Natamycin is an antimycotic compound that is widely used in the cheese industry to increase the shelf life of cheeses, especially shredded cheeses, by inhibiting the growth of molds. Natamycin is applied to the surface of cheese as an aqueous suspension or as a powder. However, natamycin is not readily water soluble making it harder to distribute evenly over shredded cheese Natamycin is degraded by ultraviolet (UV) light at wavelengths of 350 nm and below. Typical packaging applications do not provide adequate UV protection causing natamycin to degrade. This work was undertaken to determine the efficacy of UV absorber film to prevent UV light degradation of natamycin on the surface of shredded cheese. Current accepted methods to determine concentration of natamycin were evaluated for appropriateness in natamycin degradation studIes. The use of cyclodextrins to increase water solubility was tested to see if a uniform distribution of natamycin over the shredded cheese could be done effectively. Furthermore, a known application of mold was performed to see how well natamycin and each of its applications could prevent visible mold growth from occurring. The International Dairy Federation recognizes two methods to quantify natamycin on shredded cheese: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry. Concentrations of natamycin in aqueous suspensions were determined using both methods. Results show that spectrophotometry is flawed when quantifying the amount of active natamycin because the method gives erroneously high results. The amount of active natamycin is not accurately quantified using spectrophotometric techniques because it cannot separate the active form from the inactive form of natamycin. Polymer packages containing a UV absorber (11.4% light transmission at 350 nm) allow significantly less UV-associated degradation of natamycin than those packages that lacked a UV protectant (90.0% light transmission at 350 nm) (p<0.05). Incorporating a UV absorber into a package helps protect natamycin and its various complexes from UV light degradation, which can increase the shelf life of shredded cheese. However, even with a UV absorber, natamycin is still able to degrade. Natamycin was complexed with different cyclodextrins to help better solubilize natamycin â β-cyclodextrin, hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin and γ-cyclodextrin. Using cyclodextrins to apply natamycin more uniformly onto shredded cheese did not significantly increase the consistency of distribution (p<0.05). Variability was uniform throughout all treatments with the exception of HPBCD complex. After 27 days, all of the UV packages treated with each of the cyclodextrin treatments containing shredded cheese began to show visible mold growth. Those packages stored in total darkness remained mold free through the duration of the experiment ending on day 62. When untreated with natamycin and an initial concentration of 101-102 spores/gram of Penicillium roqueforti, shredded cheese remained free from visible mold growth for 24 days in total darkness at 4°C. Samples treated with one of the natamycin treatments were able to remain mold free for at least 9 more days, showing visible signs of mold growth at day 33. There was no statistical difference between the treatments of dry natamycin, aqueous suspension natamycin, β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex, and γ-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex (p<0.05). However, there was a difference with the use of hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex. Hydroxy-propyl β-cyclodextrin-natamycin complex allowed the shredded cheese to last for 41 days, 17 days longer than the control sample. / Master of Science

Natamycin is an antimycotic with very low water solubility and extremely high photosensitivity, which is used to extend the shelf life of shredded cheese products. The objectives of this research are: (a) to find a new delivery system for natamycin, which increases its aqueous solubility and (b) to increase the chemical stability of natamycin so that it has a prolonged antifungal effect on the surface of the shredded cheese. Molecular inclusion complexes of natamycin were formed with β-, hydroxypropyl β-, and γ- cyclodextrins (CDs) which allowed large increases in aqueous solubility without the use of organic co-solvents or surfactants. The water solubility of natamycin was increased 16-fold, 73- fold, and 152-fold with β-CD, γ-CD, and hydroxypropyl β-CD, respectively. The natamycin:CD inclusion complexes resulted in nearly equivalent in vitro antifungal activity as natamycin in its free state. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was utilized to prove the formation of true inclusion complexes. 