acase@tulane.edu / Anthropogenic noise is an evolutionarily recent phenomenon and many animals respond by changing the pitch and timing of their vocalizations to avoid masking. A benefit to modifying a vocal mating signal in the context of noise is increased transmission distance. This same modification may pose a fitness cost if that signal feature is also sexually selected. Bird song is a well-studied sexual signal used in territory defense and mate attraction. Physically difficult to produce components of song are thought to be honest signals of male quality. One such trait is a male's ability to maximize the rate of note production at a given frequency bandwidth; this tradeoff is known as vocal performance. Studies have shown modifications to song in the context of noise, specifically to trill rate and bandwidth. Costs of these modifications may include increased conflict with neighboring males, which could potentially lead to decreased body condition, loss of a territory, or less time spent attracting a female. Few studies have investigated this tradeoff between environmentally induced selection (i.e. natural selection) and social selection (i.e. sexual selection) on song in an urban landscape. Therefore, a gap remains in our knowledge of the consequences on fitness of urban song adaptation for signalers. Using the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, the objectives of my dissertation research include 1) testing if vocal performance is a salient signal for white-crowned sparrows, 2) testing if receivers are responding specifically to variation in trill rate or bandwidth, and 3) testing the effect of ambient noise level on receiver assessment of vocal performance. Overall, my dissertation research suggests that both anthropogenic and natural soundscapes shape the evolution of song and receiver behavior. Modifications to song structure that increase signal detection come at the cost of decreased signal salience for male competitors. Additionally, anthropogenic noise appears to change how males utilize vocal performance. Therefore, species living in noisy areas may face consequences of decreased fitness over time due to masked honest signals and increased male-male conflict. / 1 / Jennifer N. Phillips

The current study focused on the challenging task of providing treatment to male batterers and the various factors that may positively affect the outcome of treatment. Group treatment has been shown to be a successful modality to working with partner abusers, due to the unique environment that is created where males interact with and establish relationships with other males. This male-male socialization may have potential positive effects on the course and outcome of therapy. This study sought to provide support for Jennings and Murphy’s theory of domestic violence that malefemale disrupted relationships have roots in disrupted male-male relationships and male identity issues and rigid gender role ideals. This study predicted that over the course of a 15-week court mandated domestic violence group, improving male-male relationships would be correlated with improvements in male identity issues and rigid sex role attitudes and improvements in male-female relationship issues. These expectations were supported by the research data. Additionally, it was expected that an improvement in same sex relationships would be related to an overall dimensional change in their attachment system. This hypothesis was not supported by the data. Moreover, process variables such as group climate and working alliance were also examined throughout the course of the group to shed light on any changes that were found. The results showed steadily increasing reports of positive working alliance ratings by counselors and clients, and increasing levels of group cohesion among the group members. The discussion and conclusions focus on the clinical significance of the study’s findings and include specific examples from the groups in this study. Implications for treatment with this population, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are also addressed.

In Annie Proulx's interview with Charlie Rose, she states that her stories come "from place." Ecocriticism has been the predominant lens with which to understand Proulx's work; however, ecocriticism's nebulous tenets and theoretical deficiencies perpetuate sentimental pastoralism of geographical determinism. The shaping impact of Wyoming's environment in Proulx's work lends itself to an evolutionary perspective. Proulx's fiction, like evolutionary theory, examines humanity's unique, reciprocal relationship with nature. The evolutionary approach provides readers with a framework to understand the human relationship to our environment, a theme Proulx's work examines. This approach also augments current criticism that notes the importance of place but does not utilize the relevant framework of evolution. Current evolutionary theory provides the theoretical framework necessary to shed light on the relationship between Proulx's colorful characters and the environment that shapes them. Utilizing this evolutionary framework and textual analysis, I examine two short stories, "The Half-Skinned Steer" and "Wamsutter Wolf."

