Proefschrift--Amsterdam. / "Stellingen": 1 leaf, laid in. Bibliography: p. [166]-168.

Thesis--Göttingen. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (v. 2., p. 120-131).

Diss.--Philosophie Fakultät--Göttingen--Georg-August-Universität, 1970. / Bibliogr. p. 120-131 de la 2e partie.

Proefschrift--Letteren--Amsterdam, 1977. / Résumé en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 159-165. Index.

Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of ocean acidification on Montastraea faveolata vertical skeletal growth and lesion healing. The first experiment used three different CO2 concentrations: present day atmospheric pCO2, 380 microatm, and the atmospheric pCO2 expected by the years 2050, 560 microatm, and 2100, 800 microatm. The second experiment used 380 and 560 microatm. In the second experiment where the influence of parent colony was analyzed, M. faveolata fragments from one coral colony had significantly slower skeletal growth rates and less healed lesion area than other colonies. Corals that calcify and regenerate tissue slower may have less resilience to ocean acidification. The experiments demonstrated that the corals in 800 microatm grew significantly slower than corals in 380 or 560 microatm. Increased CO2 concentrations increased M. faveolata skeletal growth rates and healed lesion area until a threshold was reached, 560 microatm, then growth rates and healed lesion area decreased. Less than 1% of the variability in healing rates could be explained by CO2. The Nature Conservancy Resilience Model was used as a framework to identify current management strategies of wider Caribbean MPAs that may increase coral reef resilience to climate change. Seven out of the 8 MPAs had representation, critical areas, connectivity, and effective management as determined by each MPA's management plan. Three management plans had specific climate management strategies. Each management plan had actions to build coral reef resilience, but institutional incapacities and other barriers can decrease the ability to increase reef resilience. Because of the weaknesses of the Resilience Model, revised resilience guidelines were developed with the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) as a case study. The coral lesion experiment results and interviews with FKNMS managers and the FKNMS's Sanctuary Advisory Council helped design the revised resilience guidelines. The revised climate-based coral reef resilience guidelines are to 1) incorporate more no-take zones and hedge the risks against ocean acidification, 2) identify resilient coral reefs and perform more climate change research, 3) reduce local stressors, 4) enhance coral reef recovery, and 5) increase public awareness and education on climate change impacts to coral reefs.

