Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-25T12:55:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Valle de Lima - 2018.pdf: 6140413 bytes, checksum: 4bb41779722574af9e9b07103ad3ba20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-25T13:11:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Valle de Lima - 2018.pdf: 6140413 bytes, checksum: 4bb41779722574af9e9b07103ad3ba20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-25T13:11:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Henrique Valle de Lima - 2018.pdf: 6140413 bytes, checksum: 4bb41779722574af9e9b07103ad3ba20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / LTE (Long Term Evolution) in unlicensed band (LTE-U) has emerged as a promising solution to the problem of the huge growth in mobile data traffic. It expands the benefits of LTE with bands of the unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum, mainly used in IEEE 802.11. But uncertainties as to the availability of these bands make the adoption of LTE-U a great challenge. In this dissertation, we propose a mixed linear programming approach for allocating resources in order to expand service by LTE-U. Subsequently, we propose a stochastic programming approach, taking into account the randomness of the unlicensed band, allocating resources under a certain control in the risk of conflict with IEEE-802.11. We used three models of the literature for the demand for IEEE 802.11 in our tests. The results highlight the importance of prior knowledge about the distribution of this demand. / A LTE (Long Term Evolution) em banda não-licenciada (LTE-U) surgiu como uma solução promissora para o problema do enorme crescimento no tráfego de dados móveis. Ela amplia os benefícios da LTE com bandas do espectro não-licenciado de 5 GHz, usado principalmente em IEEE 802.11. Mas incertezas quanto à disponibilidade dessas bandas tornam a adoção da LTE-U um grande desafio. Nesta dissertação, propomos uma abordagem de programação linear mista, para alocação de recursos a fim de expandir o atendimento por LTE-U. Posteriormente, propomos uma abordagem de programação estocástica, levando em consideração a aleatoriedade da banda não-licenciada, alocando recursos sob um certo controle no risco de conflito com o IEEE 802.11. Usamos três modelos da literatura para a demanda por IEEE 802.11 em nossos testes. Os resultados destacam a importância do conhecimento prévio sobre a distribuição dessa demanda.

