Mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) is the most valuable hardwood species in Neotropics and is seriously threatened owing to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. The population genetic structure and mating system of S. macrophylla were studied in the Brazilian Amazon for conservation purposes. Ten highly polymorphic micro satellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic library of S. macrophylla and combined in three multiplexed fluorescence based genotyping systems. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 25 (mean = 15.8). The probability of genetic identity (7x10- 15) and the probability of paternity exclusion (0.999998) found over all loci indicate the high discriminating power of these markers. The genetic structure was investigated in seven populations 8- 2,103 km apart. High genetic diversity was detected within populations (mean He = 0.761, range 0.719-0.800) and a significant level of inbreeding was found (f = 0.046, P<0.0001, range 0.014-0.097) indicating nonrandom mating of individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was significant (A = 0.12 and p = 0.14, P<0.0001), but no clear pattern of isolation by distance was found. Conservation strategies for mahogany should take into account the existence of important genetic structuring of populations. S. macrophylla seems to have adaptations that preferentially produce outcrossed progeny but also allows for selfing. The high multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.958) estimated for one population indicated that, although there was a prevalence of outcrossing, selfing was not negligible. Around 4-6% of seedlings in the population were likely to have resulted from self-fertilization and substantial biparental inbreeding was denoted by the significant difference between the multilocus and singlelocus estimates (tm - ts = 0.14). Owing to the species pre-adaptation to colonize newly open, disturbed habitats, many of the remaining trees in logged areas may persist as viable individuals which could be very important for population recovery and genetic conservation programmes.

No description available.

This thesis describes the origins and development of the English mahogany trade from its origins to the beginning of the French Revolutionary War. It is based primarily on statistical and commercial information, most of which is drawn from government and other official sources. The bulk of the text is a chronological account, charting the growth of the trade from its small beginnings in Jamaica after 1700 to its late eighteenth century heyday. It considers the effect of economic conditions, shipping costs, government commercial policy and imperial colonial strategy, and shows how these had a direct bearing on the scale and direction of the trade. The various sources of mahogany are discussed, together with the characteristics and uses of the timber. Popular conceptions about the various types of mahogany used in 18th century furniture making are discussed in the light of statistical and other contemporary evidence. The thesis also considers the effects of the introduction of mahogany on furniture manufacturing in England. It investigates the cost of mahogany relative to other furniture woods, and suggests that its chief appeal in the initial years of importation was its low cost. This suggestion is born out by the early use of mahogany as a joinery rather than a cabinet wood. The thesis goes on to argue that the cost of mahogany was often a primary determinant of stylistic and technical development. As demand for the wood grew, so costs rose and inflation became at times a notable feature of the mahogany market. The effects of this inflation are recorded in the archives of contemporary furniture makers and are apparent in extant 18th century furniture. The most important single finding of the thesis is the paramont role of government in determining the scale and direction of the mahogany trade. In this respect mahogany reflects the historical development of British West Indian commercial policy. Mahogany was not merely an art-historical phenomenon, but a symbol of Britain's rise to commercial dominance in the 18th century.

Cercocarpus ledifolius communities of Utah were sampled to determine which measured environmental characters were influential in determining community structure and dynamics. Nineteen, one-tenth acre stands were sampled by 25 equally spaced .25m2 quadrats. Plant frequency, cover, density, height, diameter, age, elevation, slope and exposure were determined for curl-leaf mahogany within the study area. Soil depth and soil samples were analyzed for texture, pH and soluble salts. Curl-leaf mahogany is found almost entirely on arid rocky slopes, canyon ledges, and plateaus at relatively high elevations on all exposures. The soils were invariably shallow and slightly acidic with sandy loam soils being most common. Soluble salts were low in all the soils analyzed. Over 90 percent of the prevalent species were perennial in habit. Reproduction of curl-leaf mahogany was considered poor. Elevation, soluble salts, soil pH, exposure and percent silt in the soil together accounted for 74 percent of the variation observed in the site quality index computed for curl-leaf mahogany in the communities sampled.