Sexual selection drives the evolution of male morphology, life history, physiology, and behaviour across taxa. Here I examine the mechanisms of sexual selection that arise at various stages in mating interactions to identify congruence or conflict between the traits selected by choice and competition. I first examine plasticity of developing male Australian redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti) and show that male metabolic rates vary adaptively to facilitate the scramble to reach virgins. Next, I show that females cease sex pheromone production after mating and re-advertise receptivity later in their reproductive season effectively creating two windows in which males may compete. I show that females discriminate against males that do not meet a threshold courtship duration suggesting that courtship is the trait selected through choice. However, male-male competition leads to reductions in courtship effort provided to females. During the first window paternity is split equally if rival males mate in quick succession with a virgin female. However, if the second mating is delayed, there is a strong bias in the paternity of the second male. A delay in the second mating is beneficial to females as it reduces longevity costs of polyandry. However, delays in the initial mating decrease female longevity, likely because of elevated metabolic rates of virgins. My research shows that the trait favoured by female choice is in opposition to selection via male-male competition. Females’ sex pheromone production yields windows during which mating will optimize female, but not male, fitness. Studies that isolate the mechanisms of sexual selection are valuable in that they can identify the traits under selection. However, my research shows that considering these processes in isolation can lead to incorrect inferences about the net effect of sexual selection.

Sexual selection drives the evolution of male morphology, life history, physiology, and behaviour across taxa. Here I examine the mechanisms of sexual selection that arise at various stages in mating interactions to identify congruence or conflict between the traits selected by choice and competition. I first examine plasticity of developing male Australian redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti) and show that male metabolic rates vary adaptively to facilitate the scramble to reach virgins. Next, I show that females cease sex pheromone production after mating and re-advertise receptivity later in their reproductive season effectively creating two windows in which males may compete. I show that females discriminate against males that do not meet a threshold courtship duration suggesting that courtship is the trait selected through choice. However, male-male competition leads to reductions in courtship effort provided to females. During the first window paternity is split equally if rival males mate in quick succession with a virgin female. However, if the second mating is delayed, there is a strong bias in the paternity of the second male. A delay in the second mating is beneficial to females as it reduces longevity costs of polyandry. However, delays in the initial mating decrease female longevity, likely because of elevated metabolic rates of virgins. My research shows that the trait favoured by female choice is in opposition to selection via male-male competition. Females’ sex pheromone production yields windows during which mating will optimize female, but not male, fitness. Studies that isolate the mechanisms of sexual selection are valuable in that they can identify the traits under selection. However, my research shows that considering these processes in isolation can lead to incorrect inferences about the net effect of sexual selection.

