Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os moinhos de bolas são equipamentos presentes em plantas de mineração, sendo uma máquina importante no circuito de cominuição de minérios. Em função de inúmeros fatores como, por exemplo, projeto, fabricação, sobrecarga no equipamento, falta de manutenção e procedimentos de operação inadequados, são desenvolvidas descontinuidades nos componentes estruturais desse equipamento. Os componentes estruturais dos moinhos, basicamente, corpo, tampas e munhões, além do custo elevado, possuem prazos de fabricação que podem variar de dois a três anos dependendo da demanda do mercado. Portanto é cada vez mais necessário que as descontinuidades detectadas nesses componentes sejam corretamente avaliadas. Neste trabalho analisaram-se pela mecânica da fratura a criticalidade de descontinuidades, tais como trincas constatadas em um munhão de um moinho de bolas e compararam-se os valores teóricos de taxa de propagação (crescimento) dessas descontinuidades com valores reais obtidos por meio de inspeções periódicas realizadas neste componente. A nucleação das trincas foi causada por falta de lubrificação nos mancais do moinho, gerando esforços térmicos circunferenciais no munhão, em que a temperatura estimada do contato munhão e bucha atingiu a faixa de 100 °C a 150 °C. No período analisado, os resultados obtidos por meio da norma BS7910 mostraram-se mais próximos dos valores reais do que a norma ASME Seção XI, Apêndice A. O tamanho da trinca mais crítica foi aceito pelos critérios da norma BS7910 e aprovado apenas na condição de emergência da norma ASME Seção XI, Apêndice A. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientadores: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini, Gregory Bregion Daniel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:34:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carneiro_AntonioCarlosSanchesGrijotaPiragibe_M.pdf: 5320137 bytes, checksum: 6c4d8edd95179d0d202cdd190a3b7792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise dinâmica de sistemas rotativos sujeitos a diferentes tipos de elementos instabilizadores. Os elementos abordados neste estudo são os mancais lubrificados, os selos de fluxo mecânicos e o amortecimento interno do eixo, cujas interações dinâmicas, em condições operacionais pode conduzir o sistema à instabilidade. Os mancais segmentados foram também incluídos no estudo, cujo comportamento é considerado inerentemente estável. O eixo foi modelado por meio do método dos elementos finitos, pela sua robustez, facilidade de implementação e resolução das equações envolvidas. Desse modo, os elementos instabilizadores analisados foram modelados de forma a permitirem sua adição no modelo do eixo, por meio de coeficientes dinâmicos equivalentes. Os mancais segmentados permitem duas modelagens para os seus coeficientes: a reduzida e a completa, com a última exibindo explicitamente os graus de liberdade do segmento, sendo necessárias modificações no modelo de elementos finitos para adiciona-los. A avaliação do limiar de estabilidade foi realizada por meio do método do decremento logarítmico, obtido através da solução do problema de autovalor da equação de movimento do rotor. Analisaram-se, separadamente, os efeitos da adição de diferentes mancais, selos e níveis de amortecimento interno, para visualizar a influência de cada componente na dinâmica de um mesmo eixo. As análises envolvendo o mancal segmentado incluíram ambos os modelos de coeficientes (reduzido e completo). Em seguida, foram combinados, em um mesmo eixo, diferentes tipos de mancais, selos e amortecimentos internos, em diversas análises para determinar as interações existentes entre os componentes envolvidos. A partir destes resultados, procurou-se, em todas as análises, observar os efeitos na rigidez do sistema, no nível de amortecimento e a variação do limiar de estabilidade / Abstract: The work¿s goal is to analyze the dynamics of rotating systems, considering different kinds of instabilizing elements or factors. The factors accounted in this thesis are the hydrodynamic bearings, flow seals, and internal damping of the shaft, whose dynamic interactions occurring during the system¿s operation may cause instable behavior. Besides, the tilting-pad journal bearing were studied, which behavior is considered to be