Submitted by RODRIGO TENÓRIO DE VASCONCELOS null (rodrigotvasconcelos@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-03T11:41:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Rodrigo T. de Vasconcelos - 02-12-16.pdf: 2267173 bytes, checksum: 7d41d121ae8411cf48b7cc325992f038 (MD5) / Rejected by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Rejeição solicitada pelo autor on 2016-12-05T12:17:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by RODRIGO TENÓRIO DE VASCONCELOS null (rodrigotvasconcelos@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-05T12:34:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Rodrigo T. de Vasconcelos - 02-12-16.pdf: 2267130 bytes, checksum: f8d54972b401b5f5e8b8d419902d96d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-06T16:05:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_rt_dr_jabo.pdf: 2267130 bytes, checksum: f8d54972b401b5f5e8b8d419902d96d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T16:05:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_rt_dr_jabo.pdf: 2267130 bytes, checksum: f8d54972b401b5f5e8b8d419902d96d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-24 / A fertilização na implantação de florestas comerciais de mogno-africano pode promover maior crescimento inicial das plantas e garantir rápido estabelecimento do povoamento. No entanto, os plantios comerciais com Khaya senegalensis são recentes e poucas pesquisas sobre fertilização em condições de campo foram realizadas no Brasil. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de fósforo e potássio no crescimento, na concentração de macronutrientes nas folhas, na fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração e eficiência do uso da água em plantas de Khaya senegalensis na fase de implantação. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em campo em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, um de fósforo instalado em janeiro de 2014 e um de potássio em março de 2014, ambos conduzidos por 24 meses. No experimento de fósforo, foram aplicados 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 no plantio e no experimento de potássio foram aplicados, 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de K2O em três etapas, plantio, três e seis meses de idade. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições no experimento de fósforo e quatro repetições no experimento de potássio. Foram feitas avaliações de altura e diâmetro do caule das plantas aos 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio no experimento de fósforo e aos 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio no experimento de potássio. Aos 12 meses, foi determinada a concentração de macronutrientes nas folhas e trocas gasosas das plantas em ambos experimentos. A fertilização fosfatada promoveu maior crescimento das plantas no período de um a dois anos de idade, promovendo aumento linear de altura e diâmetro à altura do peito com o aumento das doses de fósforo até a dose máxima de 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Khaya senegalensis foi pouco exigente em potássio na fase inicial de crescimento. / Fertilization in the implantation of mahogany african commercial forests can promote higher initial plant growth and ensure rapid establishment of the stand. However, there are recent commercial plantations with the species and little research on fertilization under field conditions were carried out in Brazil. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of the application of phosphorus and potassium on growth, concentration of macronutrients in the leaves, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and efficiency of water use in Khaya senegalensis plants in implantation phase. For this, two experiments were conducted in the field on red yellow ultisol, one of phosphorus installed in january 2014 and one of potassium in march 2014, both conducted for 24 months. Phosphorus experiment were applied 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1 P2O5 in planting and potassium experiment were applied, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 K2O in three stages, planting, three and six months of age. The seedlings were planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m and the experimental design was randomized blocks, with five repetitions in the phosphorous experiment and four replications in potassium experiment. Avaliations were made of height and stem diameter of the plants at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the phosphorous experiment planting and at 12, 18 and 24 months after planting potassium experiment. At 12 months, it was determined the concentration of nutrients in the leaves and gas exchange of plants in both experiments. Phosphate fertilization promoted greater growth of the plants in the period of one to two years of age, promoting a linear increase in height and diameter at breast height with the increase of phosphorus doses to the maximum dose of 120 kg ha-1 P2O5. Khaya senegalensis was undemanding in potassium fertilization in the initial phase of growth.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana.pdf: 2346970 bytes, checksum: 526b9b441902b75cc882c3b2abdb036d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The production of quality seedlings, fundamental for the development of the species, is one of the most important stages in the cultivation of forest species. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire knowledge about the characteristics of the species during the nursery stage, especially regarding their nutritional requirements and their responses to substrate correction. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of liming with different types of limestone and of Ca and Mg deficiency correction, along with non-corrective sources of soil acidity, on the development of angelim-pedra (Dinizia excelsa), cedar (Cedrela odorata) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) seedlings. This study was carried out in the FCA/UFAM greenhouse, using as a Yellow Latosol substrate. We tested three types of limestone and three Ca:Mg ratios (with non-corrective products of acidity). The treatments tested were: T0 - control, T1 - dolomitic limestone (3:1), T2 - magnesium limestone (9:1), T3 - calcitic limestone (15:1), T4 - Ca and Mg in 3:1 ratio; T5 - Ca and Mg in 9:1 ratio and T6 - Ca and Mg in 15:1 ratio. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks with 5 repetitions, for a total of 35 plots. Each plot was formed by 3 seedlings, grown in citropotes, with a capacity of 3.2 kilograms of substrate. Corrective fertilizating was done in doses equivalent to 100, 250, 150 and 15 kg.ha-1, N, P2O5, K2O and S, respectively, and Chelamix, a source of B (0,5% ), Cu (0,2%), Fe (0,3%), Mn (0,2%), Mo (0,5%) and Zn (2,4%), disolved in water, was used as a source of micronutrients . The growth characteristics evaluated were height, diameter, dry weight of the shoot (ADM), dry weight of the root, total dry weight, root/shoot ratio and shoot nutrient content. The means were compared using a Scott-Knott test with a 5% probability. The angelim-pedra seedlings responded to the different limestone sources and to Ca and Mg addition, for all the assessed growth characteristics, except for the root/shoot ratio. The best results were obtained when the seedlings developed under a Ca:Mg ratio of 9:1, regardless of source. The cedar seedlings were more sensitive to the acidity of the growing substrate, responding only to the addition of magnesium limestone for all the evaluated growth characteristics, with the exception of height, which responded to the addition of calcitic limestone, and of the root/shoot ratio. The mahogany seedlings showed the effect of the different treatments only regarding height, with the limestone treated seedlings being the same to the seedlings treated with the 15:1 Ca and Mg ratio. However, the liming had a positive effect on the absorption of K, Ca and Mg by the seedling shoots, showing the importance of liming for obtaining quality seedlings. Overall, the three species under study showed the best results when cultivated using magnesium limestone as a corrective for acidity and as a source of Ca and Mg in the growing substrate. / A produção de mudas é uma das fases mais importantes do cultivo de espécies florestais. A obtenção de mudas de qualidade é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das espécies, sendo necessário obter o conhecimento das características das espécies na fase de viveiro, principalmente em relação a seus requerimentos nutricionais e suas respostas à correção do substrato. Com esse objetivo este trabalho avaliou o efeito da calagem com diferentes tipos de calcário e correção da deficiência de Ca e Mg, com fontes não corretivas da acidez do solo, sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de angelim-pedra (Dinizia excelsa), cedro (Cedrela odorata) e mogno (Swietenia macrophylla). O estudo foi desenvolvido na casa de vegetação da FCA/UFAM, utilizando como substrato Latossolo Amarelo. Foram testados três tipos de calcário e três relações Ca:Mg (com produtos não corretivos da acidez). Os tratamentos testados foram: T0 testemunha, T1 calcário dolomítico (3:1), T2 calcário magnesiano (9:1), T3 calcário calcítico (15:1), T4 Ca e Mg na relação 3:1; T5 Ca e Mg na relação 9:1 e T6 Ca e Mg na relação 15:1. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com 5 repetições, num total de 35 parcelas. Cada parcela foi formada com 3 mudas, cultivadas em citropotes, com capacidade de 3,2 kg de substrato. Foi realizada adubação corretiva em doses equivalentes a 100, 250, 150 e 15 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5, K2O e S, respectivamente e como fonte de micronutrientes foi utilizado Chelamix que é fonte de B (0,5%), Cu (0,2%), Fe (0,3%), Mn (0,2%), Mo (0,5%) e Zn (2,4%), solúveis em água. As características de crescimento avaliadas foram: altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), matéria seca da raiz (MSR), matéria seca total (MST), relação raiz/parte aérea (R/PA) e conteúdos de nutrientes da parte aérea. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. As mudas de angelim-pedra responderam as diferentes fontes de calcário e a adição de Ca e Mg, para todas as características de crescimento avaliadas, exceto para a relação raiz/parte aérea. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando a relação Ca:Mg de 9:1, independente da fonte utilizada. As mudas de cedro mostraram-se mais sensíveis à acidez do substrato de cultivo, respondendo somente a adição de calcário magnesiano para todas as características de crescimento avaliadas, com exceção da altura, que respondeu a adição de calcário calcítico e da relação raiz/parte aérea. As mudas de mogno mostraram efeito nos diferentes tratamentos apenas em relação a altura, sendo as mudas tratadas com calagem igual às mudas tratadas com Ca e Mg na relação 15:1. No entanto, a calagem afetou de forma positiva a absorção de K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea das mudas, mostrando a importância da calagem na obtenção de mudas de qualidade. De modo geral, observou-se que as três espécies estudadas apresentaram os melhores resultados quando cultivadas utilizando calcário magnesiano como corretivo da acidez e como fonte de Ca e Mg no substrato de cultivo.