1H NMR shift titrations of N-(3 -N-dimethylaminosuccimido) natamycin with β- and γ-CDs enabled determination of the stoichiometry of both complexes as 1:1. Aqueous solutions of natamycin (20 mg/L) were found by quantitative HPLC to be completely degraded after 24 hours of exposure to 1000 lux fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. After 14 days of storage in darkness at 4 °C, 92.2% of natamycin remained in active form. Aqueous solutions of natamycin:β-CD complex and natamycin:γ-CD complex were significantly more stable (p < 0.05) than natamycin in its free state when stored in darkness at 4 °C. Clear poly(ethylene terephthalate) packaging with an ultraviolet light absorber allowed 85.0% natamycin to remain after 14 days of storage under 1000 lux fluorescent lighting at 4 °C. Such dramatic increases in water solubility and light stability will enable natamycin to function as a more effective antimycotic in the food industry. / Master of Science

Ce manuscrit présente nos travaux de recherches réalisés sur : i) des éponges marines de Méditerranée (Phorbas tenacior) et des DOM-TOM (Niphates sp. et Clathria rugosa), sélectionnées sur la base des propriétés biologiques préliminaires réalisées sur les extraits bruts, de l’originalité des métabolites, et/ou de l’absence d’étude chimique antérieure de l’espèce ; ii) la synthèse et l’évaluation des propriétés biocides d’analogues de la viscosaline, molécule de type 3-alkylpyridinium aux propriétés antibactériennes et antisalissures faiblement valorisées. L’étude de l’éponge calédonienne Niphates sp. a conduit à l’isolement des népheliosynes A et B, deux polyacétylènes polyhydroxylés avec des cytotoxicités modérées. Les anchinopeptolides B-D, inhibiteurs sélectifs des kinases GSK-3 et PfGSK-3, ont été isolés de Phorbas tenacior, ainsi que la phorbasoïne, un alcaloïde nouveau avec un coeur hydantoïne. Enfin, la première étude chimique de Clathria rugosa a conduit à l’isolement d’un nouveau macrolide, le Clathriolide, un métabolite secondaire cytotoxique vis-à-vis de nombreuses lignées cellulaires tumorales. Chacun des métabolites isolés a fait l’objet d’une étude structurale et biologique poussée. Une stratégie de synthèse originale d’analogues structuraux de la viscosaline a été mise au point. Les dérivés obtenus possèdent d’excellentes activités antibactériennes et antisalissures ainsi que des activités antitumorales modérées. / This manuscript deals with : i) marine sponges from the Mediterranean Sea (Phorbas tenacior) and New Caledonia (Niphates sp. and Clathria rugosa), selected for their biological activities conduced on their crude extract, the originality of produced secondary metabolites and the absence of previous chemical studies ii) the synthesis and the antibacterial properties of analogues of viscosaline. Viscosaline is a 3-alkylpyridinium secondary metabolites which exhibited interesting antibacterial and antifouling properties. The study of the New Caledonian marine sponge Niphates sp. led to the isolation of nepheliosynes Aand B, two polyhydroxylated polyacetylenic acids which exhibited moderate cytotoxic properties. The anchinopeptolides B-D, selective inhibitors of GSK-3 and PfGSK-3 kinases, have been isolated from Phorbas tenacior along with the new alkaloid phorbasoïne. Finally, the first study of the New Caledonian sponge Clathria rugosa let to the isolation of new macrolide, clathriolide, which exhibited cytotoxic properties. The structures and biological properties of each metabolite have been extensively studied in this work. An original synthesis of analogues of viscosaline had been developed. All the derivatives showed excellent antibacterial and antifouling properties, and moderate antitumoral activities.

Streptomycetes are soil filamentous Gram-positive bacteria that produce wide variety of pigments and biologically active substances including macrolides. Some of them are used as very efficient antibiotics and strong antifungal agents in medicine, others have became useful tools for staining biomembranes and detecting cholesterol via their internal fluorescence. Actinomycete Streptomyces durmitorensis (wild type strain MS405T ) is a bacteria isolated from Durmitor National Park in Montenegro soil samples. It produces secondary metabolite that has been identified as 32,33-didehydroroflamycoin (DDHR) closely related to the macrolides roflamycoin and generaly used filipin. DDHR exhibits cytototoxic activity against mammalian cells and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EGY48. In addition it has interesting fluorescence properties allowing visualization of some membrane components. DDHR interacts with biomembranes, causes their disintegration leading to changes of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton organization and in higher concentrations it causes cells necrosis. DDHR-sterol interaction in cell membranes decreases fluorescence intensity of DDHR. The compound is able to fluorescently stain aberrant lysosomes and could be therefore potentially used in diagnostics of some lysosomal storage disease.