The purpose of this project was to examine whether there is a transitional period between Afro-Caribbean girlhood and woman/adulthood that is distinctly different from girlhood and from woman/adulthood. Herein I examine at what point in the lives of Afro-Caribbean girls, do they feel like they have entered adulthood. I also examine what kinds of media the girls find representative of this current stage of their lives. This dissertation is an extension of my master's thesis, which explored the ways in which Afro-Caribbean girls from the island of Sint Maarten narrate, navigate, and negotiate their girlhood experiences. Speaking as a Black woman from Sint Maarten, I affirm that this project is important due to the lack of sociological scholarship surrounding Black girls in the Dutch West Indies. This project utilized a qualitative approach that involved self-selected research participant media and semi-structured audio and video recorded in-depth interviews with 5 out of the 9 girls who originally participated in the master's project. At the time of the interviews presented in this dissertation, the participants were 19 and 20 years old. I developed a transnational Black girlhood feminist framework which I use to analyze and interpret the interview data. This framework draws from and builds upon Black feminist theorizing, girlhood studies, and transnational feminisms. It demonstrates how traditional sociological theory such as life course theory, and studies on emerging adulthood and development do not account for the lives of Black girls from the Caribbean. The data reveal that there is a transitional period between girlhood and womanhood and adulthood, and how the girls experience this period is particular to their own lived experiences. The findings reveal that the overarching themes of this period are "it's complicated," and that the girls are claiming their agency. The research participant media indicate the overarching theme of this period of the girls' lives is what we are coming to know as a "soft girl era". Other primary themes which emerged from this study include attention to and prioritization of self-care, love, and self-affirmations. These data serve as a starting point and experiential reference to understand transitions of Afro-Caribbean girlhood in the Caribbean broadly, and specifically in the Dutch West Indies. Much is left to be explored regarding the life course and transitions Afro-Caribbean girls experience. This research will continue as a longitudinal study where I will continue to engage with the framework I have developed and re-engage with the girls as they continue along their life transitions. / Doctor of Philosophy / The purpose of this project was to examine whether there is a transitional period between Afro-Caribbean girlhood and woman/adulthood that is different from girlhood and different from woman/adulthood. I look at what point in the lives of Afro-Caribbean girls, do they feel like they have entered adulthood. I also look at what kinds of media the girls find to be representative of this current stage of their lives. This dissertation is an extension of my master's project which explored the ways Afro-Caribbean girls from the island of Sint Maarten narrate, navigate, and negotiate their girlhood experiences. Speaking as a Black woman from Sint Maarten, I affirm that this project is important due to the lack of sociological scholarship surrounding Black girls in the Dutch West Indies. This project consists of self-selected research participant media and audio and video recorded interviews with 5 out of the 9 girls who originally participated in the master's project. At the time of the interviews presented in this dissertation, the participants were 19 and 20 years old. I developed a theoretical framework which I use to analyze and interpret the interview data. The data reveal that there is a transitional period between girlhood and womanhood and adulthood, and how the girls experience this period is particular to their own lived experiences. The findings reveal that the overarching themes of this period are "it's complicated," and that the girls are claiming their agency. The research participant media indicate the overarching theme of this period of the girls' lives is what we are coming to know as a "soft girl era". Other primary themes which emerged from this study include attention to and prioritization of self-care, love, and self-affirmations. These data serve as a starting point to understand transitions of Afro-Caribbean girlhood in the Caribbean broadly, and specifically in the Dutch West Indies. Much is left to be explored regarding the life course and transitions Afro-Caribbean girls experience. This research will continue as a longitudinal study where I will continue to engage with the framework I have developed and re-engage with the girls as they continue along their life transitions.

No description available.