Internet access in rural areas of Latin America is deficient, since the rural population either does not have access to this technology or does it from public places at a very low speed connection. This situation does not happen with the TV which is more popular and accessible than the Internet, mobile telephony, and even radio. This is why is intended to use the characteristics of the TV broadcast services, specifically Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) to provide Internet connectivity in places where only the TV signal arrives. Thus DTT technologies such as DVB-RCT published in April 2001 by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), which provides a dedicated wireless return channel in the VHF / UHF for concurrent access from many interactive user terminals using TDMA / OFDMA techniques. As well as DVB-T2 which was published in 2008 by the European standardization Forum (DVB) to efficiently transmit advanced television services such as high definition TV (HDTV) or dimensional TV (3D TV) [1] using OFDM will allow to design a new standard for better performance than RCT that takes advantage of the capacities that give robustness to DVB-T2 and which will be called DVB-RCT2 (Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel Terrestrial 2nd Generation), which would consist on a broadcast channel (DL) to receive information from the service provider to the end user, using any DTT technology such as ISDB-Tb, DVB-T or DVB-T2 for this purpose; while for reverse communication (UL) it would properly use the DVB-RCT2 architecture proposed in this PhD study. The aforementioned would make it possible for this new standard to be used throughout Latin America. To validate the design standard, it will be evaluated in terms of coverage and capacity with respect to its predecessor DVB-RCT, and then the channel conditions RCT2 will be emulated in a laboratory. Subsequently socio-economic studies of the new standard will be carried out in order to be able to provide internet connectivity services in rural areas. Finally, the possibility of using 4G wireless networks in the 700 MHz UHF band will be analyzed as well as the band of 1700 MHz (AWS). / El acceso a Internet en zonas rurales de América Latina es deficiente, puesto que la población rural o no tiene acceso a esta tecnología o lo hace desde lugares públicos a una muy baja velocidad de conexión. Esta situación no sucede con la TV la cual es más popular y accesible que el Internet, la telefonía móvil, e incluso que la radio. Es por esto que se pretende utilizar las características de los servicios de difusión de TV, específicamente los de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) a fin de proporcionar conectividad a Internet en lugares donde solo llega la señal de TV. Es así que tecnologías de TDT como DVB-RCT publicada en Abril de 2001 por el Instituto de Normas de Telecomunicaciones Europeo (ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute), que provee un canal de retorno inalámbrico dedicado en las bandas de VHF/UHF para el acceso concurrente desde muchos terminales interactivos de usuario usando técnicas TDMA/OFDMA. Así como DVB-T2 que fue publicado en 2008 por el foro de estandarización europeo (DVB) para transmitir eficientemente servicios avanzados de televisión como TV en alta definición (HDTV) o TV tridimensional (3D TV) [1] utilizando modulación OFDM; permitirán diseñar un nuevo estándar de mejores prestaciones que RCT que aproveche las capacidades que dan robustez a DVB-T2 y al cual se lo llamará DVB-RCT2 (Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel Terrestrial 2nd Generation), el mismo que constaría de un canal de difusión (canal descendente) para recibir información desde el proveedor del servicio hasta el usuario final, utilizando para esto cualquier tecnología de TDT como ISDB-Tb, DVB-T o DVB-T2; mientras que para la comunicación inversa (canal ascendente) utilizaría propiamente la arquitectura DVB-RCT2 propuesta en este estudio de doctorado. Lo anteriormente mencionado haría factible que este nuevo estándar pueda ser utilizado en toda Latinoamérica. Para validar el diseño del estándar, se lo evaluará en términos de cobertura y capacidad con respecto a su predecesor DVB-RCT, y después se emulará en laboratorio las condiciones del canal RCT2. Posteriormente se realizarán estudios socio-económicos del nuevo estándar a fin de poder proporcionar servicios de conectividad a Internet en zonas rurales. Por último, se analizará la posibilidad de utilizar redes inalámbricas 4G en la banda UHF de 700 MHz, así como en la banda de 1700 MHz (AWS). / L'accés a Internet en zones rurals d'Amèrica Llatina és deficient, ja que la població rural o no té accés a esta tecnologia o ho fa des de llocs públics a una molt baixa velocitat de connexió. Esta situació no succeïx amb la TV la qual és més popular i accessible que l'Internet, la telefonia mòbil, i inclús que la ràdio. És per açò que es pretén utilitzar les característiques dels servicis de difusió de TV, específicament els de Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) a fi de proporcionar connectivitat a Internet en llocs on només arriba el senyal de TV. És així que tecnologies de TDT com DVB-RCT publicada a l'Abril de 2001 per l'Institut de Normes de Telecomunicacions Europeu (ETSI - European Telecommunications Estàndards Institute), que proveïx un canal de retorn sense fil dedicat en les bandes de VHF/UHF per a l'accés concurrent des de molts terminals interactius d'usuari usant tècniques TDMA/OFDMA. Així com DVB-T2 que va ser publicat en 2008 pel fòrum d'estandardització europeu (DVB) per a transmetre eficientment servicis avançats de televisió com TV en alta definició (HDTV) o TV tridimensional (3D TV) [1] utilitzant modulació OFDM; permetran dissenyar un nou estàndard de millors prestacions que RCT que aprofite les capacitats que donen robustesa a DVB-T2 i al qual se'l nomenarà DVB-RCT2 (Digital Vídeo Broadcasting - Return Channel Terrestrial 2nd Generation), el mateix que constaria d'un canal de difusió (canal descendent) per a rebre informació des del proveïdor del servici fins a l'usuari final, utilitzant per a açò qualsevol tecnologia de TDT com ISDB-Tb, DVB-T o DVB-T2; mentres que per a la comunicació inversa (canal ascendent) utilitzaria pròpiament l'arquitectura DVB-RCT2 proposta en este estudi de doctorat. L'anteriorment mencionat faria factible que este nou estàndard puga ser utilitzat en tota Llatinoamèrica. Per a validar el disseny de l'estàndard, se l'avaluarà en termes de cobertura i capacitat respecte al seu predecessor DVB-RCT, i després s'emularà en laboratori les condicions del canal RCT2. Posteriorment es realitzaran estudis socioeconòmics del nou estàndard a fi de poder proporcionar servicis de connectivitat a Internet en zones rurals. Finalment, s'analitzarà la possibilitat d'utilitzar xarxes sense fil 4G en la banda UHF de 700 MHz, així com en la banda de 1700 MHz (AWS). / Radicelli García, CD. (2017). Diseño y validación de la segunda generación del estándar de TDT con canal de retorno inalámbrico, para proveer conectividad a Internet en zonas rurales en Latinoamérica [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80288 / TESIS