The thesis entitled “Total synthesis of palmerolide A, dihydroconduritols and lentiginosine” is divided into two chapters. First chapter of the thesis describes the formal total synthesis of bioactive marine macrolide palmerolide A. Palmerolide A was isolated by Baker and co-workers from an Antarctic tunicate Synoicum adareanum. Palmerolide A is a 20-membered macrolactone containing five chiral centers and seven unsaturations. Palmerolide A was found to be potent and selectively cytotoxic against human melanoma cancer cell lines and was also shown to inhibit vacuolar V-ATPase. In section A, enantioselective formal total synthesis of palmerolide A is described. key steps in the synthesis involve Jung non-aldol aldol reaction to construct the C16-C23 fragment 1 and oxidation of a chiral furyl carbinol to assemble the C1-C15 fragment 2. Scheme 1: Synthesis of C16-C23 fragment of palmerolide A. Scheme 2: Formal total synthesis of palmerolide A In section B, enantiospecific formal total synthesis of palmerolide A is presented from chiral pool tartaric acid. This approach is based on coupling of the three fragments viz. C1-C8 enoic acid fragment 3, C9-C15 vinyl stannane fragment 4 and the C16-C23 vinyl iodide fragment 1. The C1-C8 enoic acid fragment 3 is synthesized from L-threotol obtained from L-tartaric acid, while synthesis of the C9-C15 fragment 4 involved the elaboration of a γ-hydroxy amide derived from the bis-Weinreb amide of tartaric acid. Stille coupling of the vinyl iodide 1 obtained by Jung non-aldol aldol process with the vinyl stannane 4 delivered the C9-C23 unit. Esterification of this unit with the enoic acid 3 followed by zinc mediated Boord olefination and RCM furnished the macrolactone which is further elaborated to palmerolide A. Scheme 3: Synthesis of C1-C8 fragment of palmerolide A. Scheme 4: Enantiospecific formal total synthesis of palmerolide A. Section A of the second chapter deals with the enantiospecific synthesis of dihydroconduritols E and F from tartaric acid. Conduritols are 1,2,3,4-cyclohex-5-ene tetrols and are shown to be inhibitors of glycosidase. A number of derivatives of conduritols were found to possess various biological activities. Enantiospecific synthesis of dihydroconduritol E and F is accomplished from tartaric acid employing the Boord type fragmentation and ring closing metathesis as the key steps. Scheme 5: Enantiospecific synthesis of dihydroconduritols E and F Section B of the second chapter describes the enantiospecific total synthesis of ()lentiginosine. Lentiginosine is a dihydroxylated indolizidine alkaloid isolated from leaves of the plant Astragalus lentiginosus. Lentiginosine is the most powerful and competitive inhibitor (IC50 5µg/mL) of amyloglucosidase known so far. Key transformation in the synthesis include the in situ reduction and cyclization of a dihydroxyazide derived from the γ-hydroxy amide prepared from tartaric acid amide. (for structural formula pl see the abstract file.)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is an emerging novel therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have shown ability to block angiogenesis and cell cycling, as well as initiate differentiation and apoptosis. In fact, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is the first in the class of HDACi approved by the FDA for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. On the other hand, there is a sustained interest in the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for various cancer diagnostic and therapeutic applications - bioimaging, drug delivery, and binary therapy techniques such as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This interest in AuNPs is facilitated by favorable attributes such as ease of fabrication, bioconjugation and biocompatibility, and unique optical and electronic properties. However, HDACi- and AuNPs- based antitumor agents are plagued with problems common to all chemotherapeutic agents such as lack of selectivity, which often results in systemic toxicity. Therefore, availability of a methodology to selectively deliver AuNPs and HDACi to cancer cells will significantly improve their therapeutic indices and lead to the identification of novel agents for use in diagnostic imaging and targeted cancer therapy applications.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Macrolide antibiotics are an important group of prescription drugs; as a consequence of the large and continuous use, they are commonly found in the environment. In the present study, it was developed and optimized a chromatographic method to assess the occurrence of macrolide antibiotics Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin and Roxithromycin in the effluent of the University Hospital of Santa Maria, in two sampling points, by applying high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass detection with quadrupole ion trap (HPLC-MS/MS_QTrap) and clean-up/pre-concentration by solid phase extraction with the aid of Surface Methodology Response. The concentrations measured during a week in the hospital effluent were 1.32±0.13 and 0.22±0.06 μg L-1 for