan. Jointly, the four essays help us understand that from an emotion management perspective, serving abroad is both a varied and challenging experience. Nevertheless, the informants seem to muddle through many difficulties and the study broadly confirms Bolton’s (2005) accounts of the multi-talented emotional actor, who is quite capable of handling contradiction while negotiating feeling rules. However, this does not mean an adjustment with negligible effort or without substantial emotional costs.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1991. / "April 1991." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-100). Also issued in microfiche.

Orientador: Mário Jefferson Quirino Louzada / Banca: Luciana Del Rio Pinoti Ciarlini / Banca: Ivania Garavello / Resumo: Laser de baixa intensidade tem sido utilizado como agente físico em várias áreas das ciências médicas no reparo ósseo e tecidual. Entretanto pouco se sabe sobre seus efeitos em condições adversas como supressão de carga e osteopenia. Com a hipótese que o laser As-Ga-Al acelera o processo de consolidação óssea, foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO), e parâmetros histológicos em tíbias osteotomizadas de ratos Wistar, adultos, tratados com laser terapêutico de baixa intensidade em três diferentes grupos: G1 (n=10), referência 15 dias, osteotomizados, tratados com laser por 12 sessões e mantidos livres na gaiola; G2 (n=10), osteotomizados, suspenso pela cauda por 15 dias e tratados concomitantemente com Laser por 12 sessões; G3 (n=10), osteotomizados, suspenso pela cauda por 36 dias sendo que, após o 21º dia, iniciou-se tratamento com laser por 12 sessões, sendo a tíbia direita teste, irradiada com o laser e a esquerda controle. O laser utilizado foi de As-Ga-Al, DMC - Flash Lase III®, com comprimento de onda 830nm, 100 mW, 4J, 140 J/cm², 40s de aplicação em 12 sessões. Utilizou-se densitômetro DPX-Lunar®, com programa computacional para pequenos animais, e a análise comparativa foi feita em toda tíbia e na região da osteotomia. Análise histomorfométrica foi realizada com programa computacional Osteomesure®. Nossos resultados não demonstraram eficácia da terapia laser no processo de reparação óssea, o que discorda de muitos trabalhos. Uma possível explicação para estes resultados é que os efeitos da terapia laser de baixa potência possam ser manifestadas não só no local da irradiação como também a nível sistêmico. / Abstract: Low-intensity laser has been used as a physical agent in various fields of medical sciences such as bone and tissue repair. Meanwhile little is known about its effects in adverse conditions such as abolition of load and osteopenic. With the assumption that the laser As-Ga-Al accelerates the process of consolidation bone, purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone mineral density - BMD, and histological parameters in tibia osteotomized of rats, adults, treated with laser of low intensity in three different groups: G1 (n = 10), reference 15 days, osteotomized, treated with laser for 12 sessions in the cage and kept free; G2 (n = 10), osteotomized, suspended by the tail for 15 days and treated concurrently with Laser for 12 sessions; G3 (n = 10), osteotomized, suspended by the tail by 36 days and, after the 21 th day, started up with laser treatment for 12 sessions, and the right tibia test, irradiated with the laser and left control. The laser was used to As-Ga-Al, DMC - Flash Lase ® III, with wavelength 830nm, 100 mW, 4J, 140 J / cm ², 40s of application in 12 sessions. It was used densitometer-Lunar DPX®, with computer program for "small animals", and the analysis was made in the bone throughout the region and the osteotomy. Histomorphometric analysis was performed with computer program Osteomesure®. Our results have not demonstrated effectiveness of laser therapy in the process of repairing bone, which disagrees with many works. One possible explanation for these results is that the effects of low-power laser therapy can be expressed not only in place of irradiation as well as systemic level. / Mestre

Esta investigação experimental teve como finalidade de avaliar os efeitos do ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade sobre a regeneração do miométrio e do endométrio de ratas submetidas à uterotomia. Foram utilizadas neste experimento 20 ratas adultas da raça Wistar, submetidas a uma uterotomia mediante incisão longitudinal de 1,5 cm total de uma das paredes do corno uterino. As ratas foram divididas em 2 grupos de 10 animais cada, sendo que um grupo foi submetido à estimulação ultra-sônica por 10 dias durante 15 minutos diários e outro grupo, chamado controle, foi submetido à estimulação fictícia pelo mesmo tempo e período. Seis horas antes do sacrifício, os animais receberam via intramuscular 0,10 mg de colchicina para cada 100 g de peso