Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:MQ99274

ABSTRACT Field observation and of sound recording of Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Mt. Longevity were conducted from Oct. 1999 to Oct. 2000. Spectrographic analyses revealed at least 25 basic patterns with 32 different vocal types from a total of 375 hrs recordings (55 hrs for scan sampling and 320 hrs for focal animal sampling). The three most frequent calls in overall vocal repertoire were coo calls (18.59%), hack (17.78%) and contact rattle (11.85%). The other calls included squeak (11.34%), noise and undulated scream (6.61%), sneeze (4.54%), greeting (3.77%), squeal (3.41%), vibrato growl (3.02%), growl (2.86%), cluck (2.54%), female copulation call (2.45%), squawk (2.14%), tonal scream (2.03%), alarm call (1.74%), threat rattle (1.66%), chuckle (0.92%), rise (0.61%), weeping (0.56%), male copulation call (0.32%), babble (0.30%), whine (0.29%), roar (0.27%), bark (0.24%) and mounting grunt (0.15%). Formosan macaques employ a complex vocal system composed of discrete signals as well as graded signals which vocal patterns connected by intermediate gradations. Discrete signal included coo call, greeting, contact rattle, mounting grunt, two copulation calls, babble, whine, weeping. Whereas the graded signals included the aggressive signals (threat rattle, growl, bark, roar, vibrato growl and alarm call), chuckle, the submissive signals (noise and undulated scream, squeal, tonal scream and squeak) and the distress signals (squawk, hack, cluck and sneeze). According to the context of emission, some of vocalizations could be divided into: (1) Affiliative contact calls: The calls, as the coo calls, greeting and contact rattles, may be summarized as affinitive contact calls for reduction and/or maintenance of close proximity between group members. (2) Aggressive calls: The growls, threat rattles and vibrato growls were uttered by dominant animals menacing sub-dominate group mates, members of other groups or other species. (3) Submissive calls: these submissive calls (including the various form of scream, squeal and squeak) with obviously structure differences. Male and female copulation calls and alarm call of M. cyclopis were clearly related to particular interactions or specific external stimulus. The acoustic structures might be influenced by specific social factors, motivation or the arousal state of the callers. The acoustic structure of submissive calls was associated with the aggression with or without physical contact. Noise and undulated scream were usually used in aggressive interactions with physical contact (68%), whereas squeal, tonal scream and two types of squeak were used without physical contact (75%). Age specific difference of vocal behavior seemed to more pronounced than asymmetries between the sexes. Infants have the highest vocal rate (1142.2 vocalizations/10 h) and relative frequency of vocalization (44.58 %) than other age/sex classes and they decreased from infants to adults. With increasing age, visual signals could not only complement vocal signals but also replace the vocal cues. The relative frequency of four vocal patterns (coo call, greeting, squeak and hack) decreased from infants to adults, whereas that of threat rattle and growl increased from infant to adults. On the other hand, there were five vocal patterns (including cluck, sneeze, whine, weeping and babble) only used by juveniles and infants. In addition, seven vocal patterns included squeak (64 %), hack (63.6 %), squawk (76%), cluck (85.7 %), sneeze (90 %), weeping (88 %) and babble (100%) mainly were used by infants. Among them, three vocal patterns (squeak, hack and squawk) were produced mostly by infant II. Only infants used babble. Roar and bark were only present in adults and sub-adults. Obvious sex differences of relative frequencies of vocal patterns occurred in adults, the vocal activity of females consistently higher compared to that of males. In six patterns (vibrato growl, chuckle contact rattle, squeal, squeak and hack), females uttered more often than male peers. Mounting grunts and male copulation calls were exclusively used by adult males whereas female copulation calls were only produced by adult/sub-adult females. Vocalizations were produced/ceased by certain sex/age class that might associate with social organization, morphological feature and circumstances experience. The vocal repertoires of Formosan macaques revealed the high similarities in the species within genus Macaca, especially to M. fuscata, M. mulatta and M. radiata. It may be due to phylogeny, habitats and social organizations.

Macaques are valuable assets with conservation importance, which provides numerous benefits in ecological, economic and cultural aspects. Nevertheless, they also cause nuisances to humans worldwide including aggressive behavior, crop raiding, zoonotic disease transmission and adverse impacts on the environment. A number of management measures has been implemented such as population control and translocation. In Hong Kong, the authority currently implements diversion i.e. feeding ban and population control by reducing fertility i.e. contraceptive program as major macaque management measures. This study aimed to review and evaluate the macaque management measures in Hong Kong i.e. feeding ban and contraceptive program, with emphasis on macaque population dynamics, human-macaque interactions, human provisioning and macaque nuisance cases received by the authority. Macaque population data was retrieved from previous literatures and reports. Human-macaque interactions and human provisioning were studied by observations at four prime areas of these interactions. Number of macaque nuisance cases was obtained from the authority. It was found that feeding ban was effective in controlling human provisioning. The number of feeders and quantity of provisioned food monthly dropped by 91.3% and 90.5% respectively, after 15-year implementation of feeding ban. However, it seems not effective in reducing population growth and aggressive behaviors of macaques. On the other hand, population control by large-scale contraceptive program, which was launched in 2008, was found effective. The macaque abundance in surveyed heterosexual groups was reduced by 9.6% between 2010 and 2012 while proportion of juveniles and infants decreased to 37% in 2012 from 50% in 2010. Besides, there was steady decrease in macaque birth rate from 68.9% in 2008 to 30.2% in 2012. In addition, the number of nuisance cases received also shows a decreasing trend after implementation of contraceptive program. A total of 756 human-macaque interactions were observed during 128 hrs observation. The rate of human-macaque interactions and macaque aggressive behavior are 5.91 and 0.89 interactions per hour respectively. Both rates are not at high level when compared to the overseas studies. Over 87% of all human-macaque interactions occurred in the context of feeding. It implies that alteration in human behavior toward macaques such as not feeding them could reduce most of the human-macaque interactions in Hong Kong. This study concludes that feeding ban and contraceptive program are effective in controlling human provisioning and macaque population respectively. However, human-macaque interactions including aggressive behaviors cannot be reduced and eliminated, thus posing a risk of zoonotic disease transmission between human and macaque. Law enforcement should be strengthened to further eradicate human provisioning and prevent physical contact with macaques. Further researches should be carried out to study zoonotic disease from macaques and macaque ecology such as ranging behavior. More importantly, more public education and public participation are indispensable to successful macaque management in Hong Kong. / published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-83).

Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

archives@tulane.edu / Background: Individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit high levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines and proteins, which are strongly correlated with shortened time to death and disease. To target damaging inflammation at the source, the drivers of inflammation must be identified. Adipose tissue is a massive organ that contains adipocytes and immune cells capable of producing pro-inflammatory mediators. Dysregulated adipose tissue is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, that are likewise reported in persons with chronic HIV infection. Adipose tissue was therefore explored as a contributor to circulating inflammation in patients with HIV using the rhesus macaque model. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) closely models HIV regarding pathogenesis, including CD4+ T cell depletion, induction of a viral reservoir, and development of opportunistic infections before succumbing to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and death. Methods: Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQAT) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques was characterized using confocal microscopy to describe the major immune cell subsets. Adipose tissue homogenates and plasma were analyzed for expression of genes and proteins related to inflammatory processes using antibody and RNA-based fluorescent multiplex bead technology for protein and gene quantitation, respectively. The functions of adipose tissue immune cells during SIV infection were measured with stimulation and phagocytosis assays. / 1 / Marissa Fahlberg