Azithromycin and Clarithromycin; in the receptor water sream was 1.12±0.20, 0.20±0.05 and 0.01±0.004 μg L-1 for Azithromycin, Clarithromycin and Erythromycin. Roxithromycin was not detected in all effluent samples. After this, it was done the evaluation of the risk quotient of the macrolide antibiotics. The value of the risk quotient for the hospital effluent for Azithromycin and Clarithromycin was 11 (high risk), and for the receptor water stream the risk quotient was 9.3 and 10.0 for Azithromycin and Clarithromycin; for Erythromycin, a quocient risk value of 0.5 (medium risk). For degradation of the antibiotics in aqueous solution, it was used UV-photolysis, by which the influence of pH (3-11) was evaluated. Azithromycin showed low degradation by acid pH; for other pH, as well, for all the other antibiotics, the degradation was above 70% after 60 min of treatment. It was conducted a kinetic study of the degradation process of macrolide antibiotics in different pHs, by which Azithromycin revealed a recalcitrant profile, and Roxithromycin, as the more easily degradable one. For identification of the products formed during the photolysis experiments it was used independent information acquisition and as precursor ions of fragments m/z 116 and 158, characteristic of the macrolide compounds, at three collision energies (30, 45, and 60 V). It was proposed fragmentation routes of the degradation products: 8 products for Azithromycin, 7 for Clarithromycin, 6 of Erythromycin and 8 Roxithromycin. Through the same experiments with independent information acquisition, it was investigated the presence of eventual metabolites in hospital effluent, and three metabolites were found. By applying photolysis to the hospital effluent fortified, at pH 7, it was observed that the degradation occurs above 80% for all compounds after 60 min of irradiation. It was observed the formation of degradation products previously determined by experiments in aqueous solution. It was also found three degradation products for Azithromycin, 2 for Clarithromycin, 1 for Erythromycin and 3 for Roxithromycin. / Os antibióticos macrolídeos são uma importante classe de fármacos preescritos no tratamento das mais variadas infecções, e como consequência se seu grande e continuo uso são comumente encontradas no ambiente. No presente estudo foi desenvolvido e otimizado método de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à detector de massas quadrupolo íon trap (HPLC-MS/MS_QTrap) e de clean-up/pré-concentração por extração em fase sólida com auxílio de Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta para avaliar a ocorrência dos antibióticos macrolídeos Azitromicina, Claritromicina, Eritromicina e Roxitromicina no efluente hospitalar do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria em dois ponto de amostragem. As concentrações médias durante o ciclo de uma semana de amostragem no efluente do pronto atendimento foram de 1,32±0,13 e 0,22±0,06 g L-1 para Azitromicina e Claritromicina; no corpo recpetor foram de 1,12±0,20; 0,20±0,05 e 0,01±0,004 g L-1 para Azitromicina, Claritromicina e Eritromicina, respectivamente. Roxitromicina não foi detectada. Após foi feita a avaliação do quociente de risco dos antibióticos macrolídeos. O quociente de risco no efluente do pronto atendimento para Azitromicina e Claritromicina foi de 11, risco alto, o qual também foi evidenciado no corpo receptor com quociente de risco de 9,3 e 10 para Azitromicina e Claritromicna, e risco médio para Eritromicina de 0,5. Para degradação dos antibióticos foi utilizado fotólise artificial em solução aquosa, sendo avaliado a influência do pH de 3-11 na degradação destes compostos. Azitromicina apresentou baixa degradação em pH ácido, para os outros pH e demais compostos a degradação foi acima de 70% após 60 min de tratamento. Foi feito um estudo cinético do processo de degradação dos antibióticos macrolídeos em diferentes pH, observando-se que a Azitromicina apresentou um perfil recalcitrante para o processo, e Roxitromicina foi degradada com maior facilidade. Para a identificação dos produtos formados durante os experimentos de fotodegradação foram montados experimentos de informação independente de aquisição utilizando como íons precursores os íons de m/z 116 e 158 característicos dos compostos macrolídeos em três energias de colisão (30, 45 e 60 V). Foram identificadas e propostas rotas de fragmentação para 8 produtos de degradação de Azitromicina, 7 para Claritromicina, 6 para Eritromicina e 8 produtos de degradação de Roxiromicina. Através dos mesmos experimentos de informação independente de aquisição, foi investigada a presença de possíveis metabólitos no efluente hospitalar sendo encontrados 3 metabólitos. Com a aplicação de fotólise ao efluente hospitalar fortificado, em pH 7, observou-se que ocorre degradação acima de 80% para todos os compostos após 60 min de tratamneto. Foi observada a formação de produtos de degradação, que tinham sido previamente determinados em solução aquosa. Foram encontrados 3 produtos de degradação de Azitromicina, 2 para Claritromicina, 1 para Eritromicina e 3 produtos para Roxitromicina.

