Conservation programs for breeding ducks in North America are typically designed to enhance nest success by establishing or restoring attractive perennial nesting cover or promoting favourable agricultural practices. Thus, a central objective is to attract ducks to habitats where females have higher survival and reproductive rates, primarily greater nest success. Using data collected from 1993 – 2000, I investigated hypotheses proposed to explain inconsistent patterns of habitat selection detected during nesting and brood–rearing stages in free-ranging mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) throughout the Canadian Prairie Parklands. By simultaneously considering indices of body condition and size of male and female mallards and plumage score of males, I also evaluated the role of male quality in reproductive investment and patterns of breeding success of females. In general, wild mallards mated assortatively by body condition but not body size. Yearling females nested earlier and had higher nest survival when mated to males with better plumage quality. When paired with larger-bodied males, yearling females renested more often, whereas nest and brood survival increased among older females. I characterized the habitat composition of 100 and 500 m radius buffers surrounding nest sites and related habitat features to survival of nests, broods and females. Habitat selection trade-offs were detected among perennial habitats and planted cover, such that nest survival increased in these habitats whereas duckling survival decreased. Furthermore, at large spatial scales, nest survival decreased in areas with greater amounts of cropland whereas duckling survival increased. Survival rates of females increased with greater amounts of seasonal wetlands, but nest survival decreased in such areas. Semi-permanent wetlands were associated with decreased nest survival at larger spatial scales, but associated with higher nest success at finer scales. Benefits of increasing perennial and planted cover habitats to increase nest survival could be partly offset by costs in terms of lower duckling survival, whereas opposite patterns existed in areas of abundant seasonal. The restoration of seasonal wetlands in perennial habitats could offset these trade-offs but net impacts of habitat selection and survival trade-offs on annual reproductive success must first be evaluated.

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: James Whyte IV, Florida State University, School of Nursing. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 13, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 90 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

De acordo com o paradigma Darwin-Bateman, fêmeas não ganham benefícios em copular com múltiplos machos (i.e., poliandria), dado que seu sucesso reprodutivo depende principalmente da qualidade dos seus parceiros sexuais. Porém, a poliandria é um comportamento amplamente encontrado nas espécies com reprodução sexuada. O objetivo central desta tese foi explorar as possíveis causas e consequências da poliandria. No Capítulo 1, utilizamos experimentos em laboratório para investigar como a experiência social antes e depois da maturação influencia o grau de poliandria. A espécie estudada foi o grilo australiano Teleogryllus commodus, para a qual o ambiente acústico antes da maturação determina o comportamento reprodutivo das fêmeas após a maturação. Nossos resultados mostram que o grau de poliandria não varia entre fêmeas criadas em dois ambientes acústicos distintos, um composto por machos de qualidade variada (QV) e outro composto por machos de alta qualidade (AQ). As fêmeas do grupo AQ foram menos responsivas aos machos de alta qualidade e aceitaram machos independentemente de sua qualidade, um padrão diferente daquele encontrado para as fêmeas do grupo QV. Quando a qualidade média dos machos encontrados pelas fêmeas do grupo QV foi baixa, o número total de machos aceitos foi baixo, porém quando a qualidade média dos machos foi alta, o número de machos aceitos foi alto. Portanto, há uma interação entre a experiência social antes e após a maturação na determinação do grau de poliandria. No Capítulo 2, utilizamos métodos comparativos para testar se o risco de competição espermática promovido pela poliandria determina a evolução de características masculinas relacionadas à monopolização de fêmeas. Nosso modelo de estudo foram rãs da subfamília Leptodactylinae, cujas espécies podem depositar ovos na água (onde o risco de competição espermática é alto) ou dentro de tocas na terra (onde o risco de competição espermática é baixo). Encontramos que há correlação entre o tipo de local de reprodução (aquático x terrestre) e quatro características masculinas relacionadas à monopolização de fêmeas. Nossos resultados provêem uma relação causal entre características dos machos e a reprodução terrestre, mas os padrões encontrados nem sempre seguiram as previsões propostas pela hipótese de que o risco de competição espermática é menor em espécies com reprodução terrestre. Tais resultados sugerem que as pressões seletivas que agem nas quatro características masculinas exploradas aqui não são as mesmas, provavelmente devido a diferenças nas funções que cada característica tem durante as interações inter- e intra-sexuais. Ao fim desta tese, fornecemos evidências de uma nova causa da poliandria, além de mostrarmos as consequências da poliandria sobre a evolução de características dos machos / According to the Darwin-Bateman paradigm, females derive no benefit from multiple mating (i.e., polyandry) and their reproductive success is mainly influenced by the quality of their partners. However, there is increasing evidence that polyandry is ubiquitous across many animal groups. The main goal of this thesis was to explore possible causes and consequences of polyandry. In Chapter 1, we conducted an experiment to investigate how the social experience pre- and post-maturity influences the degree of polyandry. We studied the Australian cricket Teleogryllus commodus, for which we know that the acoustic environment prior to maturity alters female reproductive behavior after maturity. We found that the degree of polyandry did not differ between females reared in two acoustic environments, one composed of varied-quality (VQ) males and other composed of only high-quality (HQ) males. However, whereas females from the HQ group were less responsive to high quality male calls, accepting males regardless of their quality, females from the VQ group showed a different response. When the mean male quality experienced by a female from the VQ group was low, the total number of accepted males was low, and when the mean male quality was high, the total number of accepted males was high. Thus, the social experience pre- and post-maturation interact to determine the degree of polyandry in females of the Australian cricket. In Chapter 2, we used comparative methods to test if the risk of sperm competition promoted by polyandry drives the evolution of male traits related to female monopolization. We studied frogs of the subfamily Leptodactylinae, which lay eggs either on the water (where sperm competition risk is high) or inside terrestrial burrows (where sperm competition risk is low). We found evidence of an evolutionary correlation between the type breeding site (aquatic x terrestrial) and four male traits related to female monopolization. Our study creates a causal link between male traits and terrestrial reproduction, but the patterns not always followed the hypothesis that sperm competition risk is lower in terrestrial breeders. This finding suggests that the selective pressure acting on male traits is not the same, probably because they have different functions during inter- and intrasexual interactions. In conclusion, we provide evidence of a new cause of polyandry and show that polyandry may have consequences for the evolution of weaponry traits in males

L’abondance des insectes phytophages est déterminée par l’influence de facteurs biotiques et abiotiques qui affectent leurs traits d’histoire de vie. Chez les espèces phytophages à reproduction sur capital, la qualité de la plante hôte sur laquelle les individus effectuent leur développement larvaire est un facteur critique affectant le succès reproducteur des adultes. Curieusement, si l’effet de la plante hôte sur le potentiel reproductif des femelles a été largement décrit, il n’a été que peu étudié sur celui des mâles. Par ailleurs, chez les lépidoptères, lors de l’accouplement, la femelle reçoit du mâle un cadeau nuptial sous la forme d’un spermatophore contenant des spermatozoïdes ainsi que des sécrétions produites par les glandes accessoires. Ces sécrétions constituent des bénéfices directs pour la femelle qui pourra les remobiliser pour augmenter sa fécondité. Mon projet de thèse vise à déterminer l’influence de la plante hôte sur les performances reproductives des mâles et d’en évaluer les conséquences sur le potentiel reproductif des femelles et sur l’évolution des stratégies de choix de partenaire chez un papillon ravageur de la vigne, l’Eudémis (Lobesia botrana). Les expériences menées au cours de ces trois années de thèse révèlent que la nutrition larvaire sur différents cépages de vigne module fortement les réserves énergétiques des mâles, affectant leur potentiel reproductif à travers la taille et le contenu des spermatophores qu’ils transfèrent aux femelles pendant l’accouplement. De plus, l’investissement du mâle dans la production de spermatophores décline au cours d’accouplements successifs, les mâles n’étant capables de produire qu’un seul spermatophore riche en nutriments au cours de leur vie. Ces deux facteurs (nutrition larvaire et expérience sexuelle), qui affectent fortement la qualité reproductive des mâles, ont d’importantes conséquences sur le potentiel reproductif de leur partenaire. En effet, les femelles recevant des spermatophores riches en nutriments et en spermatozoïdes ont plus de descendants que celles recevant des spermatophores de moins bonne qualité. Enfin, les femelles semblent capables de discriminer parmi les mâles en se basant sur des critères reflétant leur qualité reproductive, s’accouplant préférentiellement avec ceux leur procurant le plus de bénéfices directs. Ainsi, les résultats de cette thèse confirment l’importance d’intégrer l’effet mâle quand on s’intéresse à l’évolution des populations de phytophages. De plus, identifier les facteurs écologiques modulant les interactions entre les partenaires sexuels chez les espèces menaçant les cultures est crucial pour pouvoir optimiser les programmes de gestion de ces ravageurs. / The abundance of phytophagous insects is determined by numerous interacting biotic and abiotic factors. In capital-breeding phytophagous insects, larval host plant quality is a key determinant of the adult phenotype and the performance of both males and females. Curiously, if the effect of host plant quality on female reproductive success is well-established, little effort has been conducted to determine this effect on male reproductive success. Moreover, in Lepidoptera, males transfer to females a spermatophore containing sperm and accessory gland products rich in nutrients that could be reinvested into female reproduction. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate how male larval nutrition on different host cultivars affects male reproductive traits which could, in turn, influence female reproductive output and mate choice strategies in an important grapevine pest, the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana). During these three years, we found that the host cultivar for the larvae strongly influences the energy reserves of male adult moths, affecting ultimately their reproductive potential through the size and content of spermatophores they transfer to females at mating. Moreover, male investment in the spermatophore declines over consecutives matings, suggesting that spermatophores are energetically expensive to produce in this monandrous capital breeding species. Thus ‘male quality’ depends on both the male larval origin and mating history, and females receiving protein-rich spermatophores at mating have an overall greater reproductive output than females mated with poor quality males producing less nutritionally rich spermatophores. Finally, females are able to discriminate among males and mate more with males having high sperm quality (virgin males or males from certain cultivars or geographical origins) to obtain substantial direct benefits.The results of this thesis confirm the importance of considering the “male effect” when trying to understand the evolution of phytophagous populations. Moreover, identifying the ecological conditions that influence the mating success of male and female in crop-pest species may lead to a better management of these crop pests.