<p>In order to examine the usefulness of the multi breath helium dilution method (MB) it was compared to the single breath helium dilution method (SB) and body plethysmography (BP). Residual volume (RV), total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) were measured in seventeen subjects with obstructive (11) or restrictive (6) lung disease and four normal subjects.</p><p>With information from professional literature and current periodicals, advantages and disadvantages with all three methods were compared. ANOVA and Student's t-test were performed on the measurement results.</p><p>The results of the statistical tests tell us there are differences among the methods in the group of obstructive patients. They also reveal a notable difference between the MB and SB methods when measuring the same parameter. In addition, it was noted that none of the existing sets of prediction equations fulfill the requirements established on high quality lung function testing.</p><p>Although a thorough evaluation of the reproducibility of the method is still required, it appears to be a viable alternative to body plethysmography. We claim that measuring the above mentioned static lung volumes with only the single breath helium dilution method cannot be considered a satisfactory practice.</p>

Dentro da classe Reptilia, a ordem Testudines possui algumas características exclusivas, tais como a fusão das costelas e da coluna vertebral e a perda dos músculos intercostais, inviabilizando a ventilação costal. Além disso, as posições naturais que os Testudines exibem podem influenciar a mecânica ventilatória. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a influência do posicionamento do corpo sobre a mecânica ventilatória através da complacência estática e dinâmica e analisar através da respirometria aberta o padrão ventilatório e o custo metabólico da ventilação através da exposição em normóxia, hipóxia e hipercarbia em Trachemys scripta e Chelonoidis carbonarius. Os volumes pulmonares, complacência estática e dinâmica em C. carbonarius foram inferiores aos de T. scripta e outras espécies de Testudines já estudadas. Verificou-se também influência das posições sobre a mecânica ventilatória nas duas espécies, sendo a posição de membros e cabeça retraídos na carapaça apresentando os menores valores (p<0,05). Hipóxia e hipercarbia estimularam o aumento da ventilação nas duas espécies estudadas (p<0,05), sendo observadas maiores alterações da frequência ventilatória e volume corrente em C. carbonarius. Os valores de custo metabólico da ventilação foram baixos devido à uma diminuição no consumo de oxigênio em hipóxia e hipercarbia, indicando depressão metabólica em ambas as espécies ou então o método para calcular esse custo não ser ideal. Ao relacionar os dados de consumo de oxigênio com os de ventilação, verificou-se a possibilidade de shunt cardíaco esquerdo-direito. Será necessário calcular o trabalho mecânico da ventilação a fim de entender melhor a mecânica ventilatória nas duas espécies e posteriormente relacionar os dados de ventilação e custo metabólico da ventilação com os de trabalho mecânico. / Within the class of Reptilia, the order Testudines possesses some exclusive features such as merged ribs and spine and loss of intercostal muscles, preventing costal ventilation. Furthermore, the natural positions exhibited by Testudines, should influence ventilatory mechanics. The aim of this study was to test the influence of different body positions on ventilatory mechanics by measuring static and dynamic compliance and by using open respirometry to analyze the ventilatory pattern and metabolic cost of ventilation in normoxic, hypoxic and hypercarbic exposures in Trachemys scripta e Chelonoidis carbonarius. C. carbonarius showed the lowest values of lung volumes, static and dynamic compliance when compared to T. scripta as well as to other Testudines´s species. Natural positions significantly influenced ventilatory mechanics in both species, with the lowest values found in animals with legs and head retracted into the shell (p<0.05). Hypoxia and hypercarbia stimulated ventilation in both species, with alterations in frequency and tidal volume being greater in C. carbonarius. Estimated metabolic cost of ventilation was low because of a decrease in oxygen uptake during hypoxia and hypercarbia, indicating metabolic depression in both species or that the method used may not be ideal to calculate the metabolic cost of breathing. Relating oxygen uptake data with ventilation data, it may be possible that left-right cardiac shunting occurred. It will be necessary to calculate the mechanic work of breathing to better understand the ventilatory mechanics in both species and relate ventilation data and metabolic cost of ventilation with mechanical work of breathing.

Dentro da classe Reptilia, a ordem Testudines possui algumas características exclusivas, tais como a fusão das costelas e da coluna vertebral e a perda dos músculos intercostais, inviabilizando a ventilação costal. Além disso, as posições naturais que os Testudines exibem podem influenciar a mecânica ventilatória. O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar a influência do posicionamento do corpo sobre a mecânica ventilatória através da complacência estática e dinâmica e analisar através da respirometria aberta o padrão ventilatório e o custo metabólico da ventilação através da exposição em normóxia, hipóxia e hipercarbia em Trachemys scripta e Chelonoidis carbonarius. Os volumes pulmonares, complacência estática e dinâmica em C. carbonarius foram inferiores aos de T. scripta e outras espécies de Testudines já estudadas. Verificou-se também influência das posições sobre a mecânica ventilatória nas duas espécies, sendo a posição de membros e cabeça retraídos na carapaça apresentando os menores valores (p<0,05). Hipóxia e hipercarbia estimularam o aumento da ventilação nas duas espécies estudadas (p<0,05), sendo observadas maiores alterações da frequência ventilatória e volume corrente em C. carbonarius. Os valores de custo metabólico da ventilação foram baixos devido à uma diminuição no consumo de oxigênio em hipóxia e hipercarbia, indicando depressão metabólica em ambas as espécies ou então o método para calcular esse custo não ser ideal. Ao relacionar os dados de consumo de oxigênio com os de ventilação, verificou-se a possibilidade de shunt cardíaco esquerdo-direito. Será necessário calcular o trabalho mecânico da ventilação a fim de entender melhor a mecânica ventilatória nas duas espécies e posteriormente relacionar os dados de ventilação e custo metabólico da ventilação com os de trabalho mecânico. / Within the class of Reptilia, the order Testudines possesses some exclusive features such as merged ribs and spine and loss of intercostal muscles, preventing costal ventilation. Furthermore, the natural positions exhibited by Testudines, should influence ventilatory mechanics. The aim of this study was to test the influence of different body positions on ventilatory mechanics by measuring static and dynamic compliance and by using open respirometry to analyze the ventilatory pattern and metabolic cost of ventilation in normoxic, hypoxic and hypercarbic exposures in Trachemys scripta e Chelonoidis carbonarius. C. carbonarius showed the lowest values of lung volumes, static and dynamic compliance when compared to T. scripta as well as to other Testudines´s species. Natural positions significantly influenced ventilatory mechanics in both species, with the lowest values found in animals with legs and head retracted into the shell (p<0.05). Hypoxia and hypercarbia stimulated ventilation in both species, with alterations in frequency and tidal volume being greater in C. carbonarius. Estimated metabolic cost of ventilation was low because of a decrease in oxygen uptake during hypoxia and hypercarbia, indicating metabolic depression in both species or that the method used may not be ideal to calculate the metabolic cost of breathing. Relating oxygen uptake data with ventilation data, it may be possible that left-right cardiac shunting occurred. It will be necessary to calculate the mechanic work of breathing to better understand the ventilatory mechanics in both species and relate ventilation data and metabolic cost of ventilation with mechanical work of breathing.

In order to examine the usefulness of the multi breath helium dilution method (MB) it was compared to the single breath helium dilution method (SB) and body plethysmography (BP). Residual volume (RV), total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) were measured in seventeen subjects with obstructive (11) or restrictive (6) lung disease and four normal subjects. With information from professional literature and current periodicals, advantages and disadvantages with all three methods were compared. ANOVA and Student's t-test were performed on the measurement results. The results of the statistical tests tell us there are differences among the methods in the group of obstructive patients. They also reveal a notable difference between the MB and SB methods when measuring the same parameter. In addition, it was noted that none of the existing sets of prediction equations fulfill the requirements established on high quality lung function testing. Although a thorough evaluation of the reproducibility of the method is still required, it appears to be a viable alternative to body plethysmography. We claim that measuring the above mentioned static lung volumes with only the single breath helium dilution method cannot be considered a satisfactory practice.

Title: Breathing and its parameters in increased demands on postural stability Aims: The main objective is to carry out a quantification research of wind parameters and specify mechanical parameters to compare the effect of increased postural stability claim for breath, prepare the correct research methodology and carry out independent measurements. The first part of the thesis is focused on the search process of the issue. In the second part of special research was done, where we panned respiratory parameters while standing on the ground and on unstable platform and position of markers in 3D space. Methods: 1. Measurement of respiratory parameters using lung spirometer 2. Measurement of defined points in 3D space using Qualisys technology We measured quiet breathing and consciously deep breathing when standing on the ground or when standing on a balance pad. Total 4 measurements were carried out after 20 seconds. The experiment involved 14 probands aged 22-31 years, 10 women and 4 men. The average age of the probands was 24.5 years, mean height was 172.5 cm and mean weight 68.6 kg. From our study were excluded smokers, professional players of wind instruments, professional athletes, pregnant women, children, people with chronic respiratory disease, CNS disorders, persons with motor limitations, or...

Author: Bc. Pavlikhina Ekaterina Title: Influence of the posture's change on respiratory function in spinal cord injury patients. Objectives: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze change in respiratory function on change of posture in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Another objective is to compare the respiratory functions in a health subjects and in a SCI patients. Last but not least is an effort to find out whether SCI patients have a pattern of restrictive pulmonary dysfunction. The findings can help understanding development of respiratory complications after spinal cord injury. It may help in choosing optimal position during respiratory examination and respiratory rehabilitation. Methods: In theoretical part, there were explored the available knowledges about respiratory complications and their effects on posture. In practical part, there were 26 subjects - 16 patients with SCI and 10 healthy subjects. Subjects with SCI were divided into two groups - one with paraplegia and other one with quadriplegia. Measurements were performed with spirometer on each subject during supine, sitting and standing postures. There were collected vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) data from all subjects. All data were processed in...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6645.pdf: 2027088 bytes, checksum: 18fe5648e0835cf1cfcbef303f079520 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), functional and structural impairment of lung function can negatively impact heart rate variability (HRV); in addition, a reduced exercise capacity is an important independent prognostic marker in COPD patients. However, 1) if the degree of lung impairment negatively impacts HRV responses and 2) whether the injury of the autonomic control may be associated with reduced exercise capacity in patients with COPD remain unclear. Thus, two studies were conducted in order to verify if functional status at rest and during exercise would be related to autonomic impairment in COPD patients. In the first study, entitled "Relationship between linear and nonlinear dynamics of heart rate and impairment of lung function in COPD patients," we investigated whether the impairment static lung volumes and lung diffusion capacity (DL) would be related to HRV indices in moderate-to-severe COPD. Sixteen patients with COPD underwent pulmonary function tests (spirometry, plethysmography and lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide - DLCO). The RR interval was registered in the supine, standing and seated positions and during a respiratory sinus arrhythmia maneuver (M-RSA). Our results suggest that responses of HRV indices were more prominent during M-RSA in moderate-to-severe COPD. Moreover, greater lung function impairment was related to poorer heart rate dynamics. Finally, impaired DLCO is related to an altered parasympathetic response in these patients. The second study, entitled "Are linear and nonlinear heart rate dynamics in submaximal exercise related to cardiorespiratory responses during maximal exercise in patients with COPD?", we inquired whether there is a relationship between HRV responses and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Fifteen patients underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing and six-minute walk test (6MWT). The RR interval was registered at rest (standing position) and during 6MWT. Our results showed that HRV responses at rest and during simple field tests may reflect functional impairment of COPD patients, providing important information about both ventilatory and hemodynamic inefficiency in these patients. / Em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), as alterações funcionais e estruturais do pulmão podem impactar negativamente na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Além disso, a reduzida capacidade de exercício se traduz como um marcador prognóstico nesses pacientes. No entanto, ainda não estão esclarecidos 1) se o grau de comprometimento pulmonar tem impacto negativo sobre as respostas da VFC, frente a diferentes estímulos autonômicos, e 2) se o prejuízo no controle autonômico pode estar relacionado à reduzida capacidade de exercício nos pacientes com DPOC. Sendo assim, dois estudos foram realizados com o intuito de relacionar as alterações funcionais, no repouso e no exercício, com o grau de prejuízo autonômico em pacientes com DPOC. O primeiro estudo, cujo título é Correlação entre as dinâmicas linear e não linear da frequência cardíaca e o comprometimento da função pulmonar em pacientes com DPOC , teve como objetivo investigar se o comprometimento nos volumes pulmonares estáticos e na difusão pulmonar estaria relacionado aos índices da VFC em repouso e em resposta às mudanças posturais. Dezesseis pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC foram submetidos à prova de função pulmonar (espirometria, pletismografia e capacidade de difusão pulmonar ao monóxido de carbono DCO) e à coleta da VFC nas posturas supino, ortostatismo e sentado e durante a manobra de arritmia sinusal respiratória (M-ASR). Nossos resultados sugerem que as respostas da VFC frente a um estímulo vagal (M-ASR) são mais evidentes. Ainda, quanto maior o comprometimento da função pulmonar pior a dinâmica da frequência cardíaca. Por fim, a redução da DCO está relacionada à alterada resposta vagal nos pacientes com DPOC. O segundo estudo, intitulado Os índices da dinâmica linear e não linear na frequência cardíaca no exercício submáximo estão relacionados com as respostas cardiorrespiratórias ao exercício máximo em pacientes com DPOC? teve por objetivo avaliar se existe relação entre as respostas da VFC e a capacidade de exercício em pacientes com DPOC. Quinze pacientes foram submetidos aos testes de exercício cardiopulmonar incremental e de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). A coleta da VFC feita em repouso (ortostatismo) e durante o TC6. Os resultados mostraram que as respostas da VFC no repouso e em testes simples de campo podem inferir o prejuízo funcional de pacientes com DPOC, fornecendo informações importantes acerca das limitações ventilatória e hemodinâmica destes pacientes.

This semestral thesis deals with continuous monitoring of pulmonary ventilation during the patients' theraphy and focuses especially on monitoring of their ventilation processes. It is necessarry to detect, monitor and differentiate abdominal and thoracic breathing during the theraphy. This thesis describes the very basic and common method, a spirometry. Next, an overview of more advanced state-of-the-art methods based on both, tactile and proximity principles is given. In addition to that, two recently developed methods by BUT are discussed as well -- a tactile-based measurement similar to blood pressure sensor and a proximity-based measurement method employing TOF cameras. The data acquired by these two methods are proccesed and examined in order to evaluate and justify their performance in a real application.