The thesis entitled “Total synthesis of bio-active macrolide natural products and sulphonamide based ligands in asymmetric catalysis” is divided into two chapters. First chapter of the thesis describes the total synthesis of bio-active macrolide natural products cladospolide A 1, seimatopolide A 2 and synthetic studies towards aetheramides A 3 and B 4 (Figure 1). Figure 1: Bio-active macrolide natural products. Section A of chapter 1 describes the enantiospecific total synthesis of cladospolide A (ent-1). Cladospolide A was isolated from three different sources such as culture filtrate of cladosporium fulvam FI-113, Fungus cladosporium tenuissimum and Fermentation broath of cladosporium sp. FT-0012. Cladospolide A is shown to inhibit the root growth of lettuce seedlings. Enantiospecific total synthesis of cladospolide A ent-1 was accomplished in 9% overall yield in 11 linear steps using D-ribose as a chiral pool precursor. Key reactions in the present approach include olefin cross metathesis and Yamaguchi macrolactonization reactions (Scheme 1). Scheme 1: Total synthesis of cladospolide A (ent-1). Section B of chapter 1 describes the use of furan as a surrogate for the E-but-2-ene-1, 4-dione unit in the total synthesis of seimatopolide A 2. Seimatopolide A 2 was isolated by Heip and co-workers from the fungus Seimatosporium discosioides in 2012 and is shown to activate the γ-subtype peroxysome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ), which is a pivotal process in the type-2 diabetes. Total synthesis of ent-seimatopolide A was accomplished in 7.8% overall yield in 14 linear steps from furfural. Nagao acetate aldol and Shiina macrolactonization reactions were employed as key reactions for the synthesis of ent-seimatopolide A (ent-2) (Scheme 2). Scheme 2: Stereoselective total synthesis of seimatopolide A (ent-2). In section C of Chapter 1, studies towards the synthesis of aetheramides A 3 and B 4 are described. Aetheramides A 3 and B 4 are isolated by Müller’s group in 2012 from the novel myxobacterial genus “Aetherobacter”. Aetheramides are cyclic depsipeptides, which are shown to inhibit the HIV-I infection with IC50 values of ∼0.015 μM and cytostatic activity against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells with IC50 values of 0.11 μM. Stereochemistry at two chiral centers present in the molecules is unassigned. The first approach (Scheme 3) relied on macrolactonization as the key step while the second approach (Scheme 4) relied on RCM to accomplish the macrolactonization. The required precursors were synthesized from elaboration of chiral furyl carbinol, while synthesis of the RCM precursor was accomplished employing the aldol reaction. Scheme 3: Macrolactonization strategy for synthesis of 3 from chiral furyl carbinol. Scheme 4: RCM strategy for synthesis of 3 from chiral furyl carbinol. The successful synthesis of the macrolactone core of aetheramide A 1 is accomplished by employing the ring closing metathesis reaction to construct the C18-C19 bond. RCM precursor has been synthesized by the amidation of the amine derived from R-mandelic acid, while the acid fragment is synthesized from allyl trityl ether (Scheme 5). Scheme 5: RCM strategy for synthesis of 3 from R-mandelic acid. Second chapter of the thesis describes the synthesis and application of novel sulfinamide ligands in asymmetric catalysis. In section A of chapter 2, chiral 2-pyridylsulfinamides are shown to be effective catalysts in the alkylation of aryl and alkyl aldehydes with diethylzinc providing the corresponding alcohols in excellent enantioselectivity. It was found that the chirality present at sulfur in the ligand is pivotal for the asymmetric induction (Scheme 6). Scheme 6: Asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde with some of the 2-Pyridyl sulfinamide catalysts. Second section of chapter 2 describes the synthesis and application of C2-symmetric bis-sulfinamides in Rh (I) catalyzed conjugate addition of PhB(OH)2 to enones. Chirality present at sulphur in sulfonamide as well as symmetry present in the ligand plays crucial role in the outcome of the reaction (Scheme 7). Scheme 7: Asymmetric arylation of enones using C2-symmetric bis-sulfinamide/olefin ligands. The thesis entitled “Total synthesis of bio-active macrolide natural products and sulphonamide based ligands in asymmetric catalysis” is divided into two chapters. First chapter of the thesis describes the total synthesis of bio-active macrolide natural products cladospolide A 1, seimatopolide A 2 and synthetic studies towards aetheramides A 3 and B 4 (Figure 1). Figure 1: Bio-active macrolide natural products. Section A of chapter 1 describes the enantiospecific total synthesis of cladospolide A (ent-1). Cladospolide A was isolated from three different sources such as culture filtrate of cladosporium fulvam FI-113, Fungus cladosporium tenuissimum and Fermentation broath of cladosporium sp. FT-0012. Cladospolide A is shown to inhibit the root growth of lettuce seedlings. Enantiospecific total synthesis of cladospolide