inherently stable. The shaft was modeled through the finite element method, due to its robustness, ease to implement and solution of the involved equations. Hence, the instabilizing elements were modeled in order to allow their addition in the shaft¿s model, through equivalent dynamic coefficients. The tilting-pad journal bearings allow two different coefficient models: reduced and full, with the last one explicitly exhibiting the degrees of freedom of the pads, being necessary modifications to the finite elements model to contain them. The evaluation of the stability threshold was performed through the logarithmic decrement method, obtained from the solution of the eigenvalue problem of the equation of motion of the system. The effects of the addition of different bearings, seals and levels of internal damping were analyzed separately in order to visualize the influence of each component on the dynamic of the same shaft. The models with tilting-pad bearing were analyzed twice, with each one considering a different coefficients model (reduced and full). Finally, different kinds of bearings, seals and internal damping were combined in the same shaft, allowing the definition of the interactions between the involved components. From this work, the effects in the system¿s stiffness, damping level and changes in the stability threshold were observed in all analyses / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Le travail proposé est le résultat d’une collaboration entre le Laboratoire Laplace et l’IRT SaintExupéry. Il s’inscrit dans un projet visant à améliorer l’intégration des systèmes électriques afin d’électrifier les aéronefs. Le développement de l’énergie électrique à bord des aéronefs a de nombreux avantages : gain de masse, optimisation facilitée, … Plus précisément, c’est l’utilisation des machines électriques qui est ici étudiée. Actionneur, compresseur, beaucoup de système utilisant des énergies non-électriques peuvent être remplacés par des machines électriques. Comme dans tout système de conversion d’énergie, des pertes sont présentes et ce sont les pertes magnétiques, appelées perte fer, qui sont au cœur de cette thèse. Le réseau électrique avion, ainsi que les dispositifs de commande de ces machines, induisent une large augmentation de la proportion des pertes fer par rapport aux autres pertes. Les rendements diminuent et c’est surtout leur prédiction qui pose problème : les machines électriques sont surdimensionnées par sécurité, elles deviennent moins efficaces et le gain en masse est réduit. C’est pourquoi il est indispensable d’une part de comprendre le comportement des matériaux magnétiques utilisés dans les machines électriques dans des conditions non-idéales : il s’agit de la caractérisation des matériaux magnétiques. D’autre part, il est nécessaire d’améliorer les modèles de pertes fer afin de rendre leur prédiction efficace et optimiser le dimensionnement des machines électriques. Plus leur prédiction sera précise, plus les facteurs d’influence sur les pertes seront déterminés. Il sera alors possible d’envisager une optimisation plus globale de la chaîne électromécanique. Cette thèse est une première étape vers cette intégration globale. La caractérisation des matériaux fut faite sous diverses conditions. Tout d’abord, des champs magnétiques B unidimensionnels ont été étudiés. L’influence de leur spectre sur les pertes fer était au cœur de cette caractérisation : influence de l’amplitude ou de la fréquence dans le cas de champs sinusoïdaux, puis de la fréquence et de la phase d’harmoniques dans le cas de spectre plus complexes. Les pertes fer sont très sensibles à ces paramètres, ils sont donc à prendre en compte dans le dimensionnement des machines électriques. La modélisation des pertes proposée ensuite passe par une reconstitution du cycle d’hystérésis. Il s’agit donc de prédire le champ B à partir du champ H. Basée sur le modèle Play, la modélisation quasi-statique scalaire développée a montré sa précision et sa prédictibilité. Cependant, étant scalaire et quasi-statique, ce modèle ne fonctionne pas en fréquence. Un modèle analytique de courants de Foucault ainsi que des propositions de dynamisation ont été développés. Le modèle de courants de Foucault permettrait de tenir compte des effets de fréquence et donc de compléter le modèle quasi-statique.