Maarten Maartens (1858-1915) is the penname of Joost Maria Willem van der Poorten Schwartz, a Dutchman who wrote poetic plays, novels and short stories in English between 1890 and 1914. But "Maarten Maartens" is more than just a pseudonym chosen because it sounded Dutch while it could still easily be pronounced by his English readers. Under his own name, Schwartz lived retired in the country in the Netherlands while, under his heteronym Maarten Maartens, he led a life as a writer and a man of the world. His works were published in Britain, in the United States and in Germany. Due to the variety of settings in different countries as well as well as due to the interest he took in all layers of society, Maartens can be considered a European rather than a Dutch or British writer; he is perhaps the first author worthy of such name. However, the fact that his themes were not limited to a particular social and cultural setting has never been fully acknowledged, because reviewers and critics continued to focus their interest mainly on the Dutch element in his works, i.e., the representation of Dutch life and morals. As Maartens phrased it in the preface to his fifth novel The Greater Glory (1894): "The morals I seek to describe are those of the entire human race. It is only by the merest accident that my scene is laid in Holland, a country whose inhabitants, I suppose, are no better, nor worse, than my neighbours." In this dissertation, Maartens is placed for the first time within the literary-historical context of the late nineteenth century and the question is explored whether Maartens is merely to be considered a minor author favouring the realistic mode of writing, who still gives us captivating glimpses into a social microcosm long gone by, or whether, and to which extent, he achieved his aim to surpass this aspect. For the general assessment, apart from the published works, a number of unpublished manuscripts are included, amongst which there are a play, several complete and fragmentary novels as well as short stories, private and literary correspondence and some notebooks containing philosophical and literary reflections. While Maartens successfully published both novels and short stories, this dissertation argues that his predilection for literary tableaux quite naturally points at the short story as its most suitable form. Stripped of all non-essential detail and moralizing, the short story enabled the artist to escape from the calling of the preacher. Not only did its moral impact remain untainted; it became more persuasive. In his short stories, Maartens did not feel compelled to tackle the larger social issues that preoccupied him. The short form allowed him to ignore the changes in literary tastes and fashions, giving his attention exclusively to the essential detail, which, to him, represented a universal truth. If he had more thoroughly exploited its potential to give shape to his unique observations, the short story in the English language would have been the richer for it. A number of short stories have remained unpublished to this day, but there are four collections, as well as a number of uncollected stories published in magazines that offer invaluable insights into prevailing attitudes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To this day Maarten Maartens? novels and in particular his short stories continue to be unique literary explorations of the human condition. / Maarten Maartens (1858-1915) ist das Pseudonym von Joost Maria Willem van der Poorten Schwartz, einem Holländer, der zwischen 1890 und 1914 lyrische Theaterstücke, Romane und Kurzgeschichten in der englischen Sprache verfasste. Aber "Maarten Maartens" ist mehr als nur ein Pseudonym, das ausgewählt worden war, weil es holländisch klang und doch leicht von englischen Lesern ausgesprochen werden konnte. Unter seinem eigenen Namen lebte Schwartz ein zurückgezogenes Leben auf seinem holländischen Landgut, während er unter seinem Heteronym Maarten Maartens das Leben eines Autors und eines Mannes von Welt führte. Seine Werke wurden in England, Amerika und Deutschland veröffentlicht. Wegen der Internationalität seiner Schauplätze und Themen, sowie auch wegen des Interesses, das er an allen sozialen Schichten zeigte, muss Maartens eher als europäischer denn als niederländischer oder britischer Autor betrachtet werden; vielleicht ist er sogar der erste Autor, der den europäischen Namen verdient. Die Tatsache, dass seine Themen nicht auf das Holländische beschränkt sind, wurde allerdings von der Kritik vernachlässigt, weil Rezensenten und Kritiker sich immer hauptsächlich auf die holländischen Elemente in seinen Werken konzentrierten. Doch wie es Maartens selbst im Vorwort zu seinem fünften Roman The Greater Glory (1894) formulierte: "Die moralischen Werte, die ich zu beschreiben suche, sind die der ganzen Menschheit. Es ist reiner Zufall, dass meine Schauplätze in Holland liegen, einem Land, dessen Einwohner, wie ich annehme, weder besser noch schlechter sind als meine Nachbarn." In dieser Dissertation wird Maartens zum ersten Mal in den literar-historischen Kontext des späten neunzehnten Jahrhunderts eingeordnet, und es wird untersucht, ob Maartens als minor author gelten sollte, der in seiner realistischen Schreibweise noch heute interessante Einblicke in einen längst vergangenen sozialen Mikrokosmos gewährt, bzw. in welchem Maße er sein selbst definiertes Ziel erreicht, über diesen Aspekt hinauszugehen. Für die allgemeine Bewertung wurden neben publizierten Werken auch eine Anzahl unveröffentlichter Manuskripte herangezogen, sowie auch Auszüge aus seiner privaten und literarischen Korrespondenz. Hinzu kommen einige (unveröffentlichte) Notizbücher mit privaten und philosophischen Betrachtungen. Maartens war erfolgreicher Autor von Romanen und Kurzgeschichten, aber es wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die These vertreten, dass ihn seine Vorliebe für literarische tableaux eigentlich für die kurze Form prädestinierte. Da hier das Einfügen zahlloser Einzelheiten und ausführlicher moralisch-bewertender Erzählerkommentare gattungsbedingt nicht möglich war, musste sich Maartens auf das Wesentliche beschränken, so dass die Geschichten für sich selbst sprachen. Die Kurzgeschichte ermöglichte ihm, geschmacksgeschichtliche Veränderungen zu ignorieren und sich ausschließlich auf solche Details zu konzentrieren, die für ihn universelle Wahrheiten enthielten. Hätte er sich verstärkt dieser Form gewidmet, um seine besonderen Einblicken festzuhalten, wäre die englische Kurzgeschichte reicher geworden. Einige seiner Romane und Kurzgeschichten sind unveröffentlicht, doch es sind vier Erzählbände erschienen; weitere einzelne Geschichten wurden in Zeitschriften publiziert. Bis heute bleiben Maarten Maartens Romane, doch v.a. seine Kurzgeschichten einzigartige Untersuchungen der condition humaine.