corporal com a finalidade de bloquear as mitoses em metáfase. A avaliação dos tecidos baseou-se na análise comparativa entre a contagem de células em mitose do endométrio e do miométrio de animais estimulados com o de animais controle. Os achados morfológicos foram analisados estatisticamente e são sugestivos de que o U.S.P. estimula a regeneração do miométrio bem como do endométrio de ratas. / This experimental investigation had the purpose to evaluate the low-intensity pulsed ultrasound effects under the regeneration of the myometrium and the endometrium of the rats that were submitted to uterotomia. It was used, in this experiment, twenty adult rats of the Wistar race, submitted to uterotomia beyond the longitudinal incision of total 1, 5 cm of one of the uterine horn walls. The rats were divided in two groups of ten animals each, the first group went trough fifteen daily minutes ultra-sound stimulation during ten days, and the second group, called control, went through fictional stimulation by the same time and period of the first group. Six hours before the sacrifice, the animals received, by intra muscular, 0, 10 mg of colchicine for each 100 g of body weight, with the intention to block the mitosis in metaphase. The evaluation of the tissue was based on the comparative analysis between the mitosis cell count of the stimulated animals\' endometric tissue and the control animals\' one. The morphologic findings were statistically analyzed.

Esta investigação tem a finalidade estudar experimentalmente os efeitos do ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade sobre a espermatogênese de ratos pré-púberes e adultos. Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos da raça Wistar, sendo 20 pré-púberes e 20 adultos, os quais tiveram os testículos estimulados por 15 minutos durante 10 dias consecutivos. Cada grupo experimental constou de 10 animais pré-púberes ou adultos, estimulados com o ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade ou não estimulados. Administrou-se Colchicina, 6 horas antes do sacrifício dos animais com a finalidade de bloquear a divisão das células em metáfase para facilitar a avaliação do ciclo espermatogenético. Mediante morfometria estimou-se as áreas dos túbulos seminíferos e fez-se a avaliação dos estadios do ciclo espermatogenético quando foi constatado um aumento significativo das áreas dos túbulos seminíferos dos animais estimulados. O ciclo espermatogenético de ratos pré-púberes e adultos foi avaliado mediante contagens de associações celulares do ciclo nos estadios VII e VIII e XIV, correspondentes ao fim e início de cada ciclo. Houve aumento temporal do ciclo espermatogenético por apresentar maior número de associações com características dos estadios VIII significando acentuada maturidade de espermatozóides nos ratos pré-púberes estimulados. Os testículos dos animais adultos estimulados apresentaram aumento de peso em relação aos dos controles, exibindo uma diferença significativa. Nossos resultados são compatíveis com a hipótese de que o ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade estimula o aumento do peso dos testículos dos ratos adultos e das áreas dos túbulos seminíferos, bem como acelerando o ciclo espermatogenético em ratos pré-púberes. / This is an experimental study of the effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on the spermatogenesis of prepubertal and adult male rats. Forty male Wistar rats - twenty prepubertal and twenty adults -, whose testicles were stimulated for fifteen minutes for ten consecutive days were studied. Each experimental group was composed of ten prepubertal or adult animals, stimulated with low intensity pulsed ultrasound or not. Six hours before killing, the rats were given Colchicine to block the division of metaphasic cells, in order to facilitate the assessment of the spermatogenetic cycle. The area of the seminiferous tubule was done estimated by morphometry and the stages of spermatogenetic cycle were assessed, showing a significant increase of the areas of the seminiferous tubules of the stimulated animals. The spermiogenesis of prepubertal and adult rats was assessed through counts of cell associations in the stages VII and VIII and XIV, corresponding to the end and beginning of each cycle. There was a temporal increase in the spermatogenetic cycle due to a higher number of the associations with stage VIII characteristics, which means accentuated sperm cell maturity of the stimulated prepubertal rats. The testicles of the stimulated animals were weight increase regarding the of the control animals, showing a significant difference. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates the increase of the testicle weight, the rats adults, and the area of the seminiferous tubules as well as accelerating the spermatogenetic cycle in rats prepubertal.

Vários estudos têm avaliado os efeitos do ultra-som e da radiação laser de baixa intensidade separadamente no reparo ósseo. No entanto, são escassas as comparações entre estas duas modalidades terapêuticas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar, através de análise histomorfométrica e ensaio mecânico de flexão em três pontos, as conseqüências que estes agentes físicos podem trazer ao reparo do tecido ósseo em osteotomias transversais experimentais em tíbias de ratos. Foram utilizados 48 ratos com fratura cirúrgica unilateral parcial do terço superior de tíbia. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos de 16 animais. Em um grupo, o membro fraturado foi tratado com ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade (freqüência de 1,5 MHz, ciclo de trabalho 1:4, intensidade SATA 30 mW/centímetro quadrado) em sessões de 20 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, em 12 dias de tratamento. Em um segundo grupo, o membro fraturado foi tratado com laser As-Ga-Al (112,5 J/centímetro quadrado, 780 nm, 30 mW) em sessões de 2,5 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, em 12 dias de tratamento. O terceiro grupo serviu de controle, sendo submetido à mesma cirurgia na tíbia direita mas não recebeu qualquer tratamento. No ensaio mecânico, a carga no limite máximo suportada pelo grupo tratado com laser foi significantemente maior (p < 0,05) que os grupos tratado com ultra-som e controle. Na análise histomorfométrica, o grupo tratado com laser apresentou significância estatística quanto ao número e superfície de osteoblastos e volume e superfície de osteóide e o grupo ultra-som obteve significância para as superfícies de reabsorção e de osteoclastos. Pode-se concluir que o ultra-som acelerou o reparo ósseo (em relação ao grupo controle) por viabilizar mais rapidamente a fase de reabsorção, enquanto que a terapia laser foi capaz de acelerar ainda mais este processo por já promover predomínio de formação óssea no décimo nono dia pós-cirúrgico no modelo experimental utilizado neste estudo / Many studies have assessed the effects of ultra-sound and low intensity laser therapy separatedly in bone repair. However, the comparison between these two therapeutic modalities is rare. The objective of this study was to verify and compare, through histomorphometrical analysis and a three-point bending test, the consequences of these physical agents on bone healing in animals. 48 male Wistar rats were used with tibial bone partial osteotomy, divided into 3 groups of 16. In one group, rats had their fractured limb treated with GaAIAs laser (780 nm, 30 mW, 112,5 J/square contimeter) in 12 five times-a-week sections. In another group, rats were treated with low intensity pulsed ultra-sound (1,5 MHz, 30 mW/square centimeter) in 12 five times-a-week sections too. In a third group, animals were taken as control, being submitted to the same osteotomy but receiving no treatment. After 19 days the tibias were extracted and half of them were submitted to a three-point bending test and the other half to histomorphometric analysis. During the bending test, the maximum load at failure of the tibia in the laser group was significantly higher (p<0.05). Histomorphometry showed statistical significance in osteoblasts number and surface and osteoid volume and surface for the laser group, and eroded and osteoclasts surfaces for the ultra-sound group. Ultra-sound was able to enhance bone healing (compared to control group) by speeding up the reabsorption phase, while low intensity laser therapy could accelerate this process even more by promoting mostly new bone formation 19 days after osteotomy in this experimental model

Vários estudos têm avaliado os efeitos do ultra-som e da radiação laser de baixa intensidade separadamente no reparo ósseo. No entanto, são escassas as comparações entre estas duas modalidades terapêuticas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar, através de análise histomorfométrica e ensaio mecânico de flexão em três pontos, as conseqüências que estes agentes físicos podem trazer ao reparo do tecido ósseo em osteotomias transversais experimentais em tíbias de ratos. Foram utilizados 48 ratos com fratura cirúrgica unilateral parcial do terço superior de tíbia. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos de 16 animais. Em um grupo, o membro fraturado foi tratado com ultra-som pulsado de baixa intensidade (freqüência de 1,5 MHz, ciclo de trabalho 1:4, intensidade SATA 30 mW/centímetro quadrado) em sessões de 20 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, em 12 dias de tratamento. Em um segundo grupo, o membro fraturado foi tratado com laser As-Ga-Al (112,5 J/centímetro quadrado, 780 nm, 30 mW) em sessões de 2,5 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, em 12 dias de tratamento. O terceiro grupo serviu de controle, sendo submetido à mesma cirurgia na tíbia direita mas não recebeu qualquer tratamento. No ensaio mecânico, a carga no limite máximo suportada pelo grupo tratado com laser foi significantemente maior (p < 0,05) que os grupos tratado com ultra-som e controle. Na análise histomorfométrica, o grupo