Paviane (Papio spp.) gelten als wichtiges Modell für die Evolution menschlicher Sozialsysteme. Im Pleistozän hat sich die Gattung Papio ausgehend vom südlichen Afrika über große Teile Afrikas südlich der Sahara sowie Teile der Arabischen Halbinsel ausgebreitet, wobei Guineapaviane (P. papio) die nordwestlichsten und Mantelpaviane (P. hamadryas) die nordöstlichsten Gebiete besiedeln. Im Vergleich zu anderen Pavianarten, deren Ökologie und Sozialsystem seit vielen Jahrzehnten umfangreich untersucht werden, waren zu Guineapavianen bisher nur wenige und zudem widersprüchliche Kenntnisse vorhanden. Dies ist vor allem darauf zurückzuführen, dass von ihnen quantitative Freilanddaten fehlten. Bisher wurden für Paviane zwei Typen von Sozialsystemen beschrieben: Die sogenannten Savannenpaviane (P. anubis, P. cynocephalus und P. ursinus) im südlichen und östlichen Afrika leben in Gruppen mit mehreren Männchen und mehreren Weibchen, wobei Netzwerke nahverwandter Weibchen den sozialen Kern bilden. Mantelpaviane in Nordost-Afrika und Arabien leben dagegen in einer mehrschichtigen Gesellschaft, in denen Ein-Mann-Gruppen die kleinste soziale Einheit darstellen. Ergebnisse früherer Studien an Guineapavianen deuteten darauf hin, dass ihre Gesellschaft auch mehrschichtig ist, ähnlich der von Mantelpavianen. Allerdings wurden Guineapavianmännchen als untereinander außergewöhnlich tolerant beschrieben, was zu der Vermutung führte, dass ihr Sozialsystem innerhalb der Gattung Papio einzigartig ist. Zudem scheinen Männchen verschiedener Pavianarten bezüglich der Konsistenz ihrer Hierarchien, der Häufigkeit von Koalitionsbildung und Infantizidrisiko zu variieren. Diese Beobachtung führte zu der Vermutung, dass im Zusammenhang mit der Ausbreitung der Gattung über den afrikanischen Kontinent entlang eines Süd-Nord-Gradienten eine Evolution hin zu mehr Toleranz und Koalitionensbildung zwischen Männchen stattgefunden hat. Da Guineapaviane an der nordwestlichsten Grenze des Verbreitungsgebietes der Gattung leben, ist hier eine Charakterisierung der Beziehungen zwischen Männchen wichtig, um diese Annahme zu überprüfen. In meiner Dissertation habe ich verschiedene Aspekte des Sozialsystems der Guineapaviane untersucht. Dabei habe ich mich im Besonderen auf Männchen fokussiert, um zu prüfen, ob diese eine ähnlich einflussreiche Rolle in ihrer Gesellschaft einnehmen, wie es bei Mantelpavianmännchen beobachtet wird. Der Fokus auf Männchen erlaubte außerdem den angenommenen Süd-Nord-Gradienten bezüglich der Qualität der Beziehungen zwischen Männchen zu testen. Demnach sollten Guineapavianmännchen als Angehörige einer nördlichen Art im Vergleich zu südlicheren Arten toleranter und kooperativer untereinander sein. Da allgemein angenommen wird, dass Verwandtschaft einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf soziale Interaktionsmuster haben kann (Verwandtenselektion) und auch in sozialen Interaktionen zwischen Mantelpavianmännchen eine wichtige Rolle spielt, habe ich darüber hinaus geprüft, ob genetische Verwandtschaft die räumlichen und sozialen Interaktionsmuster von Guineapavianmännchen erklären kann. Meine Studie ist die erste über Guineapaviane, die überwiegend auf quantitativen Daten zum Sozialverhalten individuell bekannter Tiere in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum basiert. Zu Beginn des Projektes haben wir nicht habituierte Guineapaviane untersucht, die zu einer Population (Community) von Tieren gehören, deren Streifgebiet sich in der Nähe unserer Feldstation im Niokolo Koba Nationalpark im Senegal befindet. Dazu notierten wir die Größe und Zusammensetzung von Untergruppen an einer Wasserstelle. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Untergruppen je nach Tages- und Jahreszeit sehr variabel in ihrer Größe sowie der Zusammensetzung verschiedener Geschlechts- und Altersklassen waren. Nachdem wir zwei Untergruppen habituiert hatten und die Tiere individuell unterscheiden konnten, wurden anhand räumlicher Daten von mit GPS-Sendern ausgestatteten Tieren sowie mit Hilfe von Verhaltensbeobachtungen soziale Interaktionen und räumliche Assoziationen zwischen adulten Guineapavianmännchen untersucht. Um den Einfluss von Verwandtschaft auf das Sozialsystem zu prüfen, haben wir zudem mehrere adulte Männchen aus der untersuchten Community genotypisiert und genetische Verwandtschaft mit räumlichen Gruppierungs- bzw. sozialen Interaktionsmustern in Bezug gesetzt. Die Ergebnisse meiner Arbeit deuten darauf hin, dass die soziale Organisation der Guineapaviane mindestens drei Ebenen umfasst: Sogenannte Parties bestehen aus drei oder vier adulten Männchen (plus mehrere Weibchen und deren Jungtiere). Innerhalb dieser Ebene fand der Großteil der Interaktionen statt und es wurden enge soziale Bindungen sowie Koalitionen zwischen Männchen beobachtet. Parties scheinen daher die zentrale Einheit der Guineapaviangesellschaft zu bilden. Zwei oder drei Parties formen eine Gang, innerhalb derer die Männchen enger miteinander verwandt waren als Männchen verschiedener Gangs. Allgemein waren soziale Interaktionen auf die Ebene der Gang beschränkt. Die Community stellt die dritte Ebene dar und umfasst alle Individuen, die im gleichen Streifgebiet leben. Im Unterschied zum Mantelpaviansystem scheinen daher Ein-Mann-Gruppen bei Guineapavianen keine Organisationseinheit darzustellen, wobei wir über die Verteilung von Vaterschaften noch keine Aussagen machen können. Die Analyse sozialer Interaktionsmuster in Bezug auf Verwandtschaft ergab, dass Guineapavianmännchen unabhängig von Verwandtschaft starke kooperative Bindungen miteinander eingehen und sehr tolerant sind, sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen Parties. Männchen scheinen also aktiv zum Zusammenhalt der Gangs beizutragen und spielen daher eine wichtige Rolle in der Erhaltung der mehrschichtigen Gesellschaft in der sie leben. Außerdem interagieren Männchen weitaus häufiger freundlich miteinander als bei anderen Pavianarten. Im Einklang damit zeigt ein Vergleich von Körpermaßen innerhalb der Gattung, dass bei Guineapavianmännchen Merkmale reduziert sind, welche mit intrasexueller Konkurrenz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Die sozialen Beziehungen zwischen Guineapavianmännchen scheinen demnach entscheidend von denen der Männchen anderer Pavianarten abzuweichen. Zusammengefasst belegt meine Studie, dass die Vielfalt von Sozialsystemen bei Pavianen, insbesondere die Variation in der Qualität der Beziehungen unter Männchen, größer ist als bisher angenommen. Die Gattung umfasst demzufolge vermutlich mehr als zwei, und mindestens drei, verschiedene Typen sozialer Systeme. Während die mehrschichtige Organisation der Guineapaviane oberflächlich dem Mantelpaviansystem ähnelt, unterscheiden sich die sozialen Beziehungen zwischen Guineapavianmännchen bezüglich der Intensität und Häufigkeit freundlicher Interaktionen auffallend von denen anderer Mitglieder der Gattung Papio. Diese Beobachtungen passen zu einem angenommenen Süd-Nord-Gradienten hinsichtlich einer erhöhten Häufigkeit von Koalitionsbildungen und einer gesteigerten Toleranz zwischen Männchen und betonen somit einmal mehr, dass es wichtig ist, die Stammesgeschichte und historischen Umweltbedingungen der untersuchten Arten neben derzeitigen Umweltbedingungen in die Untersuchung sozialer Evolution einzubeziehen.

