With the growing acceptance of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally including Sweden, an increasing number of PV systems has continually been installed all through Sweden. In this study, a selected residential area in Uppsala Sweden is considered as a possible site for PV system installation. Due to the intermittent nature of this energy source and the disturbances it causes to the grid, there is therefore the need to determine the amount of PV that can be accommodated by the already existing grid without any adverse effect to it. This is known as hosting capacity (HC). The HC signifies the level of risks the network operator as well as customers are willing to take with regard to the stability of the grid network. Many possibilities exist by which this can be done which are well discussed later in this report. However, the deterministic method is used in this work. For an effective determination of the HC, the DIgSILENT Power Factory 2021 is used to simulate a synthetic network assumed to be similar to that of the area studied. A parametric analysis is also done to as certain the impact some network variables would have on the limit of PV systems a grid network can accommodate. The results of the study showed that under 0 % penetration, the grid network is stable and no violations witnessed neither from the network with 800 kVA transformer considered as the main network in this study nor that with 500 kVA used for the parametric studies. However, the loadings on the two transformers varied by about 15 %. Integrating PVs into the grid network introduced some level of instability which increases as the size of the PVs increases. This shows the need to peg the PVs’ size to a certain maximum to be able to have control over the grid network. Customers are allowed to install lower sizes but not more than this maximum. The results also showed that changing the transformer size do not affect the nodal voltages nor the cable loadings in the network provided all other parameters remained the same. The only impact is on the transformer loading, with smaller transformers experiencing higher loading condition. This study serves as a basis to determine the initial range of PV sizes customers are allowed to install in the area studied in Uppsala Sweden.

Interest has been growing in the interaction of various power demand transformations, such as demand side management (DSM) and voltage control, with the power demand. Initial studies have highlighted the need for a better understanding of the power demand of low voltage (LV) residential networks. Furthermore, it is expected that future alteration of the residential appliance mixture, because of the advances in technology, will have an impact on both the demand curve as well as the electrical characteristics. This thesis presents a study of the impact of current and future household load on the power demand curve and the network operation. In order to achieve this, a bottom-up load modelling tool was developed to create LV detailed demand profiles that include not only the active and reactive power demand, but their electrical characteristics as well. The methodology uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to generate residential LV demand profiles taking into account the user activity and behaviour to represent UK population. An appliance database has also been created which corresponds to the UK residential appliance mixture in order to calculate more accurately the power demand. The main advantages of the approach presented here are the flexibility in altering the type and number of the appliances that populate a household and how easily it can be adapted to a different population, location and climate. The tool is used to investigate the impact of scenarios that simulate future load replacement and the network behaviour under certain methods of demand control, implementation of DSM and control of voltage on the secondary of the LV transformer. The algorithm that was developed to apply the DSM actions on the power demand focused on the management of individual loads. The drivers used in this approach were the financial and environmental benefit of customers and the increase in the quality of the network operation. The control of the voltage as a method for power reduction takes into account the voltage dependence of the demand. The primary target is to quantify the benefits of this strategy either in combination with DSM for higher power reduction during the peak hours or on the current network as a quicker, easier and less expensive alternative to DSM. The study shows that there is a significant power reduction in both cases which is dependent on the time of day and not constant as expected from the literature. The results show that there are significant differences between current and future load demand characteristics that would be very difficult to acquire without the modelling technique presented. The alternative solution would require extensive local load and network modifications and a long period of expensive tests and measurements in the field.