As the requirements to operate the electric power system become more stringent and operating costs must be kept to a minimum, operators and planners must ensure that power system models are accurate and capable of replicating system disturbances. Traditionally, load models were represented as static ZIP models; however, NERC has recently required that planners model the transient dynamics of motor loads to study their effect on the postdisturbance behavior of the power system. Primarily, these studies are to analyze the effects of fault-induced, delayed voltage recovery, which could lead to cascading voltage stability issues. Genetic algorithms and constrained multivariable function minimization are global and local optimization tools used to extract static and dynamic load model parameters from postdisturbance data. The genetic algorithm's fitness function minimizes the difference between measured and calculated real and reactive power by varying the model parameters. The fitness function of the genetic algorithm, a function of voltage and frequency, evaluates an individual\'s difference between measured and simulated real and reactive power. While real measured data was unavailable, simulations in PSS/E were used to create data, and then compared against estimated data to examine the algorithms' ability to estimate parameters. / Master of Science

The aim of the master's thesis is to suggest a workplace for finishing and fiting parts in TOS Kuřim company. To try optimize the quality, time and costs in production of these parts and to set up this production with new CNC machine. Find a suitable option through evaluation of the costs.

For a long time the forest industry in Sweden has been waiting for nation-wide coverage by the GSM network. However, this has not been realized and therefore this thesis project was initiated, by Holmen Skog, to enable the needed information exchange. This thesis focuses on how to establish a communication system to transfers information to and from the forestry machines, where GSM coverage is not available. This thesis studies several different telecommunication solutions and evaluate an existing communication system called Mobeel. / Under en lång tid har skogsindustrin i Sverige väntat på utbyggnaden av ett rikstäckande GSM-nät. Detta har dock inte ännu realiserats och därför initierades detta examensarbete, av Holmen Skog, där målet är att få till stånd ett tillfredsställande informationsflöde. Denna uppsats fokuserar på hur ett kommunikationssystem ska implementeras för att kunna skicka information till och från skogsmaskinerna där GSM täckningen inte är tillfredsställande. Examensarbetet involverar en studie av olika telekommunikationssystem och en utvärdering av det befintliga systemet Mobeel.

The construction industry has not seen the same growth in productivity as e.g. the manufacturing- and automobile industry. This is largely due to the ease of implementing automation and robotics in the latter mentioned industries. Now more than before when the urbanization rate is increasing, there is a strong need in increasing the efficiency of the construction industry. That is why the research questions of this thesis work involves finding a complementary solution that will help autonomous construction machines operate in a dynamic construction site. The aim is permeated by two visions. The first one being to have autonomous construction machines collaborating with humans in the most remote places in the world. The second vision is that multiple smaller construction machines is more beneficial. Meaning a few machine breakdowns would not halt the entire construction process. During the research work, using the design research methodology and the innovation process, data showed that a construction site is very dynamic and complex. Having a change in factors such as size of construction site, number of involved stakeholders, location of the construction site, and time phase heavily affects the complexity of the site. Throughout the three case studies there were different characteristics, but there was a pattern. All the mentioned factors played a huge role in what needs expressed by the interviewees. The more complex a site was, the more there was a need to organize the material, personnel and machine flow. Therefore, the final solution is to decentralize the information flow of the construction site. Meaning that all humans, machines and material on site is to communicate its information. The suggested solution is the usage of a tag using GPS and Wi-Fi to communicate location and the necessary information. Thus, when attaching the tag onto a material, the workers and the machine will know of its information. The analogy is that when the implementation of autonomous machines is up to pace, the sites need to be prepared with all the errors and issues that might come with it. Since the autonomous construction machines will be collaborating with humans, it means that the issues expressed today will reappear in the future. Also, since the implementation of autonomy and robotics has been slow for the construction industry, there is a clear need of a complementary solution to speed up the process. By decentralizing the construction site and implementing tags on each interesting point, the once complex and changing construction site, will turn into a fully digitized infrastructure. / ME310 2017 Volvo CE