This study shows the importance of the basic spectro-temporal song parameters in territorial contests between male songbirds. Chiffchaff and willow warbler were selected as model species for their phylogenetic and ecological similarity, strong territorial behaviour, but very different singing styles. We found that bigger males of both species sing lower pitched songs and that males of both species adjust their behaviour according to song pitch of their rival simulated by playback. Thus, it seems that both species use song pitch to acoustically assess the body size of their rivals. We also show that song length and syllable rate are important features of the song, probably signalling short-term motivation to escalate territorial conflict.

Past research suggests association between basal steroid hormone testosterone level and its changes with some individual characteristics (especially some behavioral manifestations of dominance and aggression) or different outcomes of male-male competition. This relationship is usually (in accordance with evolutionary theory) interpreted as the consequence of different individual prerequisites (or the degree of individual motivation) for high status position including winning a male-male competition. The aim of this study was to test the adequacy of measuring jealousy reaction in adolescent boys by way of changes in salivary testosterone level and finding their associations with some individual characteristics mentioned by researchers. For the purpose of measuring basal testosterone level and changes in this hormone level during the competition for a mate which simulated the internet mating and changes in this hormone after being informed of their failure in this competition, the boys who participated in our study provided three salivary samples. For finding associations of basal testosterone level and these hormonal changes with some individual characteristics, the boys filled in a set of questionnaires (EATQ-R, the short version of IPIP, EBIS, ISJS, RSPQ, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and expanded...

Past research suggests association between basal steroid hormone testosterone level and its changes with some individual characteristics (especially some behavioral manifestations of dominance and aggression) and its changes within male-male competition. This relationship is usually (in accordance with evolutionary theory) interpreted as the consequence of different individual prerequisites (or the degree of individual motivation) for high status position including winning a male- male competition. The aim of this study was to test the adequacy of measuring jealousy reaction in adolescent boys by way of changes in salivary testosterone level and finding their associations with some individual characteristics mentioned by researchers. For the purpose of measuring basal testosterone level before starting the experiment and changes in its level following the jealousy stimulus within a competition for a mate which simulated the internet mating and changes in its level after being informed of their failure in this competition, the boys who participated in our study provided three salivary samples (the samples were provided after 15 minutes after the stimuli). For finding associations of basal and mean testosterone level and these hormonal changes with some individual characteristics, the boys filled in...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19528号 / 理博第4188号 / 新制||理||1601(附属図書館) / 32564 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM