M. Tech. Business Administration / Malls posed some threat to traditional retailers, but many retailers defended successfully by using niche, differentiation and customer focus strategies to dodge and defend competition from the malls. These strategies were however, weakened by new forms of competition which emerged from new retailers who located their businesses in the residential area of Soshanguve. Most of these new retailers were from other African countries in origin mostly from Somalia. It was not clear how these new retailers managed to attract a significant size of the market. This study attempted to investigate the threat of emerging shopping malls established inside Soshanguve as competitors of the traditional retailers of the township, which are mostly small in size. The study further investigated the causes of failure of many such traditional retailers and the development of robust strategies they could adopt in order to offset this new competition.

No description available.

No description available.

A multidisciplinary literature survey revealed that copolymeric nanoparticles could be applied in various technologies such as the production of paint, adhesives, packaging material and lately especially drug delivery systems. The specialized application and investigation of copolymers in drug delivery resulted in the synthesis of two series of copolymeric materials, i.e. poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-MMA)) and poly(styrene-co-ethyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-EMA)) were synthesized via the technique of o/w microemulsion copolymerization. These copolymers have not as yet been utilized to their full potential in the development of new drug delivery systems. However the corresponding hydrophobic homopolymer poly(styrene) (PS) and the hydrophilic homopolymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are known to be biocompatible. Blending of homopolymers could result in novel applications, however is virtually impossible due to their unfavorable mixing entropies. The immiscibility challenge was overcome by the synthesis of copolymers that combined the properties of the immiscible homopolymers. The synthesized particles were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). These characterizations revealed crucial information to better understand the synthesis process and particle properties i.e. molecular weight, nanoparticle size and chemical composition of the materials. Additionally, GPC-MALLS revealed the copolymer chain conformation. These characterizations ultimately guided the selection of appropriate copolymer nanoparticles to develop a controlled-release drug delivery system. The selected copolymers were dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF) together with a drug, rifampin. Solvent casting of this dispersion resulted in the evaporation of the solvent and assembly of numerous microscale copolymer capsules. The rifampin molecules were captured in these microcapsules through a process of phase separation and coacervation. These microcapsules finally sintered to produce a multi-layer film with an unusual honeycomb structure, bridging yet another size scale hierarchy. Characterization of these delivery systems revealed that both series of copolymer materials produced films capable of controlling drug release and that could also potentially prevent biofilm adhesion. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

A multidisciplinary literature survey revealed that copolymeric nanoparticles could be applied in various technologies such as the production of paint, adhesives, packaging material and lately especially drug delivery systems. The specialized application and investigation of copolymers in drug delivery resulted in the synthesis of two series of copolymeric materials, i.e. poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-MMA)) and poly(styrene-co-ethyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-EMA)) were synthesized via the technique of o/w microemulsion copolymerization. These copolymers have not as yet been utilized to their full potential in the development of new drug delivery systems. However the corresponding hydrophobic homopolymer poly(styrene) (PS) and the hydrophilic homopolymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are known to be biocompatible. Blending of homopolymers could result in novel applications, however is virtually impossible due to their unfavorable mixing entropies. The immiscibility challenge was overcome by the synthesis of copolymers that combined the properties of the immiscible homopolymers. The synthesized particles were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography combined with multi-angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). These characterizations revealed crucial information to better understand the synthesis process and particle properties i.e. molecular weight, nanoparticle size and chemical composition of the materials. Additionally, GPC-MALLS revealed the copolymer chain conformation. These characterizations ultimately guided the selection of appropriate copolymer nanoparticles to develop a controlled-release drug delivery system. The selected copolymers were dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, tetrahydrofuran (THF) together with a drug, rifampin. Solvent casting of this dispersion resulted in the evaporation of the solvent and assembly of numerous microscale copolymer capsules. The rifampin molecules were captured in these microcapsules through a process of phase separation and coacervation. These microcapsules finally sintered to produce a multi-layer film with an unusual honeycomb structure, bridging yet another size scale hierarchy. Characterization of these delivery systems revealed that both series of copolymer materials produced films capable of controlling drug release and that could also potentially prevent biofilm adhesion. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 9, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Located in Central America, Guatemala is the most populated country of the area with around 15 million inhabitants. The capital, Guatemala City has 923,000 inhabitants and is currently home for 55% of the country’s urban population. Guatemala City, with its 42% of territorial extension consisting of green, is considered a green capital. The city has a very characteristic geographical composition called ravines which creates the ecological and green belt of the city. Currently, there are efforts being made to create more projects relating to the green and public spaces of the city, but we still have a long way to go.  As many other cities in Latin America, Guatemala is facing a constant challenge regarding public spaces. The use of public space has been decreasing for years due to factors such as feeling of safety,  difficulty in accessibility, poor distribution of public spaces in the urban grid, and poor condition of the infrastructure. These challenges have shaped new social patterns. Nowadays, shopping malls have become the new public space. These spaces provide more than just shopping, they provide experiences. On the other hand, they also limit and control who can access them and when, under which conditions, and following a set of rules.  These challenges have made me question; Where do we meet equality? How can we provide proper urban public spaces that meet their function? How will shopping malls transform over time and how can we adapt these new social dynamics created by the shopping malls to the public space?  Throughout this project I attempt to challenge these questions with the idea of bringing people back to the streets so that they can engage with the city and the streets on an everyday basis. To achieve it I have proposed the following manifesto with 3 main statements: “- Equality manifested through the city’s urban structures which start on the streets.     Everyone can access them; in them we are all equal.  - Streets are places to be, to share, to experience. Spaces to live outdoors, to enable interaction.  - Shopping Malls are spaces of constant transformation that will progressively change its functions. “ The aim of the project is to explore in a challenging way how the relationship between shopping malls, green and public space can be addressed and interact in a process of transformation in Guatemala City.

No description available.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / The advent of shopping malls in the township called Soweto is allegedly having social and economic effects on residents. The aim of this study is to establish the effect of the two shopping malls known as Maponya and Jabulani on the residents of this township, which is the biggest township in South Africa. To achieve this, the study looked at the effect of these shopping malls on existing businesses (such as those housed in old shopping centres, general dealers, spaza shops, shebeens and street vending), property values and shoppers residing in Soweto. To facilitate a clear understanding of the social and economic effects of shopping malls in Soweto, the study looked at the history of the township and the reasons that accounted for the lack of economic infrastructure and hence the lack of proper shopping facilities in black townships. Events, reasons and conditions that had to be met leading to the present situation, in which a number of retail shopping facilities in black townships have been developed, were discussed and compared to the development of shopping malls in other countries. However, the main focus of this study is on the two big shopping malls known as Jabulani Mall located on the corner of Bolani Road and Koma Road in Jabulani, the traditional heartland of Soweto, and Maponya Mall located in Old Potchefstroom Road (now Chris Hani Road) opposite the township called Pimville. The study looked at international as well as local literature dealing with the effect of shopping malls on shoppers, small businesses and residential property values. From the literature review, it became evident that the advent of shopping centres in areas where there had been none has noticeable economic and/or social impacts on the area. A total of 58 businesses (13 spaza shops, 12 general dealers, 12 shebeens/taverns, 12 street vendors and 9 shops located in old shopping centres), four estate agencies and 75 households were interviewed face to face. Businesses were interviewed on their business premises and households were interviewed in their places of residences using semi-structured questions. The study found that shoppers were positively affected. Convenience, time and cost-savings were the main factors cited to contribute to the respondents‟ positive feelings about these two malls. On the business side, spaza shops and general dealers were negatively affected, while shebeens and street vending were positively affected. The overall effect of these two shopping malls was as follows: All the local businesses combined experienced a decline of five per cent in their business while shopping trips by residents to malls outside Soweto declined by five per cent.

Ng Kit Ping Joey. / On double leaves. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106). / Chapter PART I --- 2001 fall term / Chapter 01 --- issues studies / Chapter i. --- the phenomena of shopping --- p.(04 -13) / Chapter ii. --- shopping - a predator --- p.(14 - 23) / Chapter iii. --- mall system --- p.(24 - 33) / Chapter 02 --- case studies --- p.(34 - 40) / Chapter 03 --- site selection / Chapter i. --- north point ferry pier --- p.(42 - 46) / Chapter ii. --- wanchai ferry pier --- p.(47 -55) / Chapter 04 --- prelim design proposal --- p.(56 - 61) / Chapter PART II --- 2002 spring term / Chapter 01 --- design development - feb 07 external review --- p.(64 - 74) / Chapter 02 --- design exploration --- p.(75 - 78) / Chapter 03 --- final design - apr 20 final review --- p.(79 - 95) / Chapter PART III --- appendix / Chapter 01 --- appendix / Chapter i. --- new central waterfront --- p.(97 -103) / Chapter ii. --- the history of star ferry service --- p.(104) / Chapter iii. --- no. of fixed route passenger journeys --- p.(105) / Chapter 02 --- bibliography --- p.(106) / Chapter 03 --- acknowledgement --- p.(107)