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-30T19:07:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ademir Rodrigues Silva Junior - 2017.pdf: 3937421 bytes, checksum: 54050a12186b05ad20b6c8b762c6c7f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-31T10:41:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ademir Rodrigues Silva Junior - 2017.pdf: 3937421 bytes, checksum: 54050a12186b05ad20b6c8b762c6c7f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T10:41:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ademir Rodrigues Silva Junior - 2017.pdf: 3937421 bytes, checksum: 54050a12186b05ad20b6c8b762c6c7f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) is a forest species that provides high quality wood and is an alternative to Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King). Little is known about its behavior if propagated in different substrates, and the present research has the objective of using an environmental liability from industrial activity of potato bark (Solanum tuberosum L.) to produce seedlings of African mahogany. The use of industrial and urban waste, produced in increasing amounts, has been feasible in numerous studies and its use is an alternative to its disposal in the environment. A substrate 1 (S1-compound (50%) and sand (50%)), substrate 2 (S2-organic compound (100%)) was used in the experiments. ), Substrate 3 (S3-commercial substrate) and substrate 4 (S4-sand (100%)), which were analyzed chemically before sowing at 30 and 120 days evaluating the macronutrients Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium And Sulfur, micronutrients Boron, Iron, Manganese, Copper and Zinc, hydrogenation potential (pH), and physical (moisture). In the African mahogany seedlings in the field, height (H), diameter of colon (DC), fresh mass (MF), dry mass (DM) and foliar analysis (AF) were verified at 30, 75 and 120 days, in order to identify the Quality of the seedlings in the different treatments. Mahogany seeds presented germination of 62% in the laboratory, allowing to consider the storage period of at least five months and low quality of the batch under study. In the field, 59%, 64%, 60% and 60%, respectively, were obtained in S1, S2, S3 and S4, indicating that there was no great influence on germination in any of the substrates used. The first chemical analyzes of the treatments showed good nutritional loads, water retention capacity, pH close to those considered satisfactory. The C / N ratio was shown to be low in S1 and S2 at the beginning, and at 120 days in S3 o could evidence competition for the N available between the plants and the microorganisms of the substrate causing nutrient deficiency. The Dunn test for H, DC, MFT, MFR, MFA, MST, MSR, and MSA indicated larger averages and significant differences in S1 and S2 when compared to S3 and S4 evidencing the high efficacy of the organic compound in the production of African mahogany seedlings. / O mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) é uma espécie florestal que fornece madeira de ótima qualidade e apresenta-se como alternativa ao mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla King). Pouco se conhece a respeito de seu comportamento se propagado em diferentes substratos, e a presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de utilizar um passivo ambiental proveniente de atividade industrial de casca de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) para produção de mudas do mogno africano. A utilização de resíduos industriais e urbanos, produzidos em quantidades crescentes, tem sido viável em inúmeros estudos e seu uso é uma alternativa para a sua disposição no meio ambiente. Para isso, um experimento de campo foi conduzido em quatro tratamentos de quatrocentas repetições, utilizando o resíduo compostado: substrato 1 (S1- composto (50%) e areia (50%)), substrato 2 (S2-composto orgânico (100%)), substrato 3 (S3- substrato comercial) e substrato 4 (S4-areia (100%)), que foram analisados quimicamente antes da semeadura, aos 30 e 120 dias avaliando os macronutrientes Carbono, Nitrogênio, Fósforo, Potássio, Cálcio, Magnésio e Enxofre, micronutrientes Boro, Ferro, Manganês, Cobre e Zinco, potencial de hidrogenação (pH), e física (umidade). Nas mudas de mogno africano no campo foram verificadas altura (H), diâmetro de colo (DC), massa fresca (MF), massa seca (MS) e análise foliar (AF), aos 30, 75 e 120 dias, visando identificar as melhores condições de qualidade das mudas nos diferentes tratamentos. As sementes de mogno apresentaram, em laboratório, germinação de 62%, permitindo considerar sobre este dado o período de armazenamento de pelo menos cinco meses e baixa qualidade do lote em estudo. No campo, foi obtido 59%, 64%, 60% e 60%, respectivamente, em S1, S2, S3 e S4, indicando que não houve grande influência na germinação em nenhum dos substratos utilizados. As primeiras análises químicas dos tratamentos mostraram boas cargas nutricionais, capacidade de retenção de água, pH próximos dos considerados satisfatórios. A relação C/N se mostrou baixa em S1 e S2 no início, e aos 120 dias no S3 o pode evidenciar competição pelo N disponível entre as plantas e os micro-organismos do substrato causando deficiência desse nutriente. O teste de Dunn para H, DC, MFT, MFR, MFA, MST, MSR, e MSA, indicou maiores médias e grandes diferenças significativas em S1 e S2, quando comparados a S3 e S4 evidenciando a alta eficácia do composto orgânico na produção de mudas de mogno africano.

Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri / Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Paulo Henrique Muller da Silva / Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Resumo: A fertilização na implantação de florestas comerciais de mogno-africano pode promover maior crescimento inicial das plantas e garantir rápido estabelecimento do povoamento. No entanto, os plantios comerciais com Khaya senegalensis são recentes e poucas pesquisas sobre fertilização em condições de campo foram realizadas no Brasil. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, verificar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de fósforo e potássio no crescimento, na concentração de macronutrientes nas folhas, na fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração e eficiência do uso da água em plantas de Khaya senegalensis na fase de implantação. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em campo em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, um de fósforo instalado em janeiro de 2014 e um de potássio em março de 2014, ambos conduzidos por 24 meses. No experimento de fósforo, foram aplicados 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 no plantio e no experimento de potássio foram aplicados, 0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 de K2O em três etapas, plantio, três e seis meses de idade. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 3 x 2 m e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições no experimento de fósforo e quatro repetições no experimento de potássio. Foram feitas avaliações de altura e diâmetro do caule das plantas aos 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio no experimento de fósforo e aos 12, 18 e 24 meses após o plantio no experimento de potássio. Aos 12 meses, foi determinada a concentração de macronu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fertilization in the implantation of mahogany african commercial forests can promote higher initial plant growth and ensure rapid establishment of the stand. However, there are recent commercial plantations with the species and little research on fertilization under field conditions were carried out in Brazil. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of the application of phosphorus and potassium on growth, concentration of macronutrients in the leaves, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and efficiency of water use in Khaya senegalensis plants in implantation phase. For this, two experiments were conducted in the field on red yellow ultisol, one of phosphorus installed in january 2014 and one of potassium in march 2014, both conducted for 24 months. Phosphorus experiment were applied 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1 P2O5 in planting and potassium experiment were applied, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 K2O in three stages, planting, three and six months of age. The seedlings were planted at a spacing of 3 x 2 m and the experimental design was randomized blocks, with five repetitions in the phosphorous experiment and four replications in potassium experiment. Avaliations were made of height and stem diameter of the plants at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the phosphorous experiment planting and at 12, 18 and 24 months after planting potassium experiment. At 12 months, it was determined the concentration of nutrients in the leaves and gas exchange of plants in both experiments. Phosphate fertilization promoted greater growth of the plants in the period of one to two years of age, promoting a linear increase in height and diameter at breast height with the increase of phosphorus doses to the maximum dose of 120 kg ha-1 P2O5. Khaya senegalensis was undemanding in potassium fertilization in the initial phase of growth / Doutor

The weaver ant is a promising biological control agent of a shoot borer, <i>Hypsipyla robusta</i> Moore, on mahogany, but techniques to conserve ant colonies redistributed to mahogany plantations have not yet been developed. The effect of food supplementation and host plant species preference of the weaver ant, <i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> F., was evaluated in a series of field studies. A simple model was developed to estimate the number of ants within nests on <i>Khaya ivorensis</i> A. Chev. (Meliaceae): log₁₀ (Number of ants) = - 1.16 + 1.09 log₁₀ (Nest size). Nest size is calculated from estimated nest height <i>(&#293;)</i> and length <i>(à )</i> using the formula = π;r²⁺; <i>à </i>, where r = ½ <i>&#293;</i>. This model was useful for repeated assessments of ant population levels to evaluate treatment effects. It provides better estimates than previous indirect methods based on nest counts and ant trail counts on plant parts. Colonies that were relocated without their queens and very small colonies (< 10,000 ants) failed to establish on new host trees, indicating that a minimum ant population and queen needs to be transferred for colony survival. Established colonies consumed more high-protein foods (live mealworms and fish) than high-carbohydrate liquid foods (honey and –weaver ant formula–, which contained sucrose and human muscle-training powder (Enerpro™)). Relocated colonies consumed more weaver ant formula and as many mealworms as established colonies, indicating that existing and relocated colonies require different food supplementation strategies. Decreasing consumption over time and preferential consumption among high-protein food choices (i.e., of mealworms over fish) indicated that ants select and regulate food consumption based on colony needs. Therefore, food supplementation should be as needed. Preliminary indications were that self-sufficiency in trophobiont (honeydew) levels may be achieved in two months after colony relocation. The optimal colony density that would protect <i>K. ivorensis</i> was estimated to be within the range of 6 – 48 colonies per ha based on previous reports for cocoa and cashew, and a consideration of the low damage threshold for mahogany. Substituting chemical control with weaver ants at those application rates gave similar IRRs (Internal rate of return; 11.6 – 12.2 vs. 12.0%) in preliminary financial analyses, and was preferable from an ecological standpoint. Twenty-nine host plant species were found for Malaysian <i>O. smaragdina</i>, of which 11 were new species records for <i>Oecophylla</i> spp. Also, there were two new genera and eight new species records for Malaysian <i>O. smaragdina</i>. Of eight trophobiont families collected, six species were identified, yielding new trophobiont-host plant species records for four coccoid species and two membracid genera. Screening of several ant-abundant plant species that included preliminary pest risk analyses for trophobionts on <i>K. ivorensis</i>, identified <i>M. citrifolia</i> as a promising candidate for mixed-planting with this mahogany species. / Ph. D.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O aumento da demanda por madeira e a exploração das florestas nativas coloca em risco a extinção de várias espécies vegetais de grande valor. Neste sentido tem crescido a utilização de espécies exóticas, especialmente no hemisfério sul, em países de clima tropical e subtropical e em especial na região Amazônica com o uso do mogno africano. Com isso, existe elevada demanda por métodos de propagação dessas espécies que garantam as características superiores da planta matriz. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbultírico (AIB), tipo de estaca e substrato no enraizamento de estacas de Khaya ivorensis A. Chev e Khaya senegalensis A. Juss, em câmara de subirrigação e casa de vegetação e testar diferentes métodos de enxertia para propagação vegetativa de mogno africano. Na propagação vegetativa via estaquia foram testados o uso de diversas concentrações de AIB, diferentes tempos de imersão, procedência e tipos de estacas. Via enxertia foram testados quatro tipos de enxertia de mogno africano sob mogno africano. Foram realizadas as enxertias do tipo Fenda Cheia (FC), Fenda Lateral (FL), Inglês Complicado (IC) e Borbulhia de placa (BP). Foi possível observar nos experimentos de estaquia uma tendência a melhores percentuais de enraizamento e maior percentual de sobrevivência das estacas utilizando concentração de 800 mg.L-1 de AIB, principalmente em estacas foliares apicais. As estacas enraizadas apresentaram sistema radicular vigoroso com comprimentos de até 53 cm. A técnica de enxertia que apresentou os melhores resultados foi a do tipo FC com 16,67% de pegamento e os enxertos desenvolvendo-se de forma vigorosa alcançando até 27 cm em 30 dias. / The increasing demand for wood and the exploitation of native forests endangers the extinction of high value plant specimens. Therefore, exotic species are being used, on the south hemisphere, in tropical and sub-tropical countries and especially in the Amazon Region with the African mahoganies. Along with this, there has been an increasing demand on methods of vegetative propagation of these species that guarantee the superior attributes of the stock plant. Thereby, the aim of this study was to test the efficiency of different indole-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations, cut of kind and substrate on cuttings of Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis in non-mist propagators and greenhouses and test different methods of grafting for vegetative propagation of African mahogany. In the cuttings experiments different auxin concentrations were tested as well as different immersion times, proveniences of the cuttings and types of cuttings. For the grafting, four methods were tested using African mahogany below the same species. The methods used were Saddle graft (SG), Side-veener graft (SV), Whip and tongue grafts (WT) and Patch budding (PB). It was possible to observe that there was a tendency to reach better results in rooting percentage and survival percentage using the concentration of 800 mg.L-1 of IBA in cuttings especially the apical leaf cuttings. The rooted cuttings grew with vigor and achieved 53 cm length. The grafting method with bests results was SV with 16,67% success and grafts developed vigorously reaching 27 cm in 30 days.