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 / The utility of lectures is directly related to the engagement of the students therein. To ensure the value of lectures, one needs to be certain that they are engaging to students. In small classes experienced lecturers develop an intuition of how engaged the class is as a whole and can then react appropriately to remedy the situation through various strategies such as breaks or changes in style, pace and content. As both the number of students and size of the venue grow, this type of contingent teaching becomes increasingly difficult and less precise. Furthermore, relying on intuition alone gives no way to recall and analyse previous classes or to objectively investigate trends over time. To address these problems this thesis presents the WITS INTELLIGENT TEACHING SYSTEM (WITS) to highlight disengaged students during class. A web-based, mobile application called Engage was developed to try elicit anonymous engagement information directly from students. The majority of students were unwilling or unable to self-report their engagement levels during class. This stems from a number of cultural and practical issues related to social display rules, unreliable internet connections, data costs, and distractions. This result highlights the need for a non-intrusive system that does not require the active participation of students. A nonintrusive, computer vision and machine learning based approach is therefore proposed. To support the development thereof, a labelled video dataset of students was built by recording a number of first year lectures. Students were labelled across a number of affects – including boredom, frustration, confusion, and fatigue – but poor inter-rater reliability meant that these labels could not be used as ground truth. Based on manual coding methods identified in the literature, a number of actions, gestures, and postures were identified as proxies of behavioural engagement. These proxies are then used in an observational checklist to mark students as engaged or not. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) was trained on Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) to classify the students based on the identified behaviours. The results suggest a high temporal correlation of a single subject’s video frames. This leads to extremely high accuracies on seen subjects. However, this approach generalised poorly to unseen subjects and more careful feature engineering is required. The use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) improved the classification accuracy substantially, both over a single subject and when generalising to unseen subjects. While more computationally expensive than the SVM, the CNN approach lends itself to parallelism using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). With GPU hardware acceleration, the system is able to run in near real-time and with further optimisations a real-time classifier is feasible. The classifier provides engagement values, which can be displayed to the lecturer live during class. This information is displayed as an Interest Map which highlights spatial areas of disengagement. The lecturer can then make informed decisions about how to progress with the class, what teaching styles to employ, and on which students to focus. An Interest Map was presented to lecturers and professors at the University of the Witwatersrand yielding 131 responses. The vast majority of respondents indicated that they would like to receive live engagement feedback during class, that they found the Interest Map an intuitive visualisation tool, and that they would be interested in using such technology. Contributions of this thesis include the development of a labelled video dataset; the development of a web based system to allow students to self-report engagement; the development of cross-platform, open-source software for spatial, action and affect labelling; the application of Histogram of Oriented Gradient based Support Vector Machines, and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to classify this data; the development of an Interest Map to intuitively display engagement information to presenters; and finally an analysis of acceptance of such a system by educators. / XL2017

Currently systems of virtual machines are load balanced statically which can create load imbalances for systems where the load changes dynamically over time. For throughput and response time of a system to be maximized it is necessary for load to be evenly distributed among each part of the system. We implement a prototype policy engine for the Xen virtual machine monitor which can dynamically load balance virtual machines. We compare the throughput and response time of our system using the cpu2000 and the WEB2005 benchmarks from SPEC. Under the loads we tested, dynamic load balancing had 5%-8% higher throughput than static load balancing.

The thesis Is concerned with the development of a separately excited DC machine In which gate turn-off thyristor devices with their associated firing and protective circuits are used to provide the static commutation of armature coil current. The developed machine has Its armature winding with 24 tapping points located on the stator and Interconnected In "Lop" configuration. The Initiation of the conduction periods of armature switching devices Is defined by a digital control logic circuit. In conjunction with an Incremental rotary encoder which provides the necessary feedback Information relating to shaft speed and shaft angular position. This Is arranged such that, under normal running conditions of the machine, the axis of the radial field of the armature winding maintains the normal space-quadrature relationship with that of the main field winding, giving the optimal torque angle of 000. Provision Is made, however, within the digital control circuit for controlled departure of the armature switch tapping points from the quadrature axis positions, and the effect of this, In Improving commutation Is Investigated. The effect of Interpoles Is also explored. On the basis of the analysis carried out, a proposal Is made for the future development of the machine employing a reduced number of armature switching devices without the need for Interpole windings. / Electricity Directorate, Ministry of Works, Power and Water, Manama, Bahrain.