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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Desenvolvimento de sistemas de pastas leves para aplica??o em cimenta??o de po?os petrol?feros com baixo gradiente de fratura

Araujo Filho, Romero Gomes da Silva 16 March 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomeroGSAF_DISSERT.pdf: 5251211 bytes, checksum: 91e35eccdc843f543fbc2744a816fb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / All around the world, naturally occurring hydrocarbon deposits, consisting of oil and gas contained within rocks called reservoir rocks , generally sandstone or carbonate exists. These deposits are in varying conditions of pressure and depth from a few hundred to several thousand meters. In general, shallow reservoirs have greater tendency to fracture, since they have low fracture gradient, ie fractures are formed even with relatively low hydrostatic columns of fluid. These low fracture gradient areas are particularly common in onshore areas, like the Rio Grande do Norte basin. During a well drilling, one of the most favorable phases for the occurrence of fractures is during cementing, since the cement slurry used can have greater densities than the maximum allowed by the rock structure. Furthermore, in areas which are already naturally fractured, the use of regular cement slurries causes fluid loss into the formation, which may give rise to failures cementations and formation damages. Commercially, there are alternatives to the development of lightweight cement slurries, but these fail either because of their enormous cost, or because the cement properties were not good enough for most general applications, being restricted to each transaction for which the cement paste was made, or both reasons. In this work a statistical design was made to determine the influence of three variables, defined as the calcium chloride concentration, vermiculite concentration and nanosilica concentration in the various properties of the cement. The use of vermiculite, a low density ore present in large amounts in northeastern Brazil, as extensor for cementing slurries, enabled the production of stable cements, with high water/cement ratio, excellent rheological properties and low densities, which were set at 12.5 lb / gal, despite the fact that lower densities could be achieved. It is also seen that the calcium chloride is very useful as gelling and thickening agent, and their use in combination with nanosilica has a great effect on gel strength of the cement. Hydrothermal Stability studies showed that the pastes were stable in these conditions, and mechanical resistance tests showed values of the order of up to 10 MPa / Em todo o mundo, ocorrem naturalmente dep?sitos de hidrocarbonetos, constitu?dos de petr?leo e g?s natural, contidos dentro de rochas denominadas "rochas reservat?rio", em geral arenitos ou carbonatos. Esses dep?sitos existem em variadas condi??es de press?o e profundidade, desde poucas centenas at? milhares de metros. Em geral, reservat?rios mais "rasos" t?m a tend?ncia a fraturar mais facilmente, pois possuem baixo gradiente de fratura, ou seja, as fraturas s?o formadas mesmo com colunas hidrost?ticas de fluido relativamente baixas. Essas zonas de baixo gradiente de fratura s?o particularmente mais comuns em zonas onshore, como aqui no Rio Grande do Norte. Um dos momentos mais prop?cios para a ocorr?ncia de fraturas ? durante a cimenta??o do po?o, ao se utilizar uma pasta cimentante de densidade superior ao m?ximo permitido pela estrutura rochosa. Al?m disso, em zonas j? naturalmente fraturadas, o uso de cimentos comuns causa perda de fluido para a forma??o, o que pode dar causa a cimenta??es falhas. Comercialmente, existem alternativas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de pastas de cimento leves, mas esses falham ou em raz?o de seu elevad?ssimo custo, ou em fun??o das propriedades da pasta obtida n?o serem suficientemente boas para aplica??es mais gen?ricas, ficando restritas a cada opera??o para qual a pasta de cimento foi feita. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um planejamento estat?stico para determinar a influ?ncia de tr?s vari?veis, definidas como a concentra??o de cloreto de c?lcio, concentra??o de vermiculita e concentra??o de nano s?lica, nas v?rias propriedades do cimento. O uso da vermiculita, um min?rio de baixa densidade presente em grandes quantidades no nordeste brasileiro, como extensor para pastas cimentantes, permitiu a produ??o de pastas est?veis, com alta raz?o ?gua/cimento, propriedades reol?gicas excelentes e baixas densidades, que foram fixadas em 12,5 lb/Gal. Viu-se tamb?m que o cloreto de c?lcio ? um poderoso viscosificante e gelificante, e seu uso combinado com a nano s?lica possui grande efeito nas for?as g?is do cimento. Estudos de estabilidade hidrot?rmica mostraram que as pastas foram est?veis nessas condi??es, e os ensaios de resist?ncia mec?nica mostraram valores da ordem de at? 10 MPa

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