A ent-1 was accomplished in 9% overall yield in 11 linear steps using D-ribose as a chiral pool precursor. Key reactions in the present approach include olefin cross metathesis and Yamaguchi macrolactonization reactions (Scheme 1). Scheme 1: Total synthesis of cladospolide A (ent-1). Section B of chapter 1 describes the use of furan as a surrogate for the E-but-2-ene-1, 4-dione unit in the total synthesis of seimatopolide A 2. Seimatopolide A 2 was isolated by Heip and co-workers from the fungus Seimatosporium discosioides in 2012 and is shown to activate the γ-subtype peroxysome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-γ), which is a pivotal process in the type-2 diabetes. Total synthesis of ent-seimatopolide A was accomplished in 7.8% overall yield in 14 linear steps from furfural. Nagao acetate aldol and Shiina macrolactonization reactions were employed as key reactions for the synthesis of ent-seimatopolide A (ent-2) (Scheme 2). Scheme 2: Stereoselective total synthesis of seimatopolide A (ent-2). In section C of Chapter 1, studies towards the synthesis of aetheramides A 3 and B 4 are described. Aetheramides A 3 and B 4 are isolated by Müller’s group in 2012 from the novel myxobacterial genus “Aetherobacter”. Aetheramides are cyclic depsipeptides, which are shown to inhibit the HIV-I infection with IC50 values of ∼0.015 μM and cytostatic activity against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells with IC50 values of 0.11 μM. Stereochemistry at two chiral centers present in the molecules is unassigned. The first approach (Scheme 3) relied on macrolactonization as the key step while the second approach (Scheme 4) relied on RCM to accomplish the macrolactonization. The required precursors were synthesized from elaboration of chiral furyl carbinol, while synthesis of the RCM precursor was accomplished employing the aldol reaction. Scheme 3: Macrolactonization strategy for synthesis of 3 from chiral furyl carbinol. Scheme 4: RCM strategy for synthesis of 3 from chiral furyl carbinol. The successful synthesis of the macrolactone core of aetheramide A 1 is accomplished by employing the ring closing metathesis reaction to construct the C18-C19 bond. RCM precursor has been synthesized by the amidation of the amine derived from R-mandelic acid, while the acid fragment is synthesized from allyl trityl ether (Scheme 5). Scheme 5: RCM strategy for synthesis of 3 from R-mandelic acid. Second chapter of the thesis describes the synthesis and application of novel sulfinamide ligands in asymmetric catalysis. In section A of chapter 2, chiral 2-pyridylsulfinamides are shown to be effective catalysts in the alkylation of aryl and alkyl aldehydes with diethylzinc providing the corresponding alcohols in excellent enantioselectivity. It was found that the chirality present at sulfur in the ligand is pivotal for the asymmetric induction (Scheme 6). Scheme 6: Asymmetric alkylation of benzaldehyde with some of the 2-Pyridyl sulfinamide catalysts. Second section of chapter 2 describes the synthesis and application of C2-symmetric bis-sulfinamides in Rh (I) catalyzed conjugate addition of PhB(OH)2 to enones. Chirality present at sulphur in sulfonamide as well as symmetry present in the ligand plays crucial role in the outcome of the reaction (Scheme 7). Scheme 7: Asymmetric arylation of enones using C2-symmetric bis-sulfinamide/olefin ligands.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the determination of macrolide antibiotics in drinking water by using of high performance liquid chromatography. Erythromycin and clarithromycin were selected such as representative macrolides due to frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals in this time. Solid phase extraction (SPE) by using of Oasis HLB cartridges was applied for pre concentration and purification of chosen analytes in real samples of drinking water. Optimalization of method and analysis were performed by using of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS). The suitable method was selected for determination of macrolides in real samples taken from two sources of drinking water, the interception of water in Litovel and Černovír Olomouc.

Diploma thesis is focused on determination of macrolide antibiotics in wastewater. Environmental contamination with drugs currently represents a major problem. To determine the level of contamination is necessary to develop the appropriate analytical techniques. From the group of macrolide antibiotics were selected four representatives: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin due to their frequent use in Czech Republic. For their isolation from wastewater was selected solid phase extraction and for analysis high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was chosen. Under optimized conditions, the ten days analysis of wastewater from the WWTP Brno-Modřice, two days analysis of wastewater from the WWTP Mikulov and one day analysis of wastewater from WWTP of University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno was performed.