Methods for uncertainty quantification (UQ) and mitigation in the electrical power system are very basic, Monte Carlo (MC) method and its meta methods are generally deployed in most applications, due to its simplicity and easy to be generalised. They are adequate for a traditional power system when the load is predictable, and generation is controllable. However, the large penetration of low carbon technologies, such as solar panels, electric vehicles, and energy storage, has necessitated the needs for more comprehensive approaches to uncertainty as these technologies introduce new sources of uncertainties with larger volume and diverse characteristics, understanding source and consequences of uncertainty becomes highly complex issues. Traditional methods assume that for a given system it has a unique uncertainty characteristic, hence deal with the uncertainty of the system as a single component in applications. However, this view is no longer applicable in the new context as it neglects the important underlying information associated with individual uncertainty components. Therefore, this thesis aims at: i) systematically developing UQ methodologies to identify, discriminate, and quantify different uncertainty components (forward UQ), and critically to model and trace the associated sources independently (inverse UQ) to deliver new uncertainty information, such as, how uncertainty components generated from its sources, how uncertainty components correlate with each other and how uncertainty components propagate through system aggregation; ii) applying the new uncertainty information to further improve a range of fundamental power system applications from Load Forecasting (LF) to Energy Management System (EMS).In the EMS application, the proposed forward UQ methods enable the development of a decentralised system that is able to tap into the new uncertainty information concerning the correlations between load pattern across individual households, the characteristics of uncertainty components and their propagation through aggregation. The decentralised EMS was able to achieve peak and uncertainty reduction by 18% and 45% accordingly at the grid level. In the LF application, this thesis developed inverse UQ through a deep learning model to directly build the connection between uncertainty components and its corresponding sources. For Load Forecasting on expectation (point LF) and probability (probabilistic LF) and witnessed 20%/12% performance improvement compared to the state-of-the-art, such as Support Vector Regression (SVR), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Multiple Linear Quantile Regression (MLQR).

Orientador: Teófilo Miguel de Souza / Resumo: Esta Tese de Doutorado apresentou o estudo dos problemas de tensão originados no ponto comum de conexão de uma rede experimental para fornecer até 1.000 kWh/mês de energia solar com a rede de baixa tensão da Universidade de Ibagué, na Colômbia. Inicialmente foi feita uma introdução, onde destacou-se a importância da geração distribuída, os problemas gerados e os objetivos propostos. Em seguida, foi realizado o estudo da qualidade da energia na rede de baixa tensão, conforme as normas NTC 5001. Foi dimensionada, montada e colocada em operação uma rede experimental, utilizando a metodologia proposta nesta Tese, composta de 30 painéis solares de 260 W marca IBC solar, um inversor marca Fronius de 7,6 kW e um contador bidirecional ligados diretamente à rede através com fio de seção transversal de 6,0 mm2. A energia máxima produzida pela rede experimental foi de 850 kWh/mês, equivalente a 72,65% do total da capacidade instalada. Os painéis solares apresentaram uma eficiência média de 15,7%, a eficiência do inversor foi obtida na faixa de 75 a 94% e o desempenho global, PR, entre 0,83 e 1,30. Depois de avaliar a rede experimental seguiu-se com a análise da qualidade da energia no ponto comum de ligação registrando, em relação às perturbações de longa duração, um aumento de 2%; o desequilíbrio da tensão diminuiu 3,5%, as harmônicas de tensão aumentaram 7% na linha U1, 0,8% na linha U2 e 3% na linha U3. Em relação à corrente harmônica foi evidenciado um incremento de 22% na linha U1.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by Agustin Valverde Granja (agustin.valverde@unibague.edu.co) on 2017-06-28T14:11:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tesis Agustin Valverde Granja.pdf: 5383238 bytes, checksum: fc4a71b7db5d1316ec5199f86e031e0f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T20:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 valverdegranja_a_dr_guara.pdf: 5383238 bytes, checksum: fc4a71b7db5d1316ec5199f86e031e0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T20:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 valverdegranja_a_dr_guara.pdf: 5383238 bytes, checksum: fc4a71b7db5d1316ec5199f86e031e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / Esta Tese de Doutorado apresentou o estudo dos problemas de tensão originados no ponto comum de conexão de uma rede experimental para fornecer até 1.000 kWh/mês de energia solar com a rede de baixa tensão da Universidade de Ibagué, na Colômbia. Inicialmente foi feita uma introdução, onde