tratado com laser apresentou significância estatística quanto ao número e superfície de osteoblastos e volume e superfície de osteóide e o grupo ultra-som obteve significância para as superfícies de reabsorção e de osteoclastos. Pode-se concluir que o ultra-som acelerou o reparo ósseo (em relação ao grupo controle) por viabilizar mais rapidamente a fase de reabsorção, enquanto que a terapia laser foi capaz de acelerar ainda mais este processo por já promover predomínio de formação óssea no décimo nono dia pós-cirúrgico no modelo experimental utilizado neste estudo / Many studies have assessed the effects of ultra-sound and low intensity laser therapy separatedly in bone repair. However, the comparison between these two therapeutic modalities is rare. The objective of this study was to verify and compare, through histomorphometrical analysis and a three-point bending test, the consequences of these physical agents on bone healing in animals. 48 male Wistar rats were used with tibial bone partial osteotomy, divided into 3 groups of 16. In one group, rats had their fractured limb treated with GaAIAs laser (780 nm, 30 mW, 112,5 J/square contimeter) in 12 five times-a-week sections. In another group, rats were treated with low intensity pulsed ultra-sound (1,5 MHz, 30 mW/square centimeter) in 12 five times-a-week sections too. In a third group, animals were taken as control, being submitted to the same osteotomy but receiving no treatment. After 19 days the tibias were extracted and half of them were submitted to a three-point bending test and the other half to histomorphometric analysis. During the bending test, the maximum load at failure of the tibia in the laser group was significantly higher (p<0.05). Histomorphometry showed statistical significance in osteoblasts number and surface and osteoid volume and surface for the laser group, and eroded and osteoclasts surfaces for the ultra-sound group. Ultra-sound was able to enhance bone healing (compared to control group) by speeding up the reabsorption phase, while low intensity laser therapy could accelerate this process even more by promoting mostly new bone formation 19 days after osteotomy in this experimental model

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Following the cold war a new kind of threat emerged; terrorism became the most important threat used by individuals, organizations and countries to reach their goals. Turkey has suffered from terrorism for years. In Turkey, the main logistic resource for the terrorist is the villages located in remote areas. A search operation is one of the techniques used to capture the terrorists. Five village search operations scenarios are developed based on a previous study done for the New Zealand Army and the author's personal experiences. For this study, the agent-based model MANA (Map Aware Non-uniform Automata) is used. To investigate the effects of 16 variables state-of-the-art Near Orthogonal Latin Hypercube Designs are used. With a personal computer and the computational capabilities of supercomputers run by Mitre for the Marine Corps Warfighting Lab (MCWL) approximately 15000 runs are completed. In comparing the five scenarios, the significant effects on the outcome of a possible skirmish in search operations are the proficiency level of the soldiers, the employment of village guards and the support of the local people to the terrorists. The results of the analysis suggest that the most important factor affecting the Blue casualties is the initial speed and synchronization of the Blue search unit entering the village and the most important factor affecting the Red casualties is the Red Stealth. / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / During the Gulf War, millions of people around the globe, courtesy of CNN, witnessed the seemingly massive use of precision-guided weapons against Iraqi targets in the largest air campaign since World War II. Most of the missions were flown against Iraqi targets with no friendly forces on the ground. This type of air campaign is known as Deep Air Support, or 'DAS'. Equally as important, but receiving less spectacular news coverage, is Close Air support, or 'CAS'. When conducting CAS missions, the chance for 'Friendly Fire' incidents, injuring or killing your own troops on the ground, increases dramatically as compared to DAS missions. This may seem to be an obvious deduction since there are no friendly troops on the ground during a DAS mission but when small, specialized units, such as SEALS, Special Operations Forces (SOF), or reconnaissance forces find themselves in the deep battlespace, operating in a low intensity conflict (LIC) environment, these simple doctrinal distinctions can sometimes lead to confusion, or worse, friendly fire fatalities on the battlefield. It could be argued that there is a disconnect between joint doctrine and joint training which creates an environment on the LIC battlefield, as well as in training, that can lead to faulty execution of CAS missions, and potentially disastrous results, jeopardizing the safety of the very same ground personnel we are trying to support. / Major, United States Marine Corps