The global mobile data usage has grown nearly 70\% annually in recent years. The huge mobile data usage requirement drives the mobile industry to brace the formidable challenge and invent next-generation mobile technologies. LTE, as a successful cellular technology, has gained tremendous importance in recent years due to its high data-rates and improved data access method for mobile devices. Even though LTE still may not be able to meet the mobile data challenge due to current spectrum scarcity in licensed bands. Thus, cellular network faces serious challenges to provide high performance mobile service to end users in the near future. In order to sustain the possible increase in mobile capacity demand, utilizing the unlicensed band as a supplementary band for LTE is being considered as a promising solution to expand the capacity of mobile systems. Based on the innovation of carrier aggregation, 3GPP has approved a study item on LAA-LTE, which will assist LTE by offloading mobile data in unlicensed band. Thus, LAA-LTE will operate in the spectrum that overlaps with WiFi, which is another popular unlicensed band technology. The concern is that LAA-LTE and WiFi are unlikely to have mechanisms to directly coordinate with each other, considering different core networks, backhauls and deployment plans of LAA-LTE and WiFi networks. The overarching goal of my research is to investigate the following two aspects: 1) Investigate how LTE will impact on WiFi using experimental analysis when both of them share the same channel, 2) Develop a possible coexistence algorithm to trigger the coexistence between LAA-LTE and WiFi in unlicensed band.

Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially due to the popularization of smart phones, tablets and other data traffic appliances. One way of handling the increased data traffic is to deploy large antenna arrays at the base station, also known as Massive MIMO. In Massive MIMO, the base station having excessive number of transmit antennas, can achieve increased data rate by spatial-multiplexing terminals into the same time-frequency resource. This thesis investigates Massive MIMO in LTE in a single-cell deployment with up to 100 base station antennas. The benefits of more antennas are investigated with single-antenna terminals in a typical urban environment. The terminal transmitted sounding reference signals (SRS) are used at the base station to calculate channel state information (CSI) in order to generate an MRT precoder. With perfect CSI, the results showed that the expected terminal SINR depends on the antenna-terminal ratio. It was also showed that with spatial-multiplexed terminals and 100 base station antennas, the maximum cell throughput increased 13 times compared with no spatial-multiplexed terminals. Channel ageing causes inaccuracy in the CSI, the thesis showed that the variation in terminal SINR increased rapidly with less frequent SRS transmissions. When having moving terminals at 3 km/h, the difference between the 10th and 90th SINR percentile is 1 dB with an SRS transmission periodicity of 20 ms, and 17 dB with an SRS transmission periodicity of 80 ms. With 100 base station antennas and moving terminals at 3 km/h with an SRS periodicity of 20 ms, the maximum cell throughput decreased with 13% compared to when the base station has perfect CSI. The result showed that the maximum cell throughput scaled linearly with the number of base station antennas. It also showed that having the number of spatial-multiplexed terminals equal to the number of antennas is a reasonable assumption when maximizing the cell throughput.

This master thesis was part of a project at the Acreo Swedish ICT AB to investigate the 28 nm FDSOI CMOS process technology for the LTE front-end application. The project has resulted in a chip that contains different test circuits such as power amplifier (PA), mixer, low noise amplifier (LNA), RF power switch, and a receiver front-end. This thesis presents the evaluation of the RF power switch. At first, a stand-alone six-stacked single pole single throw (SPST) RF power switch was designed according to Rascher, and then it was modified to single pole double throw (SPDT) RF power switch according to the requirements of the project. This report presents an overview of the FDSOI CMOS process, basic theory of the RF switch, and the evaluation techniques. The post-simulation results showed that with the proper substrate biasing and matching (50 Ω), the RF switch will provide 2.5 dB insertion loss (IL) up to 27 dBm input power and over 30 dB isolation with 30 dBm input power at 2 GHz. / Detta examensarbete har varit en del av ett projekt på Acreo Swedish ICT AB för att undersöka 28 nm FDSOI CMOS teknik för LTE front-end tillämpningar. Projektet har resulterat i ett chip som innehåller olika testkretsar: effektförstärkare, mixer, RF-effektomkoppare, LNA, och en mottagarfront-end. Denna avhandling presenterar en utvärdering av RF-omkopplaren. En SPST RF-omkopplare med sex staplade transistor konstruerades enligt Rascher. Sedan modifierades konstruktionen till en SPDT-omkoppare i enlighet med kraven för projektet. Denna rapport presenterar en översikt över FDSOI CMOS-tekniken, grundläggande teori för en RF switch samt utvärderingsmetoder. Simuleringsresultaten visade att med rätt substratbiasering och matchning (50 Ω), så ger RF-omkopplaren 2,5 dB förlust (IL) på upp till 27 dBm ineffekt och över 30 dB isolering med 30 dBm ineffekt vid 2 GHz.

The next generation of mobile telecommunication, 5G, will be specified in the near future. One of the proposed changes relative to the previous generation, 4G,is the inclusion of a new system control plane (SCP). The purpose of the SCP is to improve system scalability, forward compatibility, peak performance and to enable a higher degree of support for advanced antenna techniques. This is done by logically separating data transmitted explicitly from and to the user, the dynamic transmissions, from the broadcasted transmissions that remain constant regardless of user activity, the static transmissions, and by then redesigning the static part to make it more lean. This is expected to have several positive effects such as considerably more free resources, resulting in energy savings and potentially increased usage of MIMO. Knowing what effect the SCP has upon aspects such as random access is of importance when designing the solution that will go into the standard. Simulations show that there is potential in the inclusion of the new SCP. While the simulated 5G candidate systems that include the SCP have an increased delay when running the random access procedure, some aspects of the procedure have been improved. The main differences relative to the simulated 4G system are the performance of the first message in the procedure, which increased, and the performance of the second message in the procedure, which decreased. The deficiencies found in the handling of the second message, however, can be alleviated by using a more proper algorithm and channel design than what was used in this study.

Since Mobile network operator (MNO) relies on many Business Support Systems (BSS) and Operation Support Systems (OSS) it should be assured that operator’s systems supports the requirements of the future.This thesis shall focus on the “start-to-end” aspects that must be considered to ensure that International Roaming continues to operate flawless. The thesis experience Long Term Evolution (LTE) in case of international roaming by measuring the end to end location update delay.In order to evaluate the LTE performance of international roaming, the delay time has been measured by the means of tracing tools for several different international roamers and the results has been compared with the results achieved for local user. The outcome has been compared with the respecting results in 3G network the statistical results has been provided and the graphs has been plotted to study the performance.Based on the results obtain on this thesis, it has been concluded that local user acts more stable to get attach to the network, i.e. there are less fluctuation in delay times for local user. Also the delay time in 3G networks is more than the LTE networks, however 3G networks acts more stable and there are less fluctuation to get connects to 3G networks.

Because of the tough competition inthe telecom business there is aconstant push for higher capacity anddata rates and the companies producingthe telecommunications equipment needmore cost effective products to stayahead of competitors. It is thereforeinteresting to evaluate thepossibilities to use unlicensedfrequency bands at higher frequenciesas a complement to the traditionallower frequency bands. This study isfocusing on the 5.8 GHz band, which ismainly used for WLAN applications. Akey component in most transmitter (TX)designs is is the quadraturemodulator, which upconverts theinformation signal to desired carrierfrequency. In this study an attempt toevaluate the commercially availablequadrature modulator ADL5375 at 5.8GHz. An AWR Visual System Simulator(VSS) model based on measurements ofkey parameters of ADL5375 isconstructed. An attempt is made to seewhether a TX design can pass thespecifications set by 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) for theLong Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Totest this an LTE signal source wasalso constructed. No certainconclusions can be drawn withoutputting the modulator in a complete(TX) design but the results indicatethat it might be possible to use it ina (TX) design for the 5.8 GHz band.

Actualmente, más de la mitad de habitantes de nuestro país: 15,4 millones de peruanos, son usuarios de Internet móvil, lo que nos demuestra que estamos frente ante un servicio prioritario para la mayoría de la población, que nos permite el revisar el correo desde el celular, actualizar las redes sociales en cualquier momento, descargar música o ver videos ya no son actividades propias de tres de cada diez ciudadanos, sino que en un año pasamos a 51% de penetración y dentro de cuatro años serán siete de cada 10 los internautas móviles y tres de ellos, según Cisco, usarán redes 4G LTE. Las conexiones vía 4G LTE hoy son usadas por aproximadamente cuatro millones de peruanos, los costos de los equipos y los planes de datos que la ofrecen suelen ser un poco más elevados que las generaciones anteriores (3G o 2G), sin embargo, su tendencia para ser adquirida es imparable gracias a que se trata de una tecnología idónea en términos de velocidad de transmisión de datos que genera navegar en Internet, según explica el catedrático de la UPC, Carlos Valdez. Por lo que señalo como un obstáculo en estos momentos, la deficiente infraestructura para soportar la gran demanda de los usuarios, la no existencia de un plan de inversiones que nos permita contar con un servicio adecuado en los próximos años, si sigue creciendo el número de usuarios y los avances de uso de esta tecnología 4G sobretodo en los lugares más alejados de la Región Junín.

This diploma thesis focuses on the telecommunications field and specifically on the analysis of the Czech telecommunications market. Theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the historical development of telecommunications in terms of technological trends in the world and their subsequent transfer to Czech market. The practical part deals with the analysis of the Czech market, according to selected criteria, particularly in terms of privided services, their quality and technological solutions. The emphasis is on the analysis of operation of the mobile telecommunication and data services providers in the Czech Republic. The result of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the current state of the Czech telecommunications market in common with positive forecasts.