destacou-se a importância da geração distribuída, os problemas gerados e os objetivos propostos. Em seguida, foi realizado o estudo da qualidade da energia na rede de baixa tensão, conforme as normas NTC 5001. Foi dimensionada, montada e colocada em operação uma rede experimental, utilizando a metodologia proposta nesta Tese, composta de 30 painéis solares de 260 W marca IBC solar, um inversor marca Fronius de 7,6 kW e um contador bidirecional ligados diretamente à rede através com fio de seção transversal de 6,0 mm2. A energia máxima produzida pela rede experimental foi de 850 kWh/mês, equivalente a 72,65% do total da capacidade instalada. Os painéis solares apresentaram uma eficiência média de 15,7%, a eficiência do inversor foi obtida na faixa de 75 a 94% e o desempenho global, PR, entre 0,83 e 1,30. Depois de avaliar a rede experimental seguiu-se com a análise da qualidade da energia no ponto comum de ligação registrando, em relação às perturbações de longa duração, um aumento de 2%; o desequilíbrio da tensão diminuiu 3,5%, as harmônicas de tensão aumentaram 7% na linha U1, 0,8% na linha U2 e 3% na linha U3. Em relação à corrente harmônica foi evidenciado um incremento de 22% na linha U1. Nos valores das cintilações de curto e longo prazo. Para os picos e interrupções de longa duração não foram encontrados diferenças significativas. Nas perturbações rápidas a potência ativa e reativa total no período do recesso aumentaram 58% e 42% respectivamente. A análise termográfica permitiu estabelecer um aumento da temperatura no ponto comum de ligação à rede de 7,5%. A temperatura superficial do painél foi calculada a partir do modelo matemático proposto neste trabalho para a cidade de Ibagué. O modelo foi resultado de uma análise estatística com o software Minitab e utilizou os dados da variação da radiação solar e da temperatura ambiente. Quando a temperatura do painel foi maior que a temperatura ambiente, a porcentagem de erro do modelo foi de 14,09%. O análise econômica permitiu estabelecer os custos de investimento por kWp instalado na rede experimental com ovalor de 2100 USD/kWp. O valor presente líquido (VPL) começou a apresemtar valores positivos a partir de 6,3 anos e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) calculada para este projeto foi de 17,8%. Espera-se que as experiências no projeto possam servir de referência na aplicação da lei 1715 do governo Colombiano para o aproveitamento da energia solar. / This doctoral thesis presented the study of voltage problems originating from the common point of connection of an experimental network to provide up to 1,000 kWh / month of solar energy with the low voltage network of the University of Ibague in Colombia. Initially an introduction was made, highlighting the importance of distributed generation, the problems generated and the proposed objectives. Next, the study of the quality of the energy in the low voltage network was carried out, according to the norms NTC 5001. An experimental network was dimensioned, assembled and put into operation using the methodology proposed in this thesis, composed of 30 solar panels of 260 W brand IBC solar, a Fronius brand inverter of 7.6 kW and a bidirectional counter connected directly to the network through thread of cross-section of 6.0 mm2. The maximum energy produced by the experimental network was 850 kWh / month, equivalent to 72.65% of the total installed capacity. The solar panels had an average efficiency of 15.7%, the efficiency of the inverter was obtained in the range of 75 to 94% and the overall performance, PR, between 0.83 and 1.30. After evaluating the experimental network, it was followed by the analysis of the quality of the energy at the common point of connection, in relation to long-term disturbances, an increase of 2%; the voltage unbalance decreased by 3.5%, voltage harmonics increased by 7% in line U1, 0.8% in line U2 and 3% in line U3. In relation to the harmonic current, an increase of 22% in line U1 was evidenced. In the values of short and long term scintillations. For peaks and long-term interruptions no significant differences were found. In the fast perturbations the total active and reactive power in the period of the recess increased 58% and 42% respectively. The thermal analysis allowed to establish an increase in temperature at the common point of connection to the network of 7.5%. The surface temperature of the panel was calculated from the mathematical model proposed in this work for the city of Ibagué. The model was the result of a statistical analysis with Minitab software and used the data of solar radiation variation and ambient temperature. When the panel temperature was higher than the ambient temperature, the model error percentage was 14.09%. The economic analysis allowed us to establish the investment costs per kWp installed in the experimental network with a value of 2100 USD / kWp. The net present value (NPV) began to show positive values from 6.3 years and the internal rate of return (TIR) calculated for this project was 17.8%. It is hoped that the experiences in the project can serve as reference in the application of law 1715 of the Colombian government for the exploitation of solar energy.

In 2019, 770 million people worldwide lived without electricity. As many as 490 million people could be electrified with 210,000 mini-grids by 2030. Obtaining information for decision-making is crucial to determine the viability of such a project. Currently, it is a major challenge for mini-grid developers to gather this information at the speed and scale necessary to make effective investment choices. Village Data Analytics (VIDA) is a decision-making tool used for mini-grid project planning and site selection. This paper presents a method to estimate the cost of a mini-grid distribution network on a site-by-site basis. This method can estimate the total demand, potential connections, distribution infrastructure components and corresponding costs for each site. The model can make predictions for 50 sites within two hours so the tool is especially useful for preliminary estimates in the planning phase. A more detailed study of the individual sites is recommended. Comparison with a benchmark has shown that on-site conditions often reveal activities that can only be captured by a survey. However, collecting on-site data is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, GIS and modelling tools can serve as a good approximation of the on-ground reality and are relevant to accelerate planning and support timely decision-making. / 2019 levde 770 miljoner människor världen över utan elektricitet. Så många som 490 miljoner människor skulle kunna elektrifieras med 210 000 mininät till 2030. Att få information för beslutsfattande är avgörande för att avgöra om ett sådant projekt är lönsamt. För närvarande är det en stor utmaning för utvecklare av mininät att samla in denna information i den hastighet och skala som krävs för att göra effektiva investeringsval. Village Data Analytics (VIDA) är ett beslutsfattande verktyg som används för projektering av mininät och platsval. Det här dokumentet presenterar en metod för att uppskatta kostnaden för ett distributionsnät för mininät på plats för plats. Denna metod kan uppskatta den totala efterfrågan, potentiella anslutningar, komponenter för distribution sinfrastruktur och motsvarande kostnader för varje plats. Modellen kan göra förutsägelser för 50 platser inom två timmar, så verktyget är särskilt användbart för preliminära uppskattningar i planeringsfasen. En mer detaljerad studie av de enskilda platserna rekommenderas. Jämförelse med ett riktmärke har visat att förhållanden på plats ofta avslöjar aktiviteter som bara kan fångas genom en undersökning. Men att samla in data på plats är tidskrävande och kostsamt. Därför kan GIS- och modelleringsverktyg fungera som en bra approximation av verkligheten på marken och är relevanta för att påskynda planering och stödja beslutsfattande i rätt tid.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns modelos para cálculo de perdas técnicas e não técnicas em sistemas de distribuição, considerando diversas alternativas em função da disponibilidade de dados. A discussão é de fundamental importância, na medida que o setor elétrico passa a enfrentar novos desafios, tais como o cálculo de redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto e o cálculo de perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas. Para o cálculo das perdas em redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto, duas situações são consideradas. Na primeira, a rede é conhecida, porém não se conhece a localização de seus consumidores. Na segunda situação, também a rede é desconhecida. Neste último caso, para superar o problema de ausência de informações, são utilizadas técnicas de classificação para definir um conjunto de padrões de redes típicas e posterior associação de cada rede a um padrão previamente estabelecido. Também são utilizados alguns modelos de distribuição da carga e a consideração de incertezas é contemplada a partir de números difusos. Para calcular as perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas, propõe-se um método para corrigir a energia faturada dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento da energia medida e das perdas técnicas calculadas. Uma extensão desse método ainda permite calcular as perdas de forma rápida e sem grandes esforços computacionais (método expedito), partindo do resultados de um cálculo realizado com um método convencional. Todos os modelos propostos são aplicados a redes de distribuição reais. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e comparados a valores de referência e é discutida a aplicabilidade dos modelos, bem como suas respectivas faixas de validade. / This work aims at presenting and discussing some models for calculating technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems. The proposed methods comprise several possibilities depending on the available data. This discussion is very important since the electric sector faces new challenges, such as technical loss estimation in low voltage networks with incomplete data. The evaluation of non-technical losses is also herein discussed. Regarding loss estimation with incomplete data, two conditions are considered. In the first one, the network data is known, but the customers location are unavailable. In the second one, the network data is not completely known as well. In this latter condition, in order to overcome the lack of sufficient data, classification techniques are used to establish a set of typical network patterns and to associate each network to a previously established pattern. Some load distribution models are also used and the uncertainties are considered by the use of fuzzy sets. In order to estimate the non-technical losses and their related technical losses, a method to adjust the billed energy in all customers is proposed. This is accomplished by using the computed technical losses and the measured energy at the substation site. This method also makes possible the assessment of technical losses in a quick way with a low computational effort (fast method). Such method is accomplished by using the results of a calculation previously performed using the conventional method. All the proposed methods are applied to real distribution networks. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results obtained with the conventional method. The applicability of each model is also discussed.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns modelos para cálculo de perdas técnicas e não técnicas em sistemas de distribuição, considerando diversas alternativas em função da disponibilidade de dados. A discussão é de fundamental importância, na medida que o setor elétrico passa a enfrentar novos desafios, tais como o cálculo de redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto e o cálculo de perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas. Para o cálculo das perdas em redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto, duas situações são consideradas. Na primeira, a rede é conhecida, porém não se conhece a localização de seus consumidores. Na segunda situação, também a rede é desconhecida. Neste último caso, para superar o problema de ausência de informações, são utilizadas técnicas de classificação para definir um conjunto de padrões de redes típicas e posterior associação de cada rede a um padrão previamente estabelecido. Também são utilizados alguns modelos de distribuição da carga e a consideração de incertezas é contemplada a partir de números difusos. Para calcular as perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas, propõe-se um método para corrigir a energia faturada dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento da energia medida e das perdas técnicas calculadas. Uma extensão desse método ainda permite calcular as perdas de forma rápida e sem grandes esforços computacionais (método expedito), partindo do resultados de um cálculo realizado com um método convencional. Todos os modelos propostos são aplicados a redes de distribuição reais. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e comparados a valores de referência e é discutida a aplicabilidade dos modelos, bem como suas respectivas faixas de validade. / This work aims at presenting and discussing some models for calculating technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems. The proposed methods comprise several possibilities depending on the available data. This discussion is very important since the electric sector faces new challenges, such as technical loss estimation in low voltage networks with incomplete data. The evaluation of non-technical losses is also herein discussed. Regarding loss estimation with incomplete data, two conditions are considered. In the first one, the network data is known, but the customers location are unavailable. In the second one, the network data is not completely known as well. In this latter condition, in order to overcome the lack of sufficient data, classification techniques are used to establish a set of typical network patterns and to associate each network to a previously established pattern. Some load distribution models are also used and the uncertainties are considered by the use of fuzzy sets. In order to estimate the non-technical losses and their related technical losses, a method to adjust the billed energy in all customers is proposed. This is accomplished by using the computed technical losses and the measured energy at the substation site. This method also makes possible the assessment of technical losses in a quick way with a low computational effort (fast method). Such method is accomplished by using the results of a calculation previously performed using the conventional method. All the proposed methods are applied to real distribution networks. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results obtained with the conventional method. The applicability of each model is also discussed.

The future operation of public low voltage networks has to consider increased decentralised generation using photovoltaic systems for residential application. For utilities it is necessary to determine the maximum permissible installed power of residential photovoltaic systems in sections of the low-voltage network. For this purpose a method based on modelling low-voltage network structures, occurring loads and insolation situations is presented and demonstrated. The maximum permissible installed power of residential photovoltaic systems is fundamentally determined by the structure of the settlement of the affected low-voltage network section. By modifying the generator model the method can be applied too for other types of decentralized generators in the low-voltage network such as fuel cell systems. / Für den Betrieb des öffentlichen Niederspannungsnetzes in Wohnsiedlungsgebieten ist zukünftig mit einem verstärkten Einsatz dezentraler photovoltaischer Energiewandlungsanlagen zu rechnen. Für Netzbetreiber ist es erforderlich, die maximal zulässige Netzanschlussleistung derartiger Anlagen für Niederspannungs-Netzbezirke zu bestimmen. Dazu wird ein Verfahren auf der Grundlage der Modellierung der Struktur von Netzbezirken, der dort auftretenden Belastungen und Einstrahlungssituationen vorgestellt und demonstriert. Die maximal zulässige Netzanschlussleistung dezentraler photovoltaischer Energiewandlungsanlagen wird wesentlich durch die Siedlungsstruktur des betreffenden Niederspannungs-Netzbezirkes bestimmt. Durch Modifikation des Erzeugermodelles kann das Verfahren auch für andere dezentrale Kleinerzeuger im Niederspannungsnetz angewandt werden.

This master’s thesis deals with realization of fault recorder designed for a distribution transformer station. In theoretical part is created research about operation of distribution transformer stations and about analytic methods, which gives bases for fault detection in power network. The practical part consists of design and realization of fault recorder in LabVIEW interface using CompactDAQ measurement platform. Purpose of this recorder is monitoring and recording of voltage and current waveforms on secondary side of transformer station during the fault in high voltage network. Principle of fault detection is primarily based on level monitoring of voltage negative symmetrical component. Fault recorder has been successively optimized and the final version is presented in this thesis. At the end functionality of designed system is evaluated on simulated fault in a model of high voltage network.