Maarten Maartens (1858-1915) is the penname of Joost Maria Willem van der Poorten Schwartz, a Dutchman who wrote poetic plays, novels and short stories in English between 1890 and 1914. But "Maarten Maartens" is more than just a pseudonym chosen because it sounded Dutch while it could still easily be pronounced by his English readers. Under his own name, Schwartz lived retired in the country in the Netherlands while, under his heteronym Maarten Maartens, he led a life as a writer and a man of the world. His works were published in Britain, in the United States and in Germany. Due to the variety of settings in different countries as well as well as due to the interest he took in all layers of society, Maartens can be considered a European rather than a Dutch or British writer; he is perhaps the first author worthy of such name. However, the fact that his themes were not limited to a particular social and cultural setting has never been fully acknowledged, because reviewers and critics continued to focus their interest mainly on the Dutch element in his works, i.e., the representation of Dutch life and morals. As Maartens phrased it in the preface to his fifth novel The Greater Glory (1894): "The morals I seek to describe are those of the entire human race. It is only by the merest accident that my scene is laid in Holland, a country whose inhabitants, I suppose, are no better, nor worse, than my neighbours." In this dissertation, Maartens is placed for the first time within the literary-historical context of the late nineteenth century and the question is explored whether Maartens is merely to be considered a minor author favouring the realistic mode of writing, who still gives us captivating glimpses into a social microcosm long gone by, or whether, and to which extent, he achieved his aim to surpass this aspect. For the general assessment, apart from the published works, a number of unpublished manuscripts are included, amongst which there are a play, several complete and fragmentary novels as well as short stories, private and literary correspondence and some notebooks containing philosophical and literary reflections. While Maartens successfully published both novels and short stories, this dissertation argues that his predilection for literary tableaux quite naturally points at the short story as its most suitable form. Stripped of all non-essential detail and moralizing, the short story enabled the artist to escape from the calling of the preacher. Not only did its moral impact remain untainted; it became more persuasive. In his short stories, Maartens did not feel compelled to tackle the larger social issues that preoccupied him. The short form allowed him to ignore the changes in literary tastes and fashions, giving his attention exclusively to the essential detail, which, to him, represented a universal truth. If he had more thoroughly exploited its potential to give shape to his unique observations, the short story in the English language would have been the richer for it. A number of short stories have remained unpublished to this day, but there are four collections, as well as a number of uncollected stories published in magazines that offer invaluable insights into prevailing attitudes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To this day Maarten Maartens? novels and in particular his short stories continue to be unique literary explorations of the human condition. / Maarten Maartens (1858-1915) ist das Pseudonym von Joost Maria Willem van der Poorten Schwartz, einem Holländer, der zwischen 1890 und 1914 lyrische Theaterstücke, Romane und Kurzgeschichten in der englischen Sprache verfasste. Aber "Maarten Maartens" ist mehr als nur ein Pseudonym, das ausgewählt worden war, weil es holländisch klang und doch leicht von englischen Lesern ausgesprochen werden konnte. Unter seinem eigenen Namen lebte Schwartz ein zurückgezogenes Leben auf seinem holländischen Landgut, während er unter seinem Heteronym Maarten Maartens das Leben eines Autors und eines Mannes von Welt führte. Seine Werke wurden in England, Amerika und Deutschland veröffentlicht. Wegen der Internationalität seiner Schauplätze und Themen, sowie auch wegen des Interesses, das er an allen sozialen Schichten zeigte, muss Maartens eher als europäischer denn als niederländischer oder britischer Autor betrachtet werden; vielleicht ist er sogar der erste Autor, der den europäischen Namen verdient. Die Tatsache, dass seine Themen nicht auf das Holländische beschränkt sind, wurde allerdings von der Kritik vernachlässigt, weil Rezensenten und Kritiker sich immer hauptsächlich auf die holländischen Elemente in seinen Werken konzentrierten. Doch wie es Maartens selbst im Vorwort zu seinem fünften Roman The Greater Glory (1894) formulierte: "Die moralischen Werte, die ich zu beschreiben suche, sind die der ganzen Menschheit. Es ist reiner Zufall, dass meine Schauplätze in Holland liegen, einem Land, dessen Einwohner, wie ich annehme, weder besser noch schlechter sind als meine Nachbarn." In dieser Dissertation wird Maartens zum ersten Mal in den literar-historischen Kontext des späten neunzehnten Jahrhunderts eingeordnet, und es wird untersucht, ob Maartens als minor author gelten sollte, der in seiner realistischen Schreibweise noch heute interessante Einblicke in einen längst vergangenen sozialen Mikrokosmos gewährt, bzw. in welchem Maße er sein selbst definiertes Ziel erreicht, über diesen Aspekt hinauszugehen. Für die allgemeine Bewertung wurden neben publizierten Werken auch eine Anzahl unveröffentlichter Manuskripte herangezogen, sowie auch Auszüge aus seiner privaten und literarischen Korrespondenz. Hinzu kommen einige (unveröffentlichte) Notizbücher mit privaten und philosophischen Betrachtungen. Maartens war erfolgreicher Autor von Romanen und Kurzgeschichten, aber es wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit die These vertreten, dass ihn seine Vorliebe für literarische tableaux eigentlich für die kurze Form prädestinierte. Da hier das Einfügen zahlloser Einzelheiten und ausführlicher moralisch-bewertender Erzählerkommentare gattungsbedingt nicht möglich war, musste sich Maartens auf das Wesentliche beschränken, so dass die Geschichten für sich selbst sprachen. Die Kurzgeschichte ermöglichte ihm, geschmacksgeschichtliche Veränderungen zu ignorieren und sich ausschließlich auf solche Details zu konzentrieren, die für ihn universelle Wahrheiten enthielten. Hätte er sich verstärkt dieser Form gewidmet, um seine besonderen Einblicken festzuhalten, wäre die englische Kurzgeschichte reicher geworden. Einige seiner Romane und Kurzgeschichten sind unveröffentlicht, doch es sind vier Erzählbände erschienen; weitere einzelne Geschichten wurden in Zeitschriften publiziert. Bis heute bleiben Maarten Maartens Romane, doch v.a. seine Kurzgeschichten einzigartige Untersuchungen der condition humaine.

