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Alumina supported manganese oxides were used in the gas phase oxidation of toluene by ozone. Catalyst activity and characterization, the promotional effect of noble metals (Pt and Pd) on the activity of manganese oxides, and the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction were investigated in this PhD thesis. It was shown that MnO2 and Mn2O3 were the active sites of the catalyst capable of oxidizing toluene to CO and CO2 below 100 oC. Catalysts were deactivated at room temperature due to the accumulation of carbonaceous species on their surface. At least 65 oC was required for the stable operation of the catalysts. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to study the structure and electronic properties of the mono metallic and bimetallic catalysts. It was found that the catalysts with higher Mn loading resulted in higher oxidation states of Mn which were less favorable for the oxidation of toluene. The addition of Pt to the Mn containing catalyst increased the reaction rate by transferring electrons from Pt to Mn. On the other hand, no promotional effect was observed by the addition of Pd to Mn. The Oxidation state of Mn atoms was one of the most important parameters, controlling the rate of toluene oxidation. Lower oxidation states of Mn were able to easily transfer electrons to ozone, accelerating the rate of toluene oxidation. A reaction mechanism was proposed for the catalytic oxidation of toluene over manganese oxides. In this mechanism, the oxidation of toluene was carried out by the abstraction of hydrogen atoms followed by the oxidation of toluene carbon skeleton. A rate equation was derived based on this mechanism, determining the reaction orders of -1 and 2 for toluene and ozone, respectively. It was concluded that catalytic ozonation is an effective method for the low temperature oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air. The significance of this method is related to energy saving in air purifying systems by reducing the required temperature to oxidize VOCs. Catalytic ozonation can be used in indoor and outdoor applications for removal of VOCs from enclosed environments or polluted industrial streams.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 1971. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-146).

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, March, 2018 / Reduction behavior of South African Mamatwan manganese ore using methane-argon- hydrogen gas mixture was investigated experimentally in the temperature range of 1050ºC to 1250ºC. The effect of changing gas mixture composition, time and temperature was studied using a vertical tube furnace. After each test, three representative samples were prepared; one was analyzed by chemical analysis to obtain metallization results as a function of each reducing condition for each time interval over the total reduction period of two hours. Second sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction to determine the progress of phase changes; the third sample was mounted, polished and submitted for SEM-EDAX in order to examine the morphology of the ore and its changes in the course of reduction. It was seen that CH4 was an effective reductant as it cracked, supplying the reaction site with hydrogen gas and very fine solid carbon. The excess carbon from cracking of methane ensures regeneration of reductants CO and H2 from reaction product gases of CO2 and H2O ensuring low partial pressure of oxygen at the reaction site. Hydrogen gas may also be involved in the reduction of iron oxide components of the ore. Moreover, depending upon temperature and CH4/H2 ratio in the gas phase the activity of carbon in the system reaches values much higher than unity, shifting the reduction reaction by carbon to lower temperatures. It was observed that bulk of the metallization occurred in the first thirty to forty minutes and the metallization reached some kind of a reduction maximum at 73% metallization. The Mn/Fe ratios in the resulting alloy were higher than those in ordinary carbothermic solid-state reduction, indicating the simultaneous reduction of Fe and Mn at these low reducing temperatures due to a low oxygen potential set up by the methane bearing gas mixtures. It was seen that metallization of Mamatwan ore proceed in two stages. First, reduction of the higher oxides to MnO and metallic iron. Second, reduction of any remaining oxides and MnO to mixed carbide of iron and manganese. During first stage values of effective CO-CO2 diffusivities generated by the model were found to lie in the range from 1.45 *10-6 cm2sec-1 to 8.43*10-6 cm2sec-1 at 1100ºC. Apparent activation energy for first stage calculated in the temperature range of 1050ºC to 1250ºC varied from 1.47 kJ/mol to 24.72 kJ/mol indicating possibility of diffusional control. For the second stage the experimental curves could be duplicated with the mathematical model reasonably well with a maximum difference between the experimental and predicted values being about 5 percent. Rate of metallization values during the second stage (Ms) changed between 1.83*10-8 mol.sec-1.cm-2 and 8.55*10-8 mol.sec-1.cm-2. Specific rate constant values (ks) for the second stage, varied from 5.53*10-6 cm/sec to 3.16*10-5 cm/sec which are much smaller than specific rate constant for the first stage of reduction (kf), which varied from 1.64*10-4 cm/sec to 1.15*10-4 cm/sec, as the rate of second stage of the reduction is much slower than the rate of the first stage. X ray analysis revealed that manganese ore was reduced primarily to carbide Mn7C3 at lower temperature range of the experiments, but at 1200ºC the dominant reaction product was Mn5C2 in both mixtures of methane-argon and methane-hydrogen. The S.E.M images revealed that the product metallic phase occurred all throughout the surface, with globular formation in case of reduction where hydrogen was the carrier gas. / MT 2018

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Oxides of manganese have received considerable attention lately, mainly because of the colossal magnetoresistance they exhibit. After a careful interpretation of the large body of available experimental results, the paramount importance of intrinsic inhomogeneities to the understanding of these materials, can no longer be ignored. A scenario, based on the competition between different ordered phases which are mixed by the intrinsic disorder, is proposed. Several quantities that follow from this scenario can be evaluated and are found to correspond to experiments. / Dissertation / PhD

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2002. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-97).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Drexel University, 2004. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-192).