This thesis starts from the proposition that the ethical meat discourse that is, the discourse recognizing that factory farming is unacceptable while maintaining that it is possible to produce meat in an acceptable way — has not been thoroughly analyzed. Indeed, both the partisans of this idea and the animal rights literature provide oversimplified analyses of this relatively new phenomenon. Considering its explosion in popularity since Michael Pollan published the essay “An Animal's Place” in The New York Times Magazine in 2002, this lack of research is particularly problematic for the animal rights movement as this new discourse directly counters its objectives. As such, this thesis uses Gramsci’s concept of passive revolution to develop a richer analysis of the apparent marginalizing effect that this discourse has on the animal rights movement. More precisely, the thesis addresses the question: “If the emergence of the ethical meat discourse is understood as part of a passive revolution, what can the specific process of passive revolution tell us about the impacts of the ethical meat discourse on the animal rights movement?” It argues that the passive revolution operates on two levels: (1) it depoliticizes the issue of meat consumption by presenting it as irrelevant and reducing it to technical details and (2) it absorbs the moderate elements of the animal rights movement by proposing an attractive alternative. Both of these processes lead to the marginalization of the few animal advocacy organizations still criticizing ethical meat. The analysis is divided in three parts. The first and second analyze respectively the content of the discourse and internal dynamics of the coalition formed around it using Maarten Hajer’s concept of discourse-coalition. Building on this comprehensive understanding of the ethical meat discourse, the actual process of passive revolution is analyzed by looking at the way the meat industry, environmental organizations